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1

Separation technology of components of waste pharmaceutical blisters

Miękoś Ewa, Zieliński Marek, Sroczyński Dariusz, Fenyk Anna

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 3

429--442

EN

In this paper, the separation technology of components of waste pharmaceutical blisters and its adaptation to the industrial scale are described. It involved, among others, taking advantage of the phenomenon of difference in the density of the individual phases that were contained in the separation tank, i.e., the separating mixture, PVC plastics, and aluminium. As a result, the directions of movement of the separated blister components were opposite. All components of the separating mixture feature a similar surface tension (γ > 20 mN/m) which facilitates the penetration of the liquid between the blister component layers. After separation, the full-value products, i.e. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and aluminium are obtained. The resulting products can be further processed and the entire technological process is a waste-free. PVC can be melted and processed into other products e.g. plastic components for the construction industry. Pure aluminium is a metal sought after and widely used in industry due to its low specific weight. An additional element supplementing the technology is the separation tank of our design in which the separation process of the blister components takes place. The advantage of the separation tank is that the separation process can be repeated many times with the same separating mixture until it is exhausted. Both separated blister components are directed to filtering followed by air drying without a mixing PVC plastic with aluminium.

2

The Sensitive Method of Determination of Hazardous Phthlates in Polymeric Building Materials by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Kaniowska Elżbieta, Kaczmarczyk Grzegorz

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2022

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Tom 24

190--201

EN

Polymeric building materials and equipment for indoor use in spaces intended for people may, in an essential way, contribute to the deterioration of wholesome quality of life. Phthalates, present in many products, constitute an omnipresent group of compounds used widely as plasticisers. The research results show that these substances may negatively impact human health, and thus European Union has implemented several regulatory measures restricting their use. Manufacturers and suppliers must comply with these regulations. As a result, it is necessary to investigate and determine the contents of phthalates in these materials. This paper presents the analytic profile of the method of marking phthalates extracted from polyvinyl chloride using HPLC chromatography with UV-VIS detection and selected results obtained in examinations of materials used in interior design. The results of described examinations of phthalates content indicate that not all materials recommended by manufacturers may be used indoors in spaces intended for people. The method was verified for its suitability for routine analyses of materials made of PVC and submitted for attestation. The elaborated method can be used to determine the banned phthalates’ presence in PVC. The method allows for detecting these phthalates at the level required by the REACH regulation, and its validation parameters are highly satisfactory considering a very complex matrix.

3

Synthesis of a polyester plasticizer from rubber seed oil for polyvinyl chloride

Li Huabei, Wang Xiaolin, Chu Hongying, Yao Xinding

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2022

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Vol. 24, nr 4

1--6

EN

A polyester plasticizer (RSOP) for polyvinyl chloride based on rubber seed oil (RSO) was synthesized. Firstly, RSO monoglyceride were synthesized by the transesterifi cation of RSO with glycerol at 220–240 °C. Secondly, RSOP was synthesized from RSO monoglyceride and adipic acid by esterification. The polyester plasticizer was characterized by GPC, FT-IR, 1H NMR and DSC. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials with RSOP and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in varying ratios were prepared via thermal melting process, RSOP was used as a second plasticizer. The properties of the plasticized PVC materials were characterized by a universal testing machine, TGA, DMA and solvent extraction resistance. The obtained PVC materials showed improved thermal stability and lower glass transition temperature than PVC. Solvent extraction resistance and plasticization of plasticized PVC were also improved. This study provides a new strategy for preparing bio-based polyester plasticizer from RSO.

4

Physical properties of materials used for infusion sets for photosensitive medicines

Szafarczyk Karolina, Szewczenko Janusz, Maciak Erwin, Kałużyński Piotr, Goldsztajn Karolina

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2022

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vol. 25, no. 167

2--9

EN

Continuous infusion, as one of the most effective methods of delivering pharmaceuticals to patients, uses infusion pumps to which a syringe and infusion drains are connected. Photosensitive drugs that require UV-VIS protection are delivered to patients with special infusion sets that reduce harmful radiation. However, these drains have different transparencies, which can affect the success of therapy. This study investigated the optical properties of two types of drains used for infusion therapy of photosensitive drugs. UV-VIS spectroscopy studies were carried out, allowing the determination of the absorbance values and absorption coefficient of the two types of drains. The spectrum of their transmittance was also analyzed. The chemical composition of the samples was tested using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the roughness and wettability parameters of the drains were determined, which affect not only the kinematics of drug flow in the drains but also the way in which light is transmitted. The results of the study can be used to propose a solution to eliminate the problem of loss of properties of the photosensitive drug in drains, in contact with light. By selecting the appropriate drain thickness, it is possible to reduce the transmission of radiation in the UV-VIS range through the drain.

