Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Real-time emissions of gaseous pollutants from vehicles under heterogeneous traffic conditions

Goyal Yuvraj, Meena Sanu, Singh Suresh Kumar, Kulshrestha Mukul

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2023

|

z. 118

55--75

EN

Air quality problems in cities are often a cause for worry. The air quality index is increasing daily, leading to an increase in cancer and many respiratory problems. Road transport in an urban area is a significant cause of air pollution. The vehicles must meet Indian emission regulations for which the emissions are measured using legally mandated standard driving cycles that did not accurately reflect real-world driving emissions because of varying traffic conditions, meteorological conditions, driving behaviour, vehicle power, performance, etc. This study focuses on real-time emissions of gaseous pollutants hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) from vehicle exhaust pipes under heterogeneous traffic conditions. The emissions were measured using a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). The PEMS used was an AVL MDS 450 analyser mounted on the vehicle, and onroad emissions were captured. The test sample consists of four passenger vehicles with varying engine sizes, manufacturers, and fuel. The test route comprises city and highway areas, and it was discovered that the emissions were reduced by 40 to 70% on highways compared to the city. In petrol BSIV and BSVI engines, the emission was reduced to 41.73% for CO, 46.90% for HC, and 64% for NO in the city area. Speed and emissions scatter graphs were plotted for the vehicles, and it was found that in the city area, the optimum speed for less emission is between 30-40 km/h, and on highways, the optimum speed is 80-90 km/h. The emissions were also sensitive to the rate and frequency of acceleration and decelerations. This type of study is very limited in India, and more such studies are required for the assessment of air quality in metropolitan areas and successful traffic management strategies, as well as for determining instantaneous projections of pollutant emissions.

2

Use of Toxicity Indexes in Reference to Carbon Dioxide for a Vehicle Equipped with a Two-Stroke Engine without an Exhaust Aftertreatment System

Rymaniak Łukasz, Ziętara Bartosz, Szymlet Natalia, Kołodziejek Daniel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 4

228--236

EN

Research work on the new assessment of environmental indicators using equipment from the PEMS group (Portable Emission Measurement Systems) with motor vehicles is being developed. Due to the miniaturization of equipment, there are new measurement possibilities for more and more numerous groups of vehicles, including two-wheelers. The article presents the research and a summary of the results of a moped equipped with a two-stroke engine, approved in accordance with the Euro 3 standard. The research object is mainly used for driving in urban traffic. Therefore, the research route was created as the first communication frame in the Poznań agglomeration. In the analysis of the results, the author’s M toxicity index was proposed, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emission is a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The equipment from the PEMS-AxionR/S+ group, characterized by small dimensions and low weight, was used to determine the actual motion parameters and the emission of toxic compounds. In the analysis of the measurement results, dimensionless indicators of toxicity M of gaseous compounds were determined and a comparative analysis was made with the values of other objects obtained in the course of previous research (motorcycle, passenger car, off-road vehicle, hybrid bus and agricultural tractor). Due to the engine design (two-stroke type), the worst environmental indicators were obtained for CO and HC compared to other tested vehicles.

3

Measurement of Exhaust Emissions from a Two-Wheeler – an Experimental Validation of the Remote-Sensing Method

Rymaniak Łukasz, Mąka Monika, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Kęska Aleksandra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 12

60--71

EN

The paper presents the problem of testing vehicles, which are some of the main sources of air pollution. The authors suggested the remote-sensing method as a tool for the measurement of the vehicle exhaust emissions and an on-going control thereof. This is an economical solution that allows measuring a large number of vehicles in a short time. The presented work aims at an experimental validation of the measurement method of exhaust emissions on the example of a two-wheeler. To that end, two parallel laboratory tests were carried out: measurement of the exhaust emissions obtained directly from the tailpipe using the PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) equipment and from the exhaust cloud, utilizing a module emission gate. A significant mutual correlation of the results confirms the efficiency of the method. The highest value of the coefficient of determination was obtained for the CO2, PM and NO analyzers. Different orders of values were primarily caused by the dissipation of the exhaust gas and the influence of the ambient conditions on the measurement process. Further works are therefore necessary to allow an assessment of the actual measurement uncertainty of the equipment irrespective ofthe fueling system and type of vehicles.

4

Assessment of two condensation particle counters (CPCs) in photometric mode for high concentration exhaust emission measurements

Giechaskiel Barouch, Melas Anastasios, Mamakos Athanasios

Combustion Engines

|

2023

|

R. 62, nr 2

15--23

EN

Condensation particle counters (CPCs) use light scattering to count particles after they have grown to micron size in a supersaturated environment. In single counting mode each particle is counted depending on whether the scattered light exceeds a threshold value or not. In photometric mode the total scattered light is converted in particle number concentration. While for laboratory grade particle number systems, CPCs are allowed to operate only in single counting mode, there is no such requirements for portable emissions measurements systems (PEMS) for real-driving emissions (RDE) testing or for instruments for periodic technical inspection (PTI) of vehicles. In this study two CPCs of the same model were assessed in single counting and photometric modes with silver and graphite particles with sizes ranging from 10 nm to 100 nm. The results showed that the concentration was measured accurately enough for particles in the 25 nm to 50 nm size range, but was underestimated and overestimated for smaller and larger particles, respectively. The key message is that the photometric mode should be avoided or calibrated in function of concentration and particle size.

5

Method of verifying the emission level of the exhaust components of a special vehicle in relation to EURO III standard in road conditions

Kaźmierczak Andrzej R., Matla Jędrzej

Combustion Engines

|

2022

|

R. 61, nr 2

89--93

EN

The following article presents the method of verification of EURO III standard in real conditions for special vehicles. The test object qualified as a special vehicle was tested in road conditions along a defined route, and then the obtained measurement results were compared to the exhaust emission standard (EURO III) applicable for this vehicle. A method of comparing the emission factors in road conditions with the indicators obtained on the engine dynamometer was proposed. An AVL mobile exhaust gas analyzers PEMS dedicated for RDE road tests were used in the research.

6

Measurement of rail vehicles exhaust emissions

Kamińska Michalina, Kołodziejek Daniel, Szymlet Natalia, Fuć Paweł, Grzeszczyk Rafał

Combustion Engines

|

2022

|

R. 61, nr 2

10--17

EN

The basic problem in terms of measuring exhaust emissions is the approval tests of traction vehicles, which are carried out on engine dynamometers. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain reliable results concerning their actual impact on the natural environment. It is therefore advisable to carry out the tests in real operation conditions, as is the case for road vehicles for which RDE (Real Driving Emissions) tests are carried out. The latest Stage V emission standards push for the introduction of this type of test, but no limit values for toxic exhaust gases have been established and no test guidelines have been defined for assessing actual emissions. This article describes the issues related to the legislative guidelines for non-road vehicles in force in Europe, as well as the measurement tools used, such as mobile equipment for measuring emissions of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) and newly developed emission gates. Additionally, the paper presents examples of locomotive exhaust emission tests in real operating conditions. The aim of the measurements was to assess the emission of toxic compounds against the relevant standards. The subject of the research was a diesel locomotive type T448.P equipped with a modernized internal combustion engine.

7

Analysis of emissions and fuel consumption from forklifts by location of operation

Ziółkowski Andrzej, Fuć Paweł, Jagielski Aleks, Bednarek Maciej

Combustion Engines

|

2022

|

R. 61, nr 2

30--35

EN

The share of road transport accounts for more than 85% of the total structure of freight transportation. In this process, mainly motor vehicles are used to carry out the freight work. In addition to them, forklifts are also used, whose task is to load and unload goods. These vehicles are categorized as NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Forklift trucks have internal combustion or electric drive. The paper presents an analysis of the emission of pollutants and fuel consumption from forklift trucks equipped with diesel and LPG power. The study uses the author's test taking into account the raising/lowering of a pallet, a loaded and unloaded run. The measurements were made in the warehouse and outside the warehouse using the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment. The aim was to show the influence of loading conditions on the emission of pollutants and fuel consumption.

8

Particle number measurements in the European legislation and future JRC activities

Giechaskiel B., Lahde T., Suarez-Bertoa R., Clairotte M., Grigoratos T., Zardini A., Perujo A., Martini G.

Combustion Engines

|

2018

|

R. 57, nr 3

3--16

EN

The solid particle number method was introduced in the European Union (EU) light-duty legislation for diesel vehicles to ensure the installation of the best-available technology for particles (i.e., wall-flow diesel particulate filters) without the uncertainties of the volatile nucleation mode and without the need of large investment for purchasing the equipment. Later it was extended to gasoline vehicles with direct injection engines, heavy-duty engines (both compression ignition and positive ignitions) and non-road mobile machinery engines. Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing on the road with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for particle number (and NOx) during type approval and in-service conformity testing was recently (in 2017) introduced for light-duty vehicles, and is under discussion for heavy-duty vehicles in-service conformity testing. This paper will summarize the existing legislation regarding solid particle number and discuss the on-going activities at EU level. The main focus at the moment is on improving the calibration procedures, and extending the lower detection size below 23 nm with interlaboratory exercises. In parallel, discussions are on-going to introduce testing at low ambient temperature, regeneration emissions in the light-duty regulation, a particle limit for other technologies such as gasoline port-fuel injection vehicles, and the feasibility of particle measurements to L-category vehicles (mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles and minicars). A short overview of periodical technical inspection investigations and the situation regarding non-exhaust traffic related sources with special focus on brakes and tyres will be described.

9

Determining the environmental indicators for vehicles of different categories in relation to CO2 emission based on road tests

Merkisz J., Rymaniak Ł.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 3

66--72

EN

The article discusses the possibility of determining the environmental indicators for vehicles of different categories in relation to CO2 emissions. These are called toxicity indicators because they concern the compounds: CO, THC and NOx. Three Euro V compliant vehicles with different propulsion systems types were used for the study: a 0.9 dm3 urban passenger car with a SI engine and a start-stop system, a 2.5 dm3 off-road vehicle with a CI engine, and a city bus with a hybrid drive system in series configuration and a CI engine with a displacement of 6.7 dm3. Measurements were made in actual operating conditions in the Poznan agglomeration using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The paper presents the characteristics of the operating time shares of vehicles and propulsion systems as well as CO2 emissions depending on the engine load and crankshaft rotational speed for individual vehicles. The determined toxicity indicators allowed to indicate their usefulness, to make comparisons between tested vehicles, and to identify directions for further work on the application and interpretation of these indicators.

10

PEMS-based investigations into exhaust emissions from non-road and rail vehicles

Merkisz J., Lijewski P., Pielecha J.

Combustion Engines

|

2016

|

R. 55, nr 3

46--53

EN

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, one of the major challenges of humanity was to reduce the negative effects of civilization development. Besides the engines used in road vehicles there is a large group of engines for non-road applications. This group includes motor propelled vehicles not used on the road NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Engines of these vehicles, among all of the non-road applications, are characterized by very specific working conditions that do not allow for them to be qualified for propulsion engines. The main problem with these vehicles is the particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emission. Rail vehicles operating conditions these requirements take by the similar way, as having a wide range of rolling stock markedly alters the environmental impact of these vehicles. Thus it becomes necessary to consider the issue of the method of evaluation of engine emissions in rail vehicles in terms of their actual operating conditions. Thus, efforts to assess the actual level of emissivity for rail vehicles and attempts to improve it are necessary and justified.

11

Analiza emisji spalin z pojazdów wyposażonych w system start-stop

Merkisz J., Fuć P., Lijewski P., Ziółkowski A.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 4

648--654, CD1

PL

W artykule wyznaczono wpływ systemu start-stop na emisję szkodliwych i toksycznych składników spalin oraz na przebiegowe zużycie paliwa. Badania przeprowadzono dla dwóch pojazdów. Pierwszym z nich był pojazd przeznaczony do użytkowania typowo w warunkach miejskich - posiadał jednostkę napędową o zapłonie iskrowym, pojemności 0,9 dm3 o mocy maksymalnej 63.7 kW. Drugim był pojazd należący do grupy SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) wyposażony w jednostkę napędową o zapłonie samoczynnym i pojemności 3.0 dm3. Pomiary emisji - dla obu pojazdów - wykonano na tej samej trasie badawczej, której dystans wyniósł około 11 km. W tym celu wykorzystano mobilny analizator SEMTECH DS należący do grupy PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System).

EN

The paper describes the influence of the start-stop system on the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. The tests were performed for two vehicles. The first one was a vehicle designed specifically to operate in city conditions. It was fitted with a gasoline engine of the displacement of 0.9 dm3. and maximum power output of 63.7 kW. The other vehicle was an SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) fitted with a diesel engine of the displacement of 3.0 dm3. The measurements of the exhaust emission were carried out on the same route under actual traffic conditions. For the tests a portable exhaust emissions analyzer from the PEMS group - SEMTECH DS was used (PEMS -Portable Emissions Measurement System).

12

Combustion engines development and real driving emissions

Merkisz J.

Journal of KONES

|

2014

|

Vol. 21, No. 2

209--219

EN

The article characterizes state-of-the-art PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) equipment for exhaust emissions measurement under actual operating conditions. This equipment allows measurement of the exhaust emissions from all modes of transport. Besides, the article contains the results of exhaust emission research for engines of a variety of transport applications such as light duty vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles. Own exhaust emission research results performed under different traffic conditions of new motor vehicles fuelled with different fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel and natural gas) have been compared with the type approval values that define the vehicle emission indexes. The analysis has been performed in relation to a vehicle but the proposed measurement methodology is also knit to the engine operating conditions. The testing of heavy-duty vehicles described in the book was divided into several stages for which the results obtained for these vehicles were compared for loaded and unloaded vehicles. Ecological advantages of the city buses of different powertrain configurations have been determined (diesel, hybrid) on selected regular bus lines in city centre.