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Use of an ROV with Modulated Lighting for Diagnosing the Technical Condition of Submerged Port Wharf Structures

Kaizer Adam, Lednicka Barbara, Tessmer Agnieszka, Freda Włodzimierz, Soszyńska- Budny Joanna, Ziajka Ewelina

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

477--482

EN

The technical condition of underwater port structures is critical to the safety and longevity of maritime infrastructure. Traditional inspection techniques, such as diver-assisted surveys, are constrained by safety risks, limited duration, and reduced efficiency in turbid waters. This study explores the application of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) equipped with modulated lighting systems to enhance visibility and facilitate high-resolution imaging in optically complex underwater environments. The experiment employed a CHASING M2 ROV, modified with red, green, and white lighting configurations, to inspect the quay wall of a port. The impact of lighting color on image quality was evaluated. Results indicate that modulated lighting tailored to the optical properties of turbid coastal waters can improve image contrast and facilitate defect detection. The findings highlight the potential for advanced ROV systems to augment underwater inspection protocols in challenging optical environments.

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Spatial Development of Modern Port Structure and Sustainable Urban Growth within Multifunctional Organization

Gerigk Mateusz

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

441--446

EN

Modern port city areas face enormous opportunities due to their coastal location. The possibility of integrating water area into a city area highlights the issue of spatial planning. It is obvious that such locations allow for the development of industrial and port infrastructure. But the major question is how these areas should develop in terms of architecture and urban planning. The aim of the paper is to define the design parameters for maritime areas in the context of the modern city, as well as with regard to sustainable development of these structures. The analysis of modern port centres allows for indicating the directions of development in the pursuit of expansion into water areas. The scale of modern commercial and industrial structure may become dominant, and sometimes even limit the multidirectional development of the city. However, the key issue is how to design these areas in the future, also in relation to the social perspective.

3

Soft Values in Port-city Relationships: Case of Reidi Road and Port of Tallinn

Rauk Kristel, Tapaninen Ulla

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

459--467

EN

Ports and cities have historically been strongly linked and developed in close association with each other. This study focuses on analysing the case of Tallinn Reidi Road. The methodology is based on tangible soft assets of ports based on framework Soft Values of Ports. The aim of this study is to clarify how cooperation between Port of Tallinn AS and the City of Tallinn, through the Reidi Road project, has influenced the visibility, perception, and integration of tangible soft values in port-city relationships. The case study demonstrates how different stakeholders assess and experience the multidimensional role of a port in society. Results indicate that the Port of Tallinn and the City of Tallinn acknowledge and value the significance of soft values. In addition, this study provides practical recommendations and suggestions that can help city and port officials, policy makers and urban planners to better understand and integrate soft values in future development projects. In particular, soft value initiatives should be incorporated by port authorities in cooperation with local authorities.

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Simulation of the Unintentional Unberthing of Vessels (Ship Drift) in a Physical Hydraulic Model

Esferra Rafael, Fernandes de Jesus Caio Cesar, de Oliveira Bezerra Roberto, de Melo Bernardino José Carlos

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

425--430

EN

Ship drift refers to the unintentional movement of a vessel caused by external forces—such as wind, currents, and waves—acting on the hull without deliberate control by the crew. During navigation, drift may result from failures in the propulsion system or rudder, which impair or prevent maneuverability, leading to course deviations and increasing the risk of grounding or collisions. When the vessel is moored, drift may occur due to extreme environmental conditions or human error that result in the breaking of mooring lines. In such cases, the problem known as unintentional unberthing occurs, often representing an even more critical situation, as the vessel is located near fixed structures such as quays, piers, or other vessels, thereby increasing the probability of accidents and damage to the environment and port infrastructure. This paper presents a study of an estuarine port area, carried out in a Froude-number based reduced-scale physical modeling, to assess the risks associated with the unintentional unberthing of a VLOC-class vessel (400,000 DWT). The study involved the analysis of the drifting trajectory of the vessel under various environmental conditions, positioning of the vessel at the berths, and occupancy of adjacent berths. A digital camera tracking system was employed to monitor the vessel's position at each moment in time, allowing for the assessment of collision risks with port structures or other ships, as well as the potential for grounding in shallow areas. The results of the physical model simulations identified the scenarios with the highest potential for damage, underscoring the importance of strict maintenance of mooring systems and serving as a basis for the development of an emergency action plan to mitigate accident risks in the port area.

5

Reference Routes for Sea Navigation - "To follow or Not to Follow?"