5

Toxicity of Water after Short-Term Contact with PVC Materials Depending on the Temperature and Components of the Polymer Composition

Olkova Anna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 5

119--125

EN

This work shows a paradoxical fact: a highly plasticized PVC sample containing the maximum amount of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) compared to medium- and low-plasticized polymers turned out to be the least toxic. This was confirmed in express bioassays for the pre-lethal reactions of Paramecium caudatum Ehrenber and Escherichia coli M-17 when determining the acute toxicity for mortality of Daphnia magna Straus and Ceriodaphnia affinis Lilljeborg, as well as in chronic tests for D. magna. The migration of DEHP from the tested PVC samples into water was confirmed by the mass spectrometry method. It was shown that the contact of PVC materials with hot water (70℃) led to a significant increase in the toxicity of the extracts compared to cold extraction (20℃). The search for safe composition of PVC materials must be carried out in the direction of the optimal ratio of PVC-polymer, plasticizer and heat stabilizer, as well as replacing the components of the composition with safe substances.

6

A novel biobased polyester plasticizer prepared from palm oil and its plasticizing effect on poly (vinyl chloride)

Jia P., Zhang M., Hu L., Zhou Y.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2016

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Vol. 18, nr 1

9--14

EN

In this study, palm oil was the first time to convert into a novel polyester plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In the first stage, palm oil was converted into palm oil monoglyceride (POM) by alcoholysis with glycerol. Next, a novel palm oil monoglycerides based polyester plasticizer (POMP) was synthesized from POM and maleic anhydride through esterification and condensation reaction. The structure of POMP was characterized with FTIR, 1H NMR and GPC. Then PVC blends were prepared using POMP as a plasticizer, melting behavior, thermal property, compatibility, mechanical properties and mechanism of plasticization of PVC blends were systematically studied. Melting behavior indicated that POMP could decrease the torque and the melt viscosity of PVC blends that was conducive to process. With the content of POMP increasing from 5 g to 15 g in PVC blends, the plasticized PVC blends demonstrated better compatibility, the degradation temperature (Td) increased from 252.6°C to 257.0°C, the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased from 55°C to 49.5°C. Plasticization was put into effect by interaction of the electron cloud between the PVC chain and POMP molecule. This study may lead to the development of new type of PVC plasticizer based on vegetable oil.

7

Characterization of filled poly(vinyl chloride) composites

Gackowski B., Pobiedziński R.

Ekologia i Technika

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2016

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R. 24, nr 2

61--65

EN

This paper presents a review of recent literature on possibilities of improvement of poly(vinyl chloride) properties by forming polymer matrix composites (PMCs). Various types of fillers, like ceramic, carbon, lignocellulosic and hybrid systems were discussed and compared.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano przegląd literatury z ostatnich lat dotyczący możliwości modyfikacji właściwości poli(chlor-ku winylu) poprzez wytworzenie kompozytów polimerowych na jego osnowie. Przedstawiono i porównano służące do tego celu różnego typu napełniacze, jak ceramiczne, węglowe, lignocelulozowe i hybrydowe.

8

The effect of blowing agents on the effectiveness of poly(vinyl chloride) extrusion

Garbacz T., Jachowicz T., Tor-Świątek A.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2016

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Vol. 10, nr 32

217--223

EN

The cellular extrusion is a method for manufacturing profiles, bars, low density cellular coatings and other cellular products that have no hollow cavities on the surface and show minimal processing shrinkage, while their properties are similar to those of products produced by conventional extrusion. The paper deals with cellular extrusion of PVC. The investigation of the process was conducted using state-of-the-art endothermic and exothermic blowing agents that were dosed in up to 1.5% by weight. The experiments involved measuring output, energy consumption and energy efficiency of the process.

9

Właściwości dyspersji polimerowych zawierających plastizol poli(chlorku winylu)

Zalewska A., Makarewicz E.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

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T. 92, nr 5

640-645

10

Analiza wpływu modyfikacji poli(chlorku winylu) mikrosferami na strukturę geometryczną wytłoczyny

Tor-Świątek A., Sikora J. W.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

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T. 92, nr 4

538-541

11

Electrostatic properties of modified recyclates of polyvinyl chloride cable insulation

Tartakowski Z.

Polimery

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2010

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T. 55, nr 6

479-483

EN

The characteristics of the electrostatic charge decay in composites produced from recyclates of post-cable insulation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE) was presented in this paper. The influence of the material composition, technology of composite production and the effect of ageing factors on the electrostatic charge decay time process of the composites were studied. Determination of how composition and methods of composites production influence their electrostatic properties allows to estimate their potential application.

PL

Określono charakterystykę zaniku ładunku elektrostatycznego nowych kompozytów materiałowych otrzymanych z recyklatów pokablowych wykonanych z polichlorku winylu (PVC) i polietylenu (PE). Zbadano wpływ składu kompozytów, sposobu ich wytwarzania oraz działania czynników starzeniowych na przebieg krzywej zaniku ładunku elektrostatycznego tych materiałów w funkcji czasu. Określenie wpływu składu i metody wykonania kompozytów na ich właściwości elektrostatyczne pozwala na ocenę możliwości ich potencjalnych zastosowań.

12

Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa pracy w procesach produkcji i przetwarzania PVC

Surgiewicz J.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2010

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nr 10

26-29

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z bezpiecznym stosowaniem organicznych związków metali w produkcji i przetwarzaniu polichlorku winylu (PVC). Wyniki pomiarów przeprowadzonych w przemyśle wskazują na obecność tych związków w powietrzu w środowisku pracy. W procesach, w których występuje największe narażenie na tego rodzaju związki, niezbędna jest skuteczna ochrona pracowników przed ich szkodliwym działaniem. Przedstawiono wybrane sposoby postępowania w celu ograniczenia zagrożeń spowodowanych stosowaniem organicznych związków metali na poszczególnych etapach produkcji i przetwarzania tworzywa.

EN

This article presents issues related to safe use of organic metal compounds in production and processing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Results of research conducted in the industry show presence of such compounds in workplace air. It is necessary to provide effective protection for employees in processes with the highest exposure rate to those compounds. The article discusses selected procedures aimed at suppressing risk caused by using organic metal compounds at various stages of PVC processing and production.

13

Recykling i odzysk odpadów PVC

Obłój-Muzaj M.

Recykling

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2009

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nr 7-8

21-23

PL

Poli(chlorek winylu) PVC jest materiałem nadającym się do recyklingu wszelkimi znanymi metodami. Ilości odpadów PVC poddanych temu procesowi stale rosną w związku z podjętymi przez przemysł PVC Dobrowolnymi Zobowiązaniami w ramach polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju.

14

Cz. II. Odpady sztucznej skóry i tkanin obiciowych

Kowalska E., Kijeńska M.

Recykling

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2009

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nr 5

28-29

PL

W Polsce wciąż w fazie wstępnej znajduje się recykling odpadów tekstylnych. Niewykorzystane ponownie jako surowce trafiają one na składowisko. Czy istnieje możliwość stosowania odpadów sztucznej skóry i tkanin obiciowych jako napełniaczy tworzyw termoplastycznych?

15

Przetwórcza ocena temperatury żelowania PVC

Tomaszewska J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Budowa Maszyn i Zarządzanie Produkcją

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2007

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Nr 4

267-273

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań pIastografo metrycznych i termicznych nieplastyfikowancj mieszaniny PVC S6I. Stwierdzono, że rzeczywista temperatura mieszaniny wyznaczona z plastogra-mów (TE) różni się od temperatury wyznaczonej na podstawie termogramów DSC (TB), która wg danych literaturowych określać może maksymalna temperatur? przetwarzania próbki Analiza DSC może być techniką pozwalającą na ocenę temperatury żelowania PVC, ale jedynie w określonych warunkach obciążeń mechanicznych.

EN

The results of plastographic and thermal investigations of unplastified PVC S61 compound arc presented. It was found that the real temperature of PVC compound determined during gelation in Brabender kneader (TE) differs from the temperature revealed from DSC thermograms (TB). According to literature this temperature presents the maximal processing temperature. Therefore, the DSC analysis may be used as a method which allows to set the PVC processing temperature , but only in definited condition of mechanical charges.

16

Plasticizing effect of epoxidized natural rubber on PVC/ELNR blends prepared by solution blending

Biju P. K., Radhakrishnan Nair M. N., Thomas G. V., Gopinathan Nair M. R.

Materials Science Poland

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2007

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Vol. 25, No. 4

918--932

EN

A series of polymer blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and epoxidized liquid natural rubber (ELNR) were prepared and characterized. The aim of the work was to study the plasticizing effect of ELNR on the PVC/ELNR blend systems. Thermal properties of the samples were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The glass transition temperature of the samples decreased with both degree of epoxidation and the percentage of composition of the samples. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies point to the two phase morphology. Tensile test results for the blend samples have been compared. From tensile tests, it was found that elongation of the materials increased with degree of epoxidation. On the other hand, tensile strength and modulus of the material decreased with the epoxide content. A good plasticization effect was observed for samples of ELNR with wt. 50% of epoxidation.

17

Zastosowanie wyrobów użytkowych z kompozytów biorozpadalnych jako metoda ochrony środowiska

Kijeńska M., Kowalska E., Żubrowska M.

Chemik

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2007

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Vol. 60, nr 12

VIII-VIII

PL

Dokonano przeglądu kompozytów otrzymywanych przez napełnianie napełniaczami pochodzenia roślinnego osnowy polimerowej z tworzyw syntetycznych i materiałów odnawialnych. Wykazano konkurencyjność napełniaczy celulozowych w stosunku do napełniaczy mineralnych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad kompozytami otrzymanymi z polietylenu małej gęstości/polipropylenu i plastyfikowanego poli(chlorku winylu) ze słomą rzepakową. Przedyskutowano biodegradowalność napełnianych tworzyw oraz wpływ napełniacza na własności mechaniczna i użytkowe.

EN

The composites prepared by filling of polymeric matrix of synthetic and renewable materials with natural plant fibers were rewieved. The competitiveness of natural towards mineral fillers was demonstrated. The results of the studies on composites prepared by filling of LDPE/PP and PVC with rape straw were shown. The degree of biodegradability of the filled materials and the influence of filler on mechanical and functional properties was discussed.

18

Recykling wybranych tworzyw sztucznych w polu promieniowania mikrofalowego

Prociak A., Bogdał D., Pielichowski J.

Chemik

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2007

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Vol. 60, nr 4

218-212

PL

Omówiono przykłady aplikacji promieniowania mikrofalowego w recyklingu wybranych tworzyw sztucznych (guma, poliuretany, poli(chlorek winylu), poli(tereftalan etylenu), poliamidy, polistyren). Efekty oddziaływania promieniowania mikrofalowego na degradowane tworzywa przejawiają się przede wszystkim w znacznej redukcji czasów procesu w porównaniu z ogrzewaniem konwencjonalnym. Realizacja procesów recyklingu surowcowego w warunkach promieniowania mikrofalowego stwarza ponadto nowe możliwości takie jak: obniżenie kosztów utylizacji i większy wpływ na właściwości otrzymywanych recyklatów.

EN

The manuscript discusses some examples of the application of microwave irradiation to recycling of polymeric materials such as rubber, polyurethane, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyamide, and polystyrene. The main results of the interaction of microwaves and degraded plastics were the reduction of reaction times and modification of properties of final products. Moreover, the cost of recycling under microwave irradiation can be lower.

19

Wpływ napełniacza z chemicznej recyrkulacji odpadów poli(tereftalanu etylu) na właściwości poli(chlorku winylu)

Piszczek K., Tomaszewska J.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2006

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Nr 3 sp.

66-67

EN

The influence of filler from chemical recycling of PET wastes on rheological and mechanical properties of plasticized and rigid PVC was studied. It was found that recyclate addition caused reduction of MFR and mechanical resistance, however, grindability of rigid PVC increased.

20

A new Zn2+-selective potentiometric sensor based on dithizone - PVC membrane

Gupta V. K., Jain A. K., Maheshwari G.

Chemia Analityczna

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2006

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Vol. 51, No. 6

889-897

EN

Zn2+ selective sensor has been fabricated using poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix membranes containing a neutral carrier dilhizone (I) as an ionophore. The sensor exhibited the best performance for the following membrane composition: (I): PVC-sodium tetraphenyl borate-1 -chloronapthalene (5:150:2:150). This membrane worked well over a wide concentration range of Zn2+, i. e. 5.1 x 10-6 x 1.0 x 10-1 mol L-1and the corresponding calibration plots exhibited a Nernstian slope of 29.7 š 0.1 m V per decade of Zn2+ activity. The response time of the sensor was shorter Than 8 s and the membrane could be used over a period of 6 months with good reproducibilily. The proposed sensor could be operated over a wide pH range (3.1-6.5) and demonstrated good selectivity towards the analyte in the presence of several mono-, di- and trivalenl cations. It could be also used in partially non-aqueous media containing up to 20% (v/v) of methanol. ethanol, or acetone and its Nerstian slope in the working concentration range remained almost unchanged. The proposed sensor has been used for determination of Zn2+ in human hair samples by direct potentiometry.

PL

Sensor Zn2+selektywny przygotowano używając membran na bazie matrycy z polichlorku winylu) (PCW) zawierającej obojętny nośnik - ditizon (1) jako jonofor. Najlepsze właściwości wykazywała membrana o składzie (I): PCW: tetrafenyloboran sodu: l-chloronaftalen w stosunku 5:150:2:150. Membrana ta pracowała poprawnie w zakresie stężeń Zn2+ szerszym niż 5.1 x 10-6-1.0 x 10-1 mo! Lsup>-1 z Nernstowskim nachyleniem 29-7 š 0-1 mV/dekada. Czas odpowiedzi sensora jest mniejszy niż 8 s i membrana może pracować przez okres dłuższy niż 6 miesięcy z dobrą odtwarzalnością. Zaproponowany sensor działa poprawnie w szerokim zakresie pH (3.1-6.5) i wykazuje dobrą dyskryminację wobec wielu jedno-, dwu- i trójwartościowych kationów. Sensor może być stosowany w częściowo nie-