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EN
Cost overrun during construction is one of the most common problems occur in construction projects around the world, which also includes the area of Chongqing in China. At present, there are few studies related to cost overruns at the construction stage of high-rise residential building projects (HRBPs) in Chongqing. The purpose of this study is to develop effective control measures from the contractor’s perspective to help projects to minimize cost overruns during the construction phase of HRBPs in Chongqing. Firstly, through the literature review and semi-structured interviews, 65 cost overrun-related risk factors in construction projects were identified. All the risk factors have been prioritized through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on their importance to project success. Out of the 65 factors identified, 12 were classified as the critical ones that have a great potential to instigate a cost overrun during construction to take place in the real project. There were four risk factors that have the greatest impact on cost overruns, and their weights were 0.04 or above, including low bid, force majeure, undetailed/inaccurate geological survey data, and increased loan interest rates. Finally, control measures were developed for these four critical cost overrun risk factors (CCORFs). The measures developed provided a guideline to control the risk of cost overruns and clear control key points to help contractors minimize cost overruns on construction projects.
PL
W pracy krótko opisano historię oraz układ konstrukcyjny Hali Widowiskowo-Sportowej Spodek w Katowicach. Nieco więcej uwagi poświęcono konstrukcji dachu oraz technologii jego realizacji. Przedstawiono w szczegółach budowę dachowego dźwigara linowo-prętowego, system naciągu i kontroli sił w linach nośnych. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów kontrolnych sił w siedmiu ze 120 dźwigarów dachowych prowadzone od 1971 roku obejmujące również wyniki najnowszych badań przeprowadzonych w 2021 roku. Na podstawie prezentowanych wyników omówiono historię zmiany sił w dźwigarach od oddania obiektu do użytkowania do chwili obecnej oraz poziom bezpieczeństwa konstrukcji dachu w obecnym stanie.
EN
The paper briefly describes the history and construction of the Sports and Entertainment Hall Spodek in Katowice. A little more attention was paid to the roof structure and the technology of its implementation. The structure of the roof rope-rod girder as well as the tensioning and force control system in the lifting tendons are presented in detail. The paper presents the results of control measurements of forces in seven out of 120 roof girders carried out since 1971, including the results of the latest research carried out in 2021. On the basis of the presented results, the history of changes in the forces in the girders from the commissioning of the facility to the present day and the safety level of the roof structure were discussed.
PL
W roku 2009 Minister Infrastruktury nałożył na zarządców budynków użyteczności publicznej obowiązek monitorowania parametrów istotnych dla bezpieczeństwa konstrukcji, takich jak przemieszczenia i odkształcenia. W artykule opisano najistotniejsze aspekty formalne i techniczne dotyczące systemów do ich stałej kontroli oraz najczęstsze problemy wiążące się z ich wdrażaniem. Wskazano również możliwości wykorzystania w budowie systemów monitoringu konstrukcji istniejących w obiektach magistrali przesyłu danych takich jak LAN, MODBUS, czy też RS485
EN
In 2009 Minister of Infrastructure impose on administrators of public buildings an obligation of monitoring of parameters such as deformations and displacement. The paper covers the most important formal and technical aspects of automated monitoring systems and common problems concerning their practical implementation. In addition, the potential benefits of utilization in such systems of data bases, i.e. LAN, MODBUS and RS485, which often already exist in buildings are highlighted
EN
Judgment of applicability with respect to acoustics of a specific type of building elements used in interior walls should consider: acoustical insulation of a wall built with those elements determined in laboratory conditions; predicted acoustical insulation of a wall in real conditions and judgment of its insulation with regard to insulation specified in building regulations and standards. This paper presents the way of test sample preparation for laboratory measurements of number of different types of building elements. Particularly of elements used in walls between dwellings. Calculation methods by means of PN-EN 12354-1:2002 standard used to predict sound insulation of walls is discussed.Also given are the rules of sound insulation measurements of walls in a buildingwith existing flanking sound transmission paths. Properly planned measurements in a building may become the basis for preparation of model structures meeting specific acoustical requirements.
EN
Today, government and self-government institutions as well as businesses deploy spatial information in the broadly defined concept of management. This is realized by theoretical and practical efforts supporting the development and updating of digital map databases and their effective and rational (preceded by an analysis of their quality) application for execution of economic tasks. The paper presents estimation of horizontal accuracy of digital maps produced by means various methods: new total station survey (object A), recalculation of previous direct measurements (orthogonal and polar surveys) (object B), manual vectorisation of a raster orthophotomap image (object C) and graphical-and-digital processing of analogue maps (object D). Carried out investigations shown that digital data produced by various methods do not always support the development of geodetic documentation at the required accuracy level. The authors postulate the need to estimate the accuracy of the databases of large-scale maps to ensure the transparency of relations between map producers and map users, and to guarantee that national geodetic and cartographic resources meet the relevant quality standards.