Jacobsen Magne, Aarset M.V., Hareide Odd Sveinung

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

355--359

EN

The Norwegian Coastal Authority has introduced Reference Routes for Navigation to enhance maritime safety and efficiency along the Norwegian coast. These routes provide predefined tracks aimed at minimizing human errors in route planning, improving traffic separation, and promoting predictable traffic patterns. This study evaluates the impact of these reference routes by analysing AIS tracking data from before and after their implementation. A quantitative approach was used, incorporating statistical methods such as T-tests, linear regression, and K-Means clustering to assess vessel compliance and adaptation. The findings indicate a statistically significant, yet modest, improvement in adherence to reference routes, with vessel characteristics playing an important role in compliance levels. These results suggest that while voluntary routing measures influence traffic patterns, complete compliance remains unlikely. Further research is recommended to validate and expand upon these findings.

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Project OPTIMISM: Novel Means of Finding Root Causes of Accidents and Incidence at Sea and Port, as Well as Identifying Key Factors for Improved Safety from Ship Audit and Inspection

Ziarati Reza, de Melo Rodriguez Germán, Koivisto Heikki, Uriasz Janusz, Singh Lakhvir, Barzegarsedigh Amirehsan, Makar Canessa, Chronopoulos Aris

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

399--405

EN

This paper presents a set of methodologies for analysing accident investigation reports to enhance learning from past incidents. While these reports are primarily designed to prevent accident recurrence, they often overlook key contributing factors such as personal, organisational, and cultural influences—particularly leadership practices and potential mental health issues that may have played a role. Moreover, accident investigation reports vary in quality and do not always adhere to standardised frameworks, limiting their effectiveness. This paper proposes a novel approach to accident analysis, offering a structured method to distinguish whether an accident is crew-related or company-related - an essential differentiation, as these factors require distinct management and preventive measures. The study draws on findings from multiple recent projects, analysing over 1000 accident reports to develop a new taxonomy. This taxonomy aims to facilitate a more systematic approach to accident analysis while identifying management deficiencies and crew-related challenges, ultimately improving safety and operational practices.

7

Innovative Approaches to Transport Challenges in Port Cities Based on Literature Review

Jankowska Agnieszka

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

469--476

EN

Port cities are critical nodes in global trade but face unique transport challenges issuing from their dual role as urban centres and maritime hubs. These challenges include congestion, pollution, and governance complexities, which intensify as global trade grows. Traffic bottlenecks caused by overlapping freight and urban mobility systems disrupt efficiency and elevate environmental and social concerns. Heavy-duty vehicles contribute significantly to CO2 emissions, while outdated infrastructure in older port cities exacerbates these issues. Technological innovations such as real-time traffic monitoring, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital twins, are transforming how port cities manage logistics and reduce environmental impact. Green transport initiatives, including electric vehicles, intermodal hubs and clean energy systems, demonstrate the potential to reduce emissions and improve urban liveability. Collaborative efforts from governments like the EU-funded PORTIS project showcase how aligning the objectives of port authorities and urban planners can foster resilient, sustainable systems. This paper reviews innovative approaches to addressing transport challenges in port cities, emphasizing sustainable and technological solutions that integrate urban and port operations. The future of port cities lies in adopting integrated approaches that balance economic, environmental and social priorities, ensuring their evolution into efficient, sustainable hubs for global trade and urban life.

8

Design and Implement an Automatic Smart Buoy System for a Bulgarian Safe Beach Areas – Part 1

Dimitrov Ivan, Iliev Iliyan, Hristov Daniel, Dinkov Dinko, Mavrodiev Tsetoslav

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

381--386

EN

Drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury-related deaths, accounting for 9% of all injury fatalities, with over 300,250 cases reported annually by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of affordable and accessible safety measures at local beaches. This paper presents an innovative, cost-effective automated system designed to improve beach safety through real-time environmental monitoring. The system consists of three primary subsystems: sensors, information processing, and action mechanisms. At its core are smart buoys, equipped with sensors and communication modules, which transmit data to an onshore station and a cloud-based platform. This platform processes, stores, and monitors the data against predefined thresholds, generating alerts when necessary. A web application provides real-time data access, enabling fault monitoring, system operation forecasting, and performance optimization.

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Analysis of Marine Accidents within the Jurisdiction of the Harbourmaster's Office Zadar: Identifying the High-Risk Areas

Mavra Tomislav, Zekić Astrid, Gundić Ana, Grbić Luka

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

417--423

EN

The paper analyses marine accidents in the area under the jurisdiction of the Harbourmaster's Office Zadar. This research examines the categories of events, types of vessels, and the chronological distribution of accidents. Marine accident analysis has revealed a high incidence rate involving boats, predominantly in summer, and has highlighted several high-risk areas. The paper aims to identify the most common types of marine accidents and the times of year when they are most likely to occur. Furthermore, this paper proposes preventive measures to re-duce the risk of marine accidents and to enhance navigational safety. The recommendations in-clude fostering cooperation between the Vessel Traffic Service and the masters, deploying smart cameras, providing maritime traffic safety education, implementing regular data collection proce-dures, prohibiting autopilot use in coastal waters, installing psychological floating barriers at des-ignated swimming areas, and increasing the frequency of inspections during the summer months. The authors suggest implementing preventive measures in high-risk areas, like Mali Ždrelac and Mala Proversa.

10

A Thematic Review of Port Services and Emission Reduction Strategies Using ATLAS.ti

Acomi Nicoleta, Surugiu G., Raicu Gabriel, Stanca Costel

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

447--457

EN

The maritime industry plays a dual role as a critical driver of global trade and a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions, posing challenges to environmental sustainability. As key nodes in the global supply chain, ports face mounting pressure to adopt greener practices. This study synthesises insights from contemporary scientific research articles, highlighting best practices, successful case studies, and obstacles in implementing emission reduction strategies and environmentally friendly port services worldwide. A two-step mixed-methods approach was utilised, combining a systematic review of literature with qualitative data analysis. The PRISMA methodology guided the selection of 27 peer-reviewed articles from the Web of Science Core Collection, spanning the period from 2015 to 2024. Subsequently, thematic coding and comprehensive analysis were conducted using Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) ATLAS.ti, enabling a structured synthesis of findings related to port services and emission reduction strategies. Through this analysis, three critical themes emerged as essential for enhancing environmental sustainability in port operations: innovative technologies for emission reduction, data-driven optimization for port efficiency, and policies and governance for green ports. Drivers such as financial incentives, advanced technologies, and regulatory frameworks were identified, alongside barriers like economic feasibility, technical challenges, and organisational resistance. These themes reveal the interconnected nature of sustainability efforts and the need for collaborative strategies to overcome existing obstacles. By identifying key drivers and challenges, this research offers valuable insights for advancing sustainable practices in port operations. The findings underscore the importance of aligning technological, operational, and policy-driven measures to foster environmental efficiency while mitigating emissions. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable port operations, providing actionable insights for stakeholders and policymakers in the maritime industry to support the transition toward greener and more efficient port practices.

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A Novel Network RTK Technique for Mobile Platforms: Extending High-Precision Positioning to Offshore Environments

Chen Wu, Ding Junsheng, Wang Yuyan, Mi Xiaolong, Liu Tong

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

371--380

EN

Network Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) positioning, as the most mature real-time high-precision positioning technology, is widely recognized for its centimetre-level accuracy, operational efficiency, and extensive application potential. However, conventional NRTK systems rely on reference stations anchored to bedrock-based infrastructure, limiting their coverage to terrestrial areas within Continuous Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks. This architectural limitation renders conventional NRTK inapplicable for offshore and marine environments. To overcome this geographical constraint, we propose an innovative NRTK framework for mobile platforms featuring (1) simultaneous estimation of atmospheric delays and baseline dynamics to get precise relative coordinate movements, (2) the regularization method is applied to de-correlate the positional and atmospheric parameters and the regularization coefficients are optimized by mean square error minimization, and (3) integration of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) at a main base station to maintain an absolute position reference for the network. Experimental validation using Hong Kong's terrestrial CORS network demonstrates that the proposed marine-adapted system achieves positioning accuracy comparable to conventional bedrock-based NRTK, with three-dimensional (ENU) errors measuring (2.90, 3.22, 4.32) cm and (2.90, 2.88, 6.70) cm in two operational scenarios. This methodological advancement enables the deployment of buoy-based NRTK systems in marine environments, with significant implications for maritime applications including port traffic management, fishing fleet navigation, and offshore resource exploration. By extending NRTK's operational domain beyond terrestrial boundaries, our technique not only enhances positioning reliability for marine operations but also creates new paradigms for oceanic resource management.

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A Comparative Analysis of Voyage Charter Parties and Liner Bills of Lading in Maritime Trade

Dimitrakiev D.Y., Kostadinov O. D., Koritarov T.D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

483--488

EN

Two types of maritime trade organizations are used to transport goods by sea: tramp shipping and liner trade. The differences between the two are significant and necessitate the use of distinct carriage contracts. This study highlights the key differences between voyage charter parties and liner bills of lading, the main contracts used in tramp and liner shipping, respectively. Tramp shipping involves chartering vessels for specific voyages to transport bulk cargo, with customizable charter parties negotiated between the shipowner and charterer. In contrast, liner shipping follows regular routes and schedules, using standardized liner bills of lading for smaller consignments from multiple shippers. The main distinctions arise from the operational and economic characteristics of each model: voyage charter parties offer greater flexibility with freight rates and cargo requirements, while liner bills provide a uniform framework for efficiency in high-volume shipping. Understanding these differences is essential for stakeholders in maritime commerce, as they influence shipping arrangements, legal responsibilities, and commercial strategies. This analysis aims to clarify the contractual complexities in tramp and liner shipping for better decision-making in maritime trade.