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EN
Polyimide/polyaniline nanofiber composites were prepared by in situ polymerization with various weight percentages of polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), proved the successful preparation of PANI nanofiber composite films. In addition, thermal stability of PI/PANI nanofiber composites was superior relative to PI, having 10 % gravimetric loss in the range of 623 °C to 671 °C and glass transition temperature of 289 °C to 297 °C. Furthermore, the values of the loss tangent tanδ and AC conductivity σAC of the nanocomposite films were notably higher than those of pure polyimide. The addition of 5 wt.% to 15 wt.% PANI nanofiber filler enhanced the activation energy of PI composites from 0.37 eV to 0.34 eV.
EN
Proton exchange membranes have been synthesized from polyimide (PI) doped with different contents of montmorillonite (MMT) which was obtained by solution casting technique. The enhancement of conductivity was achieved through modification with the MMT. Prepared membranes were systematically characterized in terms of ion exchange capacity, water uptake, methanol uptake, swelling behavior and proton conductivity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements were used to confirm the structures of the PI/MMT composite electrolyte membranes. SEM surface morphological images of the composite membranes showed that the MMT nanoclay particles were dispersed uniformly within the membrane what was also reflected in XRD results which indicated a good compatibility of MMT particles with the polymer complex. The TGA spectra showed that the thermal stability of the membrane was reduced by adding MMT into the polymer network. The prepared membrane with 10 wt.% of modified MMT exhibited the highest proton conductivity value of 7.06 × 10-2 S·cm-1 at 70 °C. These results imply the potential application of the PI/MMT composite membranes as improved PEMs for DMFC applications.
3
Content available remote Preparation and electrical properties of polyimide/carbon nanotubes composites
EN
Polyimide/MWCNTs nanocomposites have been fabricated by solution mixing process. In the present study, we have investigated electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of PI/MWCNT nanocomposites in frequency range of 1 kHz to 100 kHz at different MWCNTs concentrations from 0 wt.% to 15 wt.%. It has been observed that the electrical conductivity and dielectric constants are enhanced significantly by several orders of magnitude up to 15 wt.% of MWCNTs content. The electrical conductivity increases as the frequency is increased, which can be attributed to high dislocation density near the interface. The rapid increase in the dielectric constant at a high MWCNTs content can be explained by the formation of a percolative path of the conducting network through the sample for a concentration corresponding to the percolation threshold. The high dielectric constant at a low frequency (1 kHz) is thought to originate from the space charge polarization mechanism. I-V characteristics of these devices indicate a significant increase in current with an increase in multi-walled carbon nanotube concentration in the composites. The SEM images show improved dispersion of MWCNTs in the PI matrix; this is due to the strong interfacial interactions.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy są połączenia klejowe polietylenu PE-HD 500 oraz poliamidu PA 6, wykonane przy użyciu różnych klejów cyjanoakrylowych typu: Monolith CE 40, Monolith CS 40 oraz Monolith CP 40, dzięki którym istnieje możliwość otrzymania odpowiednio spoin sztywnych, elastycznych oraz spoin o właściwościach pośrednich. Celem przeprowadzonych badań była analiza porównawcza wytrzymałości połączeń klejowych, których spoiny charakteryzują się różnymi właściwościami oraz określenie, który klej wykazuje, najbardziej korzystne cechy odpowiednie do łączenia wybranych tworzyw polimerowych. Na podstawie wyników eksperymentu zauważono, że klej elastyczny Monolith CP 40 jest skuteczniejszy pod względem wytrzymałości do wykonania połączeń klejowych poliamidu PA6, natomiast zastosowanie kleju uniwersalnego Monolith CS 40 jest korzystne dla połączeń klejowych polietylenu PE-HD 500.
EN
The subject of this paper is adhesive joints of PE-HD 500 and polyamide PA 6, made using a variety of cyanoacrylate adhesives such as: CE 40 Monolith, CS 40 Monolith and CP 40 Monolith. The use of these adhesives allows obtaining suitably rigid, flexible and intermediates properties of adhesive layer joints. The aim of this study was to analyze the comparative strength of adhesive joints, which the adhesive layer is characterized by different properties, and determines which adhesive are characteristics the most advantageous properties suitable joining selected polymeric materials. Based on the results of the experiment it was observed that the Monolith CP 40flexible adhesive is effective in respective of strength to make adhesive joints ofPA6 polyamide, while the use of Monolith CS 40 universal adhesive is suitable for adhesive joints PE-HD 500 adhesive joints.
EN
The idea of wearable electronics automatically leads to the concept of integrating electronic functions on textile substrates. Since this substrate type implies certain challenges in comparison with their rigid electronic companions, it is of utmost importance to investigate the application of materials for generating the electronic functions on the textile substrate. Only when interaction of materials and textile substrate is fully understood, the electronic function can be generated on the textile without changing the textile’s properties, being flexible or stretchable. This research deals with the optimization of the dielectric layer in a fibrous organic field effect transistor (OFET). A transistor can act as an electrical switch in a circuit. In this work, the polyimide layer was dip-coated on a copper-coated polyester filament. After thoroughly investigating the process conditions, best results with minimal thickness and roughness at full insulation could be achieved at a dip-coating speed of 50 mm/min. The polyimide solution was optimal at 15w% and the choice for the solvent NMP was made. In this paper, details on the pre-treatment methods, choice of solvent and dip-coating speed and their effect on layer morphology and thickness, electrical properties and roughness are reported. Results show that the use of polyimide as a dielectric layer in the architecture of a fibrous OFET is promising. Further research deals with the application of the semiconductor layer within the mentioned architecture, to finally build an OFET on a filament for application in smart textiles.
EN
In today’s research, smart textiles is an established topic in both electronics and the textile fields. The concept of producing microelectronics directly on a textile substrate is not a mere idea anymore and several research institutes are working on its realisation. Microelectronics like organic field effect transistor (OFET) can be manufactured with a layered architecture. The production techniques used for this purpose can also be applied on textile substrates. Besides gate, active and contact layers, the isolating or dielectric layer is of high importance in the OFET architecture. Therefore, generating a high quality dielectric layer that is of low roughness and insulating at the same time is one of the fundamental requirements in building microelectronics on textile surfaces. To evaluate its potential, we have studied polyimide as a dielectric layer, dip-coated onto copper-coated polyester filaments. Accordingly, the copper-coated polyester filament was dip-coated from a polyimide solution with two different solvents, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethylformaldehyde. A variety of dip-coating speeds, solution concentrations and solvent-solute combinations have been tested. Their effect on the quality of the layer was analysed through microscopy, leak current measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Polyimide dip-coating with polyimide resin dissolved in NMP at a concentration of 15w% in combination with a dip-coating speed of 50 mm/min led to the best results in electrical insulation and roughness. By optimising the dielectric layer’s properties, the way is paved for applying the subsequent semi-conductive layer. In further research, we will be working with the organic semiconductor material TIPS-Pentacene.
EN
Polyimide foil, which is commonly used as a substrate in production of many electronic devices, needs to be appropriately modified due to the high smoothness and Iow adhesiveness of the surface. The wet methods of the surface modification are based on using caustic chemicals. Using a plasma method enables the successful modification of the polymer surface without producing hazardous wastes. As a result of plasma treatment, the polyimide surface is etched. The atmospheric pressure plasma generated in dielectric barrier discharge is an advantageous method of changing the structure of the polyimide surface. The researches over elaborating the optimal conditions have been recently undertaken by many authors. The review of these researches is presented in the paper. In the first part of the paper the experimental conditions of polyimide surface modification are described. The characteristics of etching process of polyimide surface and properties of the modified surface arę presented in the second part of the study.
PL
Folia poliimidowa, która jest powszechnie używana jako podłoże giętkich obwodów drukowanych dla wielu urządzeń elektronicznych, musi być przed zastosowaniem odpowiednio przygotowana, ponieważ jej powierzchnia jest niezwykle gładka i charakteryzuje się niską adhezyjnością. Mokre metody modyfikacji powierzchni oparte są na zastosowaniu żrących środków chemicznych. Zastosowanie metody plazmowej umożliwia pomyślną modyfikację powierzchni polimeru bez produkcji niebezpiecznych odpadów. Jako wynik działania plazmy, powierzchnia poliimidu zostaje nadtrawiona. Wyładowanie z barierą dielektryka generowane pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym jest korzystną metodą zmiany struktury powierzchni polimeru. Wielu autorów podjęło próby wypracowania optymalnych warunków tej metody. Niniejszy artykuł jest przeglądem prac poświęconych tej tematyce. W pierwszym rozdziale przedstawiono warunki eksperymentalne, w jakich prowadzi się modyfikacje powierzchni poliimidowych. Charakterystykę procesu trawienia polimeru oraz właściwości obrabianych powierzchni zostały przedstawione w dalszej części pracy.
PL
Modyfikowano powierzchnię folii poliimidowej w wyładowaniu elektrycznym z barierą dielektryka, które generowano prądem sinusoidalnie zmiennym o częstotliwości 50 Hz. Jako gazy robocze stosowano hel, powietrze, argon i wodór. Modyfikacji poddawano folię o grubościach 0,025 i 0,125 mm. W wyniku działania plazmy, folia ulegała trawieniu. Cienka folia trawiła się dobrze w argonie (ubytek masy 11,7 µg · cm-²) i słabo w helu oraz powietrzu (ubytki masy odpowiednio 6,4 i 6,7 µg · cm-²). Grubsza folia trawiła się w argonie lepiej (ubytek masy 56,2 µg · cm-²) niż folia cienka. Folia gruba najlepiej trawiła się w wodorze (ubytek masy 65,0 µg · cm-²). Badanie zmodyfikowanych powierzchni metodą XPS pokazało, ze podczas trawienia w argonie, w cząsteczce poliimidu pęka głównie wiązanie między azotem i grupą karbonylową. Natomiast trawienie w wodorze powoduje pękanie wiązania między tlenem i pierścieniem benzenowym. Badania SEM i AFM pokazały, że powierzchnia poliimidu po trawieniu plazmowym charakteryzuje się licznymi, równomiernie rozłożonymi nierównościami.
EN
Modyfication of polyimide foil surface in dielectric barrier discharge, generated with usage of 50 Hz AC, was studied. Helium, air, argon and hydrogen were working gases. Foils with a thickness of 0,025 and 0,125 mm were modified. As a result of plasma treating, the foil was etched. Foil with a thickness of 0,025 mm was etched more intensively in argon (weight decrease 11,7 µg · cm-²) than in helium and air (weight decrease 6,4 and 6,7 µg · cm-², respectively). Foil with a thickness of 0,125 mm was etched more intensively in argon (weight decrease 56,2 µg · cm-²) than foil 0,025 mm thick. Thicker foil was etched the most intensively in hydrogen (weight decrease 65,0 µg · cm-²). XPS spectra showed, that while treating in argon, mainly one kind of bond breaks - a bond between nitrogen and carbