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1

Polymer Inclusion Membrane's 10% Copoly-EEGDMA-Containing Membrane's Lifetime and Optimization for Phenol Transport

Kiswandono Agung Abadi, Rinawati Rinawati, Sukarta I. Nyoman

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

254--264

EN

In this research, Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) was created using copoly-eugenol ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (co-EEGDMA) 10% as a carrier, dibenzyl ether (DBE) as a plasticizer, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the base polymer. Following that, the membrane was used in phenol transport experiments under a variety of circumstances, including pH of the phenol in the source phase, NaOH concentrations in the receiving phase, and transport times. The ability and stability of the membrane were also evaluated under several influencing parameters such as plasticizer concentration, salt concentration, and PIM membrane age (lifetime). Phenol concentration was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and PIM membrane was characterized before and after use using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). According to the testing findings, phenol had an ideal pH of 5.5 in the source phase and a concentration of 34.07% in the receiving phase. Additionally, it was discovered that the ideal NaOH content in the receiving phase was 0.5 M with a phenol concentration of 58.24%. The experiments with varied transport times demonstrated that the optimum time was 48 hours with the phenol concentration of 90.82% in the receiving phase. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis demonstrated that phenol transportation of 91.54% was achieved with the use of 0.3132 g plasticizer. Under ideal circumstances of pH 5.5 of phenol solution in the source phase, 0.5 M NaOH concentration, and phenol transport time of 48 hours, a membrane prepared from PVC as a base polymer, 10% co-EEGDMA as a carrier, and DBE as a plasticizer can be used to transport phenol. The membrane’s stability was only 24 days when no NaNO3 salt was added, but it grew to 108 days when 0.01 M NaNO3 salt was added.

2

Application of Plasticized Cellulose Triacetate Membranes for Recovery and Separation of Cerium(III) and Lanthanum(III)

Pospiech Beata, Makowka Adam

Autex Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 3

312--317

EN

This work explains the application of plasticized cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes with Cyanex 272 di(2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid) and Cyanex 301 (di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid) as the ion carriers of lanthanum(III) and cerium(III). CTA is used as a support for the preparation of polymer inclusion membrane (PIM). This membrane separates the aqueous source phase containing metal ions and the receiving phase. 1M H2SO4 is applied as the receiving phase in this process. The separation properties of the plasticized membranes with Cyanex 272 and Cyanex 301 are compared. The results show that the transport of cerium(III) through PIM with Cyanex 272 is more efficient and selective than lanthanum(III).

3

Selective transport of copper(II) ions across polymer inclusion membrane with aromatic β–diketones as carriers

Radzymińska-Lenarcik E., Witt K., Bożejewicz D.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2018

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Vol. 54, iss. 3

741--750

EN

The transport of Cu(II) ions from an equimolar mixture of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions as well as from solutions containing only Cu(II) ions in the feed phase through polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) with aromatic β–diketones as carriers has been investigated. The polymer membranes consisted of polyvinylchloride (PVC) as the support, bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (ADO) as plasticizer, and aromatic β–diketones (benzoylacetone (1) and dibenzoylmethane (2)) as ion carriers. The transport selectivity of PIMs with 1 and 2 was: Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II). The highest recovery factors of Cu(II) ions were observed for 1 (94.0%), whereas for Co(II) and Ni(II) the factors were 21.4 and 7.3%, respectively. The Cu(II)/Co(II) and Cu(II)/Ni(II) selectivity coefficients were equal to 8.9 and 33.7 (for 1), 6.4 and 28.3 (for 2), respectively.

4

Wydzielanie cynku(II) z roztworów odpadowych powstających w przemyśle metalurgicznym

Gajda B., Skrzypczak A., Bogacki M. B.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2015

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R. 60, nr 1

23--29

PL

Celem pracy było zbadanie możliwości selektywnego wydzielenia jonów cynku(II) z polimetalicznych odpadowych roztworów chlorkowych zawierających kationy takich metali, jak: niklu(II), kobaltu(II), kadmu(II) z zastosowaniem polimerowych membran inkluzyjnych. Jako przenośnik jonów w membranie zaproponowany został 1-decyloimidazol. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły zauważyć znaczący wpływ stężenia anionów chlorkowych na proces separacji jonów metali. Stwierdzono również, że jony cynku(II) najefektywniej wydzielić można z roztworu o stężeniu 1M anionów chlorkowych. Z roztworu takiego odzyskuje się ok. 88-90 % Zn(II). Zdolność do wydzielenia pozostałych jonów kształtuje się w szeregu: Cd(II) ≥ Co(II) > Ni(II).

EN

The aim of the work was investigation of possibility of selective releasing of zinc(II) ions from polymetalic discarded chloride solutions containing metal cations like: nickel(II), cobalt(II) and cadmium(II) by applying polymer inclusion membranes. As a carrier of metal ions in membrane, the 1-decylimidazole was used. Based on obtained results, significant influence of chloride anions on separation process was observed. It was found that zinc(II) ions were transported fastest from solution containing 1M of chloride anions. In this case, it was possible to release about 88-90 % of Zn(II). The membrane ability to releasing rest of ions change in series: Cd(II) ≥ Co(II) > Ni(II).

5

The use of the steric effect of the carrier molecule in the polymer inclusion membranes for the separation of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) ions

Radzyminska-Lenarcik E., Ulewicz M.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2015

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Vol. 17, nr 2

51--56

EN

In this study, palladium-modified nickel foam substrate was applied to examine ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in 0.1 The transport of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) ions from chloride solutions across polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), which 1-heptylimidazole (1̲) or 1-heptyl-2-methylimidazole (2̲) or 1-heptyl-4-methylimidazole (3̲) as the ion carrier was reported. The steric effect for carriers 2̲&enspand 3̲&enspdecreases the transport of all ions except Cu(II). The initial fluxes of metal ions transport across PIMs with the 1̲- 2̲&enspdecrease in the sequence: Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II), whereas for 3 they were Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II). The highest recovery values were obtained for Cu(II), this being 99 and 85% for carrier 1̲&enspand 2̲, respectively. In both membranes the degree of deposition of the Zn(II) ions was comparable. Zn(II), Co(II) and Cd(II) ions, which form complexes with coordination numbers 4 and 6, are more easily recovered with the use of carriers 2̲&enspand 3̲. Ni(II) ions, which form complexes with coordination number 6 only, practically remain in the feeding phase. PIMs with alkylimidazoles were characterized by non-contact atomic force microscopy.

6

Polimerowa membrana inkluzyjna z trioctanu celulozy (CTA) plastyfikowanego eterem 2-nitrofenylooktylowym

Rajewski J., Łobodzin P., Gierycz P.

Polimery

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2015

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T. 60, nr 2

118--125

PL

Przedstawiono budowę polimerowej membrany inkluzyjnej (PIM) z matrycą z trioctanu celulozy (CTA) oraz jej zastosowanie do wydzielania jonów chromu(III) z roztworów wodnych. Efektywność transportu jonów Cr(III) w badanym układzie była uwarunkowana stężeniem w membranie przenośnika jonów kwasu di(2-etyloheksylo)fosforowego (D2EHPA). Badany układ pracujący stabilnie w procesach prowadzonych cyklicznie, może być również wykorzystany do selektywnego wydzielania jonów Cr(III) z mieszaniny jonów Cr(III)/Cr(VI).

EN

The article describes a structure of the polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) with cellulose triacetate (CTA) matrix and its use for the separation of chromium(III) ions from aqueous solutions. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was used as a ion carrier. The efficiency of Cr(III) ions transport in the test system was dependent on the carrier concentration in the membrane. In periodic processes the performance of PIM system was stable, which indicates the possibility of using it for the selective separation of Cr(III) from a mixture of Cr(III)/Cr(VI) ions.

7

Application of polymer inclusion membranes doped with 1-hexyl-4-methylimidazole for pertraction of zinc(II) and other transition metal ions

Ulewicz M., Radzyminska-Lenarcik E.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2015

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Vol. 51, iss. 2

447--460

EN

Transport of Zn(II) from unary aqueous chloride solutions and from solutions which contain mixtures of Cd(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions in source phases (cMe = 0.001 mol/dm3, pH = 6.0) across polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) doped with 1-hexyl-4-methylimidazole as ion carrier was studied. The use of 1-hexyl-4-methylimidazole enables the separation of 98.5% Zn(II) from a unary solution and 96.9% from a quaternary solution of Zn(II)-Cd(II)-Co(II)-Ni(II) after running the process for 24 hours. Using that ion carrier, the metals are transported in the following order: Zn(II) > Cd(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II), and the selectivity coefficients of Zn(II)/Cd(II), Zn(II)/Ni(II), and Zn(II)/Co(II) are 12.9, 23.4 and 40.8, respectively. Findings of atomic force microscopy (AFM) examinations as well as thermograms of a polymer inclusion membrane containing 1-hexyl-4-methylimidazole are also presented. A membrane with 1.0 mol/dm3 of carrier has a porosity of 15.8%, and roughness of 6.6 nm. The membranes remain thermally stable at temperatures up to 200oC. The findings were compared with earlier-reported results for 1-hexylimidazole.

8

Separation Of Cadmium(II), Cobalt(II) And Nickel(II) By Transport Through Polymer Inclusion Membranes With Phosphonium Ionic Liquid As Ion Carrier

Pospiech B.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 4

2933--2938

EN

This paper presents study on the facilitated transport of cadmium(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) ions from aqueous chloride solutions through polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) with phosphonium ionic liquid. Cyphos IL 101 (trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride) was used as a selective carrier for synthesis of cellulose triacetate membranes containing o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (ONPPE) as a plasticizer. Effect of different parameters such as hydrochloric acid concentration in the source phase as well as ion carrier concentration in the polymer membrane on metal ions transport has been investigated. Cd(II) was transported preferably from hydrochloric acid solutions containing Co(II) and Ni(II) through PIM containing 18.8 wt.% CTA and 26.0 wt.% Cyphos 101 and 55.1 wt.% ONPPE into 0.5 M HNO3 as the receiving phase. The obtained results suggest that there is a possibility of application of this membrane with Cyphos IL 101 as ion carrier for separation of Cd(II) over Co(II) and Ni(II) from hydrochloric acid solutions.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania transportu jonów Cd(II), Ni(II) i Co(II) z wodnych roztworów kwasu solnego przez polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne (PIMs) zawierające fosfoniową ciecz jonową – Cyphos IL 101 (chlorek triheksylo(tetradecylo) fosfoniowy) w roli selektywnego przenośnika jonowego. Rolę polimerowej matrycy w membranie pełnił trioctan celulozy (CTA). Jako plastyfikatora użyto eteru nitrofenylopentylowego (ONPPE). W wyniku badań określono wpływ różnych czynników, takich jak stężenie kwasu solnego w fazie zasilającej, jak również stężenie przenośnika w polimerowej membranie na selektywność i efektywność transportu badanych jonów metali. Jony kadmu(II) były selektywnie transportowane z roztworów kwasu solnego zawierającego jony niklu(II) i kobaltu(II) do 0,5 M roztworu kwasu azotowego(V). Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że istnieje możliwość zastosowania procesów transportu przez polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne z cieczą jonową w roli selektywnego przenośnika do rozdzielania jonów Cd(II) od Ni(II) i Co(II) z roztworów kwasu solnego.

9

Zastosowanie ciekłych membran do selektywnego usuwania jonów metali ciężkich ze ścieków przemysłowych

Kończyk J.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

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2014

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T. 2

113-128

PL

W pracy omówiono procesy ekstrakcyjne oparte na ciekłych membranach, przyciągające dużą uwagę jako ekoprzyjazne techniki separacyjne, które mogłyby zastąpić obecnie stosowane technologie oczyszczania ścieków przemysłowych. Scharakteryzowano ciekłe membrany pod kątem ich budowy oraz możliwości z zastosowań do selektywnego wydzielania jonów metali ciężkich, takich jak ołów, kadm, chrom, miedź, nikiel czy cynk, z wodnych roztworów poprodukcyjnych, poświęcając szczególną uwagę polimerowym membranom inkluzyjnym jako pseudo-ciekłym membranom wykazującym najwyższą stabilność działania.

EN

In the present paper, liquid membrane processes as an eco-friendly y separation techniques for industrial wastewaters treatment are characterized. Types and construction of liquid membranes, mechanism of liquid membranes transport and also possibilities of their application for selective recovery of heavy metal ions such lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc from aqueous industrial solutions are described. Special attention to transport across polymer inclusion membranes as a pseudo-liquid membranes with the highest operation stability is paid.

10

Selective recovery of cobalt(II) towards lithium(I) from chloride media by transport across polymer inclusion membrane with triisooctylamine

Pospiech B.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2014

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Vol. 16, nr 1

15-20

EN

In this work the selective transport of cobalt(II) and lithium(I) ions from aqueous chloride solutions through polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) is presented. Triisooctylamine (TIOA) has been applied as the ion carrier in membrane. The effects of various parameters on the transport of Co(II) and Li(I) were studied. The obtained results show that Co(II) ions were effectively removed from source phase through PIM containing 32 wt.% TIOA, 22 wt.% CTA (cellulose triacetate) and 46 wt.% ONPOE (o-nitrophenyl octyl ether) or ONPPE (o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether) into deionized water as the receiving phase. The results indicate that there is a possibility of polymer inclusion membranes application to recover Co(II) and Li(I) from aqueous chloride solutions.

11

Fosfoniowe ciecze jonowe jako przenośniki jonów metali

Baczyńska M., Regel-Rosocka M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

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T. 92, nr 9

1574-1576

PL

Trzy fosfoniowe ciecze jonowe: chlorek i bis(2,4,4-trimetylopentylo)fosfinian triheksylo(tetradecylo)fosfoniowy oraz chlorek tributylo(tetradecylo)fosfoniowy zastosowano jako przenośniki Zn(II) w polimerowych membranach inkluzyjnych. Transport Zn(II) zależy od masowego stosunku IL/plastyfikator w membranie, rodzaju matrycy membrany, hydrofobowości powierzchni membrany, a także obecności jonów żelaza w fazie zasilającej.

EN

Three com. phosphonium ionic liqs. (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate and tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride) were used as Zn(II) carriers in o-NO2C6H4OC8H17-plastified poly(vinyl chloride) or cellulose triacetate-based inclusion membranes. Zn(II) transport depended on ionic liq./plasticizer ratio in the membrane, type of polymer, hydrophobicity of the membrane surface and presence of Fe ions in the feed phase.

12

Hydrometallurgical recovery of cobalt(ii) from acidic chloride solutions by transport through polymer inclusion membranes

Pospiech B.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2013

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Vol. 49, iss. 2

641--649

EN

In this work a selective transport of Co(II) and Li(I) ions from acidic chloride solutions through polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) with Cyanex 301 has been studied. The effect of composition of the polymer membrane has been investigated. The obtained results show that around 98% of Co(II) was transported from the source phase containing 0.01 M Co(II) and 0.01 M Li(I) at pH 4.0 through PIM after 12 h into 3.0 M HCl. The membrane containing 18 wt.% cellulose triacetate (CTA), 32 wt.% Cyanex 301 and 50 wt.% o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (ONPOE) showed very good stability, suggesting that there is a possibility of application of the membrane for Co(II) recovery from acidic leach liquor solutions of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs).

13

Application of Macrocyclic Compounds to the Transport of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) Ions Across the Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM)

Ulewicz M.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2008

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Vol. 82, nr 6

1237-1244

EN

The applications of macrocyclic ligands for the transport of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions across PIMs are revisited. As macrocyclic compounds, such chemical substances, as non-ionizable crown ethers, ionizable crown ethers (lar iat ethers), acyclic polyesters, cyclodextrins and calix[4]arenes were used. Literature data, as well as our own recentre search data on the removal and separation of these metal ions are reported. The review has shown that the transport phenomena are dependent on the membrane characteristics, as well as on the physico chemical properties of the source and the receiving aqueous solutions.

14

Selective transport of Pb(II) across polymer inclusion membrane using imidazole azocrown ethers as carriers

Ulewicz M., Sadowska K., Biernat J. F.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2007

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Vol. 41

133-143

EN

Transport of Pb(II) ions from equimolar aqueous solutions of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) as well as from solutions containing only Pb(II) ions source phase (cMe = 0.001 M) through polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing imidazole azocrown ethers as carriers has been investigated. The polymer membranes consisting of cellulose triacetate (support), o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (plasticizer) and imidazole crown ether derivatives (as ion carriers) were investigated. The influence of lipophilicity of macrocycles on the selectivity and efficiency of Pb(II) transport with azocrown 3 are higher than 1, accordingly with the hydrophile-lipophile balance of imidazole azocrown ethers. The highest transport recovery for Pb(II) ions was observed for 3 (91.6%). The transport selectivity of the polymer inclusion membrane with 3 was: Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II) and the selectivity coefficient Pb(II)/Cd(II) and Pb(II)/Zn(II) equals 40.1 and 13.4, respectively. The stability of PIM with imidazole azocrown derivatives was confirmed by replicate experiments.

PL

Zbadano selektywność transportu jonów ołowiu(II) z równomolowych roztworów jonów Zn(II), Cd(II) i Pb(II) oraz z roztworów zawierających jony Pb(II) przez polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne (PIM) zawierające imidazolowe etery azokoronowe. Badania prowadzono dla azotanowych roztworów Pb(II) o stężeniu 0,001 M oraz dla roztworów zawierających równomolową mieszaninę jonów Pb(II), Cd(II) i Zn(II) (cMe= 0,001 M każdego). Badane azokorony różniły się miejscem podstawienia imidazolu i rodzajem dołączonej do niego grupy (-H, -CH3, -C6H5). Polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne otrzymywano z trójoctanu celulozy (nośnik), eteru o-nitrofenylopentylowego (pastyfikator) i jednego z eterów koronowych 1 ÷ 3 (przenośnik jonów); stężenie przenośnika jonów w przeliczeniu na objętość plastyfikatora wynosiło 0,05 M. Wykazano, że początkowe wartości strumienia transportu jonów ołowiu(II) maleją ze wzrostem balansu hydrofilowo-hydrofobowego (HLB) eteru koronowego, tj. 3 > 1. Ponadto stwierdzono, że strumienie początkowe transportu jonów przy użyciu eterów 2 i 3 maleją w szeregu: Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II). Współczynniki separacji Pb(II)/Cd(II) i Pb(II)/Zn(II) przez PIM przy użyciu eteru 2 z 0,01M roztworu mieszaniny jonów wynosiły 11,3 i 53,6 natomiast z roztworów o stężeniu 0,001 M odpowiednio 16,3 i 46,0. Ponadto wykazano, że polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne z imidazolowymi azokoronami wykazują dużą stabilność, zależną w dużym stopniu od rodzaju jonoforu.

15

Selective removal of Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) with ionizable dibenzo-16-crown-5 and dibenzo-19-crown-6 lariat ethers as ion carriers in polymer inclusion membrane transport

Kozłowski C. A., Walkowiak W.

Ars Separatoria Acta

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2007

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No. 5

19-26

EN

A selective removal of transition metal cations, i.e. Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II), with ionizable dibenzo-16-crown-5 and dibenzo-19-crown-6 lariat ethers as ionic carriers in transport across polymer inclusion membrane has been presented. The competitive transport from aqueous nitrate solutions containing metal ions at concentrations of 0.0010 M at pH 4.0 and 7.0 through the cellulose triacetate membrane with 0.5 M lariat ether 1 and 2 (based on a plasticizer) as the ion carrier and o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (ONPPE) as the plasticizer into 0.5 M hydrochloric solution was performed. For pH = 4.0 and 7.0 of source aqueous phases the selectivity orders were as follows: Cu(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II), and Cu(II) > Zn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), respectively. The semi-empirical equation was used for calculations of enthalpy formation for complexes of lariat ethers studied with transition metal cations. The two possibilities of metal cation-lariat ether coordination were assumed, i.e. via the crown ether cavity or ionizable carboxylic group. We found that for the both lariat ethers studied at pH 4.0 of source phase the transport rate linearly decreases with the enthalpy of formation increase. This correlation confirms that the observed behavior is connected with the stability of complexes formed by interaction of the lariat ether ring and the transition metal cations studied.

16

Removal of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) using polymer inclusion membrane transport with proton ionizable DB-16-C-5 crown ethers

Ulewicz M., Walkowiak W.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2006

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Vol. 40

185-194

EN

Competitive transport of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions from aqueous nitrate source phase (Cme = 0.001 M) through polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing cellulose triacetate (as support), o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (as plasticizer) and proton ionizable lariat ether derivatives (as ion carriers) has been investigated. The influence of varying the lipophilicity of sym(R)(hydroxy)dibenzo-16-crown-5 macrocycles with R groups such as hydrogen (in 1), decyl (in 2) and phenyl (in 3) on the selectivity and efficiency of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) transport through polymer inclusion membranes is studied. The influence of HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) and Vx (molecular volumes) on the transport selectivity of metal ions was investigated. Relationship between the cation size and initial fluxes transport of metal cation was shown. The selectivity coefficients of Pb(II)/Zn(II) and Cd(II)/Zn(II) decrease with increase of carrier concentration in inclusion membrane.

PL

Zbadano selektywność wydzielania jonów cynku(II), kadmu(II) i ołowiu(II) z wodnych roztworów azotanowych zawierających równomolową mieszaninę metali (cMe= 0,001 M) w procesie transportu przez polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne (PIM) przy użyciu w roli przenośników jonów jonizowalnych eterów koronowych o koronie DB-16-C-5. Badane etery różniły się rodzajem grupy dołączanej do korony ( -H, -C10H21, -C6H5). Polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne syntezowano z trójoctanu celulozy (nośnik), eteru o-nitrofenylopentylowego (pastyfikator) i jednego z eterów koronowych 1 ÷ 3 (przenośnik jonów); stężenie przenośnika jonów w przeliczeniu na plastyfikator zmieniano w granicach 0,3 - 1,0 M. Współczynniki separacji Pb(II)/Cd(II) i Pb(II)/Zn(II) przez PIM przy użyciu eteru 2 były nieznacznie wyższe niż przy użyciu eteru 3 i 1. Dla badanych eterów o stężeniu 0,5 M w membranie współczynniki separacji Pb(II)/Cd(II) i Pb(II)/Zn(II) wynosiły odpowiednio 1,4 i 1,8; 1,5 i 3,1 oraz 1,6 i 3,4 dla eterów 1, 2, i 3. Wykazano, że początkowe wartości strumienia transportu badanych jonów rosną ze wzrostem objętości molowej eteru koronowego, natomiast maleją ze wzrostem bilansu hydrofilowo-hydrofobowego (HLB) eteru koronowego. Ponadto stwierdzono, że niezależnie od zastosowanego eteru lariatowego o koronie DB-16-C-5 najlepiej transportowane są kationy o największej średnicy.

17

Studies on removal of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions in polymer inclusion membrane transport with Calix[4]-crown-6 derivatives

Ulewicz M., Bocheńska M., Lesińska U., Walkowiak W.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2005

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Vol. 39

107-116

EN

Competitive transport of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions from aqueous nitrate source phase (CMe = 0.01 M) through polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing cellulose triacetate (support), o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (plasticizer) and calix[4]crown-6 derivatives (as ion carriers) has been investigated. The influence of the group, i.e. –OH, – OMe attached type to the calix[4]-crown-6 molecule on the selectivity and efficiency of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) transport through polymer inclusion membranes is studied. The removal of metal ions by transport through PIM’s from acid nitrate aqueous solutions is presented. The selectivity coefficients of Pb/Zn and Cd/Zn decrease with acid concentration increase in receiving phase. On the other hand, the initial fluxes of investigated ions decrease using the same membrane for the second and third time.

PL

Zbadano selektywność procesu wydzielania jonów cynku(II), kadmu(II) i ołowiu(II) z wodnych roztworów azotanowych zawierających równomolową mieszaninę tych trzech metali (cMe= 0,01 M) w procesie transportu przez polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne (PIM) przy użyciu w roli przenośników jonów pochodnych kaliks[4]-korony-6. Membrany typu PIM syntezowano z trójoctanu celulozy (nośnik), eteru o-nitrofenylopentylowego (pastyfikator) i pochodnych kaliks[4]-korony-6 (przenośnik jonów); stężenie przenośnika jonów w przeliczeniu na plastyfikator wynosiło 0,1 M. Współczynniki separacji Pb/Cd i Pb/Zn przez PIM przy użyciu kalixkorony 2 były nieznacznie wyższe niż przy użyciu kalixarenu 1. Współczynniki separacji Pb(II)/Cd(II) i Pb(II)/Zn(II) wynosiły odpowiednio 2,8;9,9 i 3,1; 12,7 dla 1 i 2, natomiast współczynniki separacji Cd(II)/Zn(II) wynosiły odpowiednio 3,5 i 4,1. Wykazano, że początkowe wartości strumienia transportu badanych jonów maleją ze wzrostem stężenia kwasu azotowego w fazie odbierającej. Maleją również wartości współczynników selektywności Pb(II)/Cd(II) i Pb(II)/Zn(II). Ponadto w pracy zaprezentowano wyniki wydzielania jonów badanych metali przy kilkakrotnym użyciu tej samej membrany. Badania pokazały, że wartości strumienia transportu badanych jonów metali przy dwukrotnym użyciu polimerowej membrany były porównywalne. Natomiast praca membrany przez 192 h i 288 h, powoduje zmniejszenie efektywności transportu jonów przez membranę.

18

Selective removal of transition metal ions in transport through polymer inclusion membranes with organophosphorus acids

Ulewicz M., Walkowiak W.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2005

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Vol. 31, nr 3-4

73-82

EN

Separation of transition metal ions from aqueous chloride solutions by transport through polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) process is presented. The competitive transport of equimolar mixtures of Zn(II) and Cd(II) as well as Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) was investigated. The selective transport of metal ions from aqueous chloride source phase through PIM-containing cellulose triacetate (support), o?nitrophenyl pentyl ether (plasticizer) and organophosphorus acidic compounds, i.e. di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid (Cyanex 301) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)monothiophosphinic acid (Cyanex 302) as ion carriers, is shown. The influence of extractant nature on the selectvity and efficiency of cation transport has been examined. Zn(II) can be effectively removed from dilute aqueous chloride solutions containing equilmolar mixture of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions in transport through PIMs with di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acids, bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)monothiophosphinic acid or di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid as the ionic carriers into 1.0 M HCl as the receiving phase. The per cent removal of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions increases with an increase in pH, but more efficient separation of Zn(II) than Cd(II) ions decreases with pH increase in the source phase. Zn(II) can be also effectively removed from dilute aqueous chloride solutions containing equimolar mixture of Zn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions by its transport through PIMs with D2EHPA, Cyanex 272 and Cyanex 302. All ions investi-gated are effectively removed with di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithio-phosphinic acids (Cyanex 301) as the ionic carrier into 1.0 M HCl as the receiving phase. The per cent removal of all metal ions investigated increases with an increase in pH of solution in the source phase. The initial transport fluxes of all metal ions through PIM with Cyanex 272 increase with an increase in an initial chloride acid concentration in the receiving phase.

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Removal of zn(II), cd(II) and cu(II) ions by polymer inclusion membrane with side-armed diphosphaza-16-crown-6 ethers

Ulewicz M., Kozłowski C., Walkowiak W.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2004

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Vol. 38

131-138

EN

Competitive transport of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) ions from aqueous chloride source phase (cMe = 0.01 M) through polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing cellulose triacetate (support), o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (plasticizer) and side-armed lariat ether-type derivative of diphosphaza-16-crown-6 (ion carrier) has been investigated. The influence of the group attached type to the PNP-lariat ether molecule on the selectivity and efficiency of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) transport through polymer inclusion membranes is studied. The removal of metal ions by transport through PIM’s from acid aqueous phase into 0.1 M CH3COONH4, NH4OH or EDTA aqueous solution (receiving phase) is presented. The selectivity coefficient of Cd/Zn and Cd/Cu decreases with Cl- concentration increase in source phase for transport with bis-lariat ether, whereas for mono-lariat ether the selectivity coefficients are not changed.

PL

Zbadano selektywność procesu wydzielania jonów cynku(II), kadmu(II) i miedzi(II) z wodnych roztworów chlorkowych zawierających równomolową mieszaninę tych trzech metali (cMe=1,0ź10-2 M) w procesie transportu przez polimerowe membrany inkluzyjne (PIM) przy użyciu w roli przenośników jonów eterów PNP-difosfazakoronowych. Membrany typu PIM zbudowano z trójoctanu celulozy (nośnik), eteru o-nitrofenylopentylowego (pastyfikator) i eteru koronowego (przenośnik jonów); stężenie eteru w przeliczeniu na plastyfikator wynosiło 0,1 M. Współczynniki separacji Cd/Cu i Zn/Cu przez PIM przy użyciu mono-lariat eteru były porównywalne, podczas gdy przy użyciu bis-lariat eteru malały wraz ze wzrostem stężenia jonów Cl- w fazie zasilającej. Współczynniki separacji Cd/Cu wynosiły odpowiednio 8,7; 6,6 i 5,4 dla roztworu 0.1; 0.3 i 0.5 M HCl, natomiast współczynniki separacji Zn/Cu dla tych roztworów wynosiły odpowiednio 7.0; 6.3 i 1.2. Tak więc współczynniki separacji jonów kadmu do miedzi były wyższe niż jonów cynku do miedzi. Separacja jonów Cd/Zn nie zachodzi. W pracy przedstawiono ponadto wyniki transportu badanych jonów przy zastosowaniu różnych faz odbierających, tj., roztworu octanu amonu, wodorotlenku amonu i EDTA. Najwyższy procent wydzielenia jonów badanych metali uzyskano przy zastosowaniu CH3COONH4 (RF ≈ 80 %).

20

Transport of transition metal ions through polymer inclusion membranes with Cyanex 301

Ulewicz M.

Ars Separatoria Acta

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2004

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No. 3

81-88

EN

The selective transport of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions from aqueous chloride or sulfate source phase through polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) containing cellulose triacetate (support), o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (plasticizer) and di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid - Cyanex 301 (ion carrier) is shown. Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions can be effectively removed from dilute chloride and sulfate aqueous solutions into 1.0 M HCl or H2SO4 as the receiving phase. The separation coefficients were practically constant for acid concentrations in the receiving phase ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 M Copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) ions removal from aqueous chloride solutions in transport through PIMs is also shown. These metal ions can be effectively removed from dilute aqueous chloride solutions in transport through PIMs with di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid as the ionic carriers into 1.0 M HCl. The selectivity coefficients of Cu(II) over Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) were low and decreased with an increase in the pH of source aqueous phase.