PL
Obecnie instytucje rządowe i samorządowe oraz firmy efektywnie wykorzystują informacje przestrzenne w szeroko pojętym zarządzaniu. Realizację tych celów wspierają teoretyczne i praktyczne wysiłki w zakresie opracowywania i aktualizacji baz danych map cyfrowych oraz ich efektywnego i racjonalnego (poprzedzonego analizą ich jakości) wykorzystania w wykonywaniu zadań gospodarczych. Niniejsza praca przedstawia ocenę dokładności opracowania sytuacyjnego wielkoskalowych map cyfrowych wykonanych przy wykorzystaniu różnych metod pozyskania danych sytuacyjnych, takie jak: nowy pomiar tachimetrem elektronicznym (obiekt A), przeliczenie wyników wcześniejszych pomiarów bezpośrednich (ortogonalnych i biegunowych) (obiekt B), manualna wektoryzacja rastrowego obrazu ortofotomapy (obiekt C) oraz przetworzenie graficzno-numeryczne map analogowych (obiekt D). Wyniki badań wykazały, że dane pozyskane różnymi metodami nie zawsze zapewniają opracowanie dokumentacji geodezyjnej na wymaganym poziomie dokładności. Autorzy zauważają potrzebę wykonywania ocen dokładności baz danych map wielkoskalowych w celu zapewnienia klarownych relacji pomiędzy wykonawcami i użytkownikami map oraz zagwarantowania standardów jakości państwowego zasobu geodezyjnego i kartograficznego.
EN
The paper presents the results of a project carried out over the last seven years by the Department of Geodesy and Property Management, Municipal Office of the City of Zielona Góra, in cooperation with the Faculty of Geodesy and Land Management, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The main goal of the project was to modernize the system of national geodetic and cartographic resources of the city of Zielona Góra, and to ensure its adequate quality. A restorable control network of the 3rd class was established in Zielona Góra during the years 1998 to 1999. Points of the existing horizontal geodetic control network of class I and II were incorporated into the newly-established geodetic network by classical surveys and GPS satellite technique. A total of 480 points of the existing horizontal control network of the 3rd class were adapted for this purpose. The modernization of the horizontal geodetic control network provided an accurate and reliable basis for conducting geodetic surveys and for performing cartographic work. The maximum error of position of a point within the restorable control network of the 3rd class, established in the city of Zielona Góra, is mp = 0,027 m. The accuracy of a large-scale digital map of the city of Zielona Góra, compiled based on the results of planimetric surveys conducted during the years 1974 to 1999, was estimated in 1999. The study was performed on seven control objects, using a total of 1619 control points of the following type: corner points of building contours (denoted by the letter B), boundary points of parcels (denoted by the letter G) and points of technical utilities (denoted by the letter U). The model coordinates of control points were determined based on new field surveys (with the use of an electronic tachometer - total station survey), including redundant data, which permitted to adjust the results of control measurements and to estimate their accuracy. It was found that the adaptation of the results of previous direct measurements based on an accurate geodetic control network enabled to compile a large-scale digital map with an accuracy of 0.10 to 0.20 m (i.e. at the accuracy level of previous planimetric surveys). The accuracy of a digital orthophotomap of the city of Zielona Góra, on a scale of 1:2000, was estimated during the years 2005 to 2006. The analysis was made based on 33 orthophotomap sheets in raster form (.tif files) with reference files (.tfw). A set of plane coordinates of 501 control points, determined by direct field measurements with an electronic tachometer, was used in the study. Detail control points, most of them belonging to the 1st accuracy group (i.e. the so-called .well defined points.), were considered. The points were easy to identify on the raster image of the orthophotomap, and available for precise positioning by manual vectorization. The error of position of the control points obtained by vectorization (on the raster image of the orthophotomap) was. This indicated the possibility to perform point planimetric surveys, using the raster image of the orthophotomap, with a high accuracy. With respect to considered detail points, a scale of 1:1000 can be used for the purpose of graphic representation of vector map data produced by manual vectorization. The results show that a digital orthophotomap of the city of Zielona Góra became a valuable supplement of a large-scale digital map as for the content of a cadastral map and a basis map. Both as an autonomous source of information or combined with the content of other digital maps, the orthophotomap on a scale of 1:2000 can provide the basis for studies and projects carried out within the framework of municipal GIS.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono weryfikację kryteriów oceny stateczności zbocza, stosowanych w metodach obserwacyjnych dla wyrobiska górniczego Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego "Bełchatów" S.A., na podstawie analizy wyników pomiarów kontrolnych dla zbocza w fazie przedosuwiskowej. Kryteria te stanowią: kryterium empiryczne w postaci prędkości przemieszczeń poziomych (prędkość graniczna i inicjacyjna) i kryterium w postaci bezpiecznych i granicznych wartości przemieszczeń poziomych, obliczonych MES. Dodatkowe kryterium, pozwalające na określenie typu procesu osuwiskowego oraz zakresu strefy uplastycznionej, wzdłuż potencjalnej powierzchni poślizgu - stanowią względne przemieszczenia reperów. Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów kontrolnych oraz wyniki obliczeń stateczności MES, dokonano weryfikacji kryteriów i, na tej podstawie, oszacowano stopień zaawansowania procesu osuwiskowego.
EN
The paper deals with verification of criteria for assessment of slope stability as used in the observational method for open pit of Bełchatów Lignite Mine, based on the analysis of check measurement results on the slope in pre-failure phase. These criteria include: empirical criterion in form of rate of horizontal displacements (boundary and initiation rate) and criterion in form of safe and critical value of horizontal displacements, calculated by FEM. An additional criterion allowing to determine type of failure process and range of plastic area along the potential failure surface are relative displacements of bench marks. There are presented check measurement results and results of stability analysis by FEM, verification of criteria is carried out and, based on that, extent of failure process advance is estimated.
10
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EN
The paper presents the method of measurement of settlements during load test of pile. The test results of displacement concrete pile are presented above.
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