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1
Content available remote Convolutional neural networks in the classification of multiphoton coincidences in a J-PET scanner
Konieczka Paweł, Raczyński Lech, Wiślicki Wojciech
Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems
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2023
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Vol. 19, no. 1
43--47
EN
This work describes an investigation into the utilization of convolutional neural networks for the classification of three-photon coincidences, focusing specifically on the para- -positronium decay associated with a photon from nuclear deexcitation. The data were simulated using the Monte Carlo method, with scandium-44 as the source of β+ decays. A preprocessing method that allowed for initial cleaning of the training data was described. Subsequently, the parameters of the method for transforming tabular data into images were optimized. Finally, the created images were used to train a binary classifier using a convolutional network model. The developed data preprocessing step and transformation method into image format enabled the achievement of a precision rate of 52% at a sensitivity level of 95%, which was a 10 percentage point improvement compared to the logistic regression model.
2
Content available remote A Monte Carlo strategy to simulate positrons and positronium in biological materials
Franz Małgorzata, Franz Jan
Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems
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2023
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Vol. 19, no. 1
40--42
EN
We present an algorithm for Monte Carlo simulations of positron tracks in biological materials. The algorithm takes into account the cross-section data for elastic and inelastic collisions between positrons and molecules and processes like direct annihilation, ionization and positronium formation. In the case of positronium formation, the algorithm considers the interactions of positronium with molecules. The algorithm can be used to identify the processes that are responsible to determine the lifetime of the positrons and their annihilation mechanism (direct or through positronium formation).
3
Content available remote Multi-photon time-of-flight MLEM application for the positronium imaging in J-PET
Shopa Roman Y., Dulski Kamil
Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems
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2022
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Vol. 18, no. 1
135--143
EN
We develop a positronium imaging method for the Jagiellonian PET (J-PET) scanners based on the timeof-flight maximum likelihood expectation maximisation (TOF MLEM). The system matrix elements are calculated on-the-fly for the coincidences comprising two annihilation and one de-excitation photons that originate from the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) decay. Using the Geant4 library, a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted for four cylindrical 22Na sources of β+ decay with diverse o-Ps mean lifetimes, placed symmetrically inside the two JPET prototypes. The estimated time differences between the annihilation and the positron emission were aggregated into histograms (one per voxel), updated by the weights of the activities reconstructed by TOF MLEM. The simulations were restricted to include only the o-Ps decays into back-to-back photons, allowing a linear fitting model to be employed for the estimation of the mean lifetime from each histogram built in the log scale. To suppress the noise, the exclusion of voxels with activity below 2% - 10% of the peak was studied. The estimated o-Ps mean lifetimes were consistent with the simulation and distributed quasi-uniformly at high MLEM iterations. The proposed positronium imaging technique can be further upgraded to include various correction factors, as well as be modified according to realistic o-Ps decay models.
4
Content available remote Feasibility study of positronium application for blood clots structural characteristics
Moyo Simbarashe, Moskal Paweł, Stępień Ewa Ł.
Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems
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2022
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Vol. 18, no. 1
163--167
EN
Positron-electron annihilation in living organisms occurs in about 30% via the formation of a metastable ortho-positronium atom that annihilates into two 511 keV photons in tissues because of the pick-off and conversion processes. Positronium (Ps) annihilation lifetime and intensities can be used to determine the size and quantity of defects in a material's microstructure, such as voids or pores in the range of nanometers. This is particularly true for blood clots. Here we present pilot investigations of positronium properties in fibrin clots. The studies are complemented by the use of SEM Edax and micro-computed tomography (µCT) to evaluate the extracted thrombotic material's properties. µCT is a versatile characterization method offering in situ and in operando possibilities and is a qualitative diagnostic tool. With µCT the presence of pores, cracks, and structural errors can be verified, and hence the 3D inner structure of samples can be investigated.
5
Content available remote Positronium as a biomarker of hypoxia
Moskal Paweł, Stępień Ewa Ł.
Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems
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2021
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Vol. 17, no. 4
311--319
EN
In this review article, we present arguments demonstrating that the advent of high sensitivity total-body PET systems and the invention of the method of positronium imaging, open realistic perspectives for the application of positronium as a biomarker for in-vivo assessment of the degree of hypoxia. Hypoxia is a state or condition, in which the availability of oxygen is not sufficient to support physiological processes in tissue and organs. Positronium is a metastable atom formed from electron and positron which is copiously produced in the intramolecular spaces in the living organisms undergoing positron emission tomography (PET). Properties of positronium, such as e.g., lifetime, depend on the size of intramolecular spaces and the concentration in them of oxygen molecules. Therefore, information on the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the tissue may be derived from the positronium lifetime measurement. The partial pressure of oxygen differs between healthy and cancer tissues in the range from 10 to 50 mmHg. Such differences of pO2 result in the change of ortho-positronium lifetime e.g., in water by about 2–7 ps. Thus, the application of positronium as a biomarker of hypoxia requires the determination of the mean positronium lifetime with the resolution in the order of 2 ps. We argue that such resolution is in principle achievable for organ-wise positronium imaging with the total-body PET systems.
6
Content available remote Novel biomarker and drug delivery systems for theranostics - extracellular vesicles
Stępień Ewa Ł., Rząca Carina, Moskal Paweł
Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems
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2021
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Vol. 17, no. 4
301--309
EN
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano- and micro-sized double-layered membrane entities derived from most cell types and released into biological fluids. Biological properties (cell-uptake, biocompatibility), and chemical (composition, structure) or physical (size, density) characteristics make EVs a good candidate for drug delivery systems (DDS). Recent advances in the field of EVs (e.g., scaling-up production, purification) and developments of new imaging methods (total-body positron emission tomography [PET]) revealed benefits of radiolabeled EVs in diagnostic and interventional medicine as a potential DDs in theranostics.
7
Content available Studies of unicellular microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
Kubicz E., Jasińska B., Zgardzińska B., Bednarski T., Białas P., Czerwiński E., Gajos A., Gorgol M., Kamińska D., Kapłon Ł., Kochanowski A., Korcyl G., Kowalski P., Kozik T., Krzemień W., Niedźwiecki S., Pałka M., Raczyński L., Rajfur Z., Rudy Z., Rundel O., Sharma N. G., Silarski M., Słomski A., Strzelecki A., Wieczorek A., Wiślicki W., Zieliński M., Moskal P.
Nukleonika
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2015
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Vol. 60, No. 4, part 1
749--753
EN
Results of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and microscopic studies on simple microorganisms, brewing yeasts, are presented. Lifetime of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) were found to change from 2.4 to 2.9 ns (longer-lived component) for lyophilized and aqueous yeasts, respectively. Also hygroscopicity of yeasts in time was examined, allowing to check how water – the main component of the cell – affects PALS parameters, thus lifetime of o-Ps were found to change from 1.2 to 1.4 ns (shorter-lived component) for the dried yeasts. The time sufficient to hydrate the cells was found below 10 hours. In the presence of liquid water, an indication of reorganization of yeast in the molecular scale was observed. Microscopic images of the lyophilized, dried, and wet yeasts with best possible resolution were obtained using inverted microscopy (IM) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) methods. As a result, visible changes to the surface of the cell me mbrane were observed in ESEM images.
8
Content available Principles of positron porosimetry
Zaleski R.
Nukleonika
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2015
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Vol. 60, No. 4, part 1
795--800
EN
The paper deals with positron porosimetry (PP), which is based on positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The numerical analysis of positron lifetime spectra for PP is more demanding than in most of other applications of PALS. The resulting intensity distributions of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetimes are interpreted in terms of the extended Tao-Eldrup (ETE) model, which provides the dependence between the o-Ps lifetime and pore size. Additionally, the relation between the intensity of an o-Ps component and the pore volume allows obtaining pore size distribution (PSD). The value of the empirical parameter Δ, which is dependent on material, can be estimated from the temperature dependence of an o-Ps lifetime. The most unique feature of PP among other techniques that allow determination of PSDs is its ability to perform measurements in almost any conditions. This makes this method suitable for various in situ studies. In this review article, both the capabilities and the limitations of PP are discussed. The methods to overcome some of the limitations are presented.
9
Content available PALS investigations of free volumes thermal expansion of J-PET plastic scintillator synthesized in polystyrene matrix
Wieczorek A., Zgardzińska B., Jasińska B., Gorgol M., Bednarski T., Białas P., Czerwiński E., Gajos A., Kamińska D., Kapłon Ł., Kochanowski A., Korcyl G., Kowalski P., Kozik T., Krzemień W., Kubicz E., Niedźwiecki S., Pałka M., Raczyński L., Rudy Z., Rundel O., Sharma N. G., Silarski M., Silarski A., Strzelecki A., Wiślicki W., Zieliński M., Moskal P.
Nukleonika
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2015
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Vol. 60, No. 4, part 1
777--781
EN
The polystyrene doped with 2,5-diphenyloxazole as a primary fluor and 2-(4-styrylphenyl)benzoxazole as a wavelength shifter prepared as a plastic scintillator was investigated using positronium probe in wide range of temperatures from 123 to 423 K. Three structural transitions at 260, 283, and 370 K were found in the material. In the o-Ps intensity dependence on temperature, the significant hysteresis is observed. Heated to 370 K, the material exhibits the o-Ps intensity variations in time.
10
Content available Comparison of the free volume sizes and shapes determined from crystallographic and PALS data
Tydda M., Jasińska B.
Nukleonika
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2015
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Vol. 60, No. 4, part 1
771--775
EN
Two different classes of molecular crystals were investigated. The first group was benzenediols, which are characterized by the same chemical composition but a different organization of their crystallographic structures; all of the compounds from this group have only one kind of free volumes. The second class was represented by olanzapine, which has more complex chemical composition and two kinds of free volumes in the structure. The o-Ps lifetime values determined from positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) measurements agree quite well with those calculated for sizes found from crystallographic data for benzenediols (agreement within 10% of the lifetime values). For olanzapine, a good agreement is observed in the case of cuboidal free volumes, while for the other kind of void, the agreement is less satisfactory. Positronium diffusion coefficient determined from o-Ps redistribution in olanzapine agrees with these found for polymers.
11
Content available Biodegradable polyester blend and copolyesters studied by positron annihilation and other methods
Dębowska M., Rudzińska-Girulska J., Serwadczak M., Kiersnowski A., Pigłowski J.
Nukleonika
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2010
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Vol. 55, No. 1
57-64
EN
Two polyesters, i.e. an aromatic one: poly(butylene terephthalate) – PBT and an aliphatic one: poly(ĺ- -caprolactone) – PCL were mixed in melt to obtain a biodegradable product. DSC, 1H NMR, SEM, WAXS, SAXS, BOD and PALS measurements were performed to study the homopolymers as well as their physical blend and copolyesters. The latter were obtained due to the transesterification reaction. Ortho-positronium (o-Ps) annihilation lifetimes were used to create the distributions of free volume. The progressive changes in probability density function of free volume, i.e. increase in large free volume holes contribution to the total free volume, appearing when going from the homopolymers to the blend and then to the copolyesters reflect the influence of: the addition of aliphatic polyester, the weight fraction of it in the composition and transesterification. The higher contribution of larger free volume holes corresponds well with the reduced crystallinity of compositions revealed in X-ray diffraction and the worsening of the regularity of structure of the macromolecules involved in formation of crystals, deduced from the 1H NMR.
12
Content available remote Pore size determination by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
Jasińska B., Dawidowicz A. L., Goworek T., Wawryszczuk J.
Optica Applicata
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2003
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Vol. 33, nr 1
7-12
EN
Two Vycor glasses were investigated using PALS method. The model of pick-off annihilation in cylindrical free volume was applied to evaluate the pore radii. The o-Ps mean lifetime value in the pores changed from 6.5 to 40 ns in one glass, while from 13 to 51 ns in the other (softer) one. The determined pore radii, using a cylindrical shape model, were from 0.5 to 1.4 nm and from 0.7 to 1.6 nm, respectively.
13
Content available Some remarks on positron/positronium diffusion models
Świątkowski W.
Nukleonika
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2003
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Vol. 48, nr 3
141-144
EN
Positrons thermalized near the sample boundary (as well as Ps atoms formed in the sample) can reach the boundary as a result of diffusive movement. Observations of such effects as positron reemission or positron surface trapping as well as positronium emission allow one to calculate respective diffusion lengths. From the presented analysis it follows that some models used in such calculations give quite wrong results.
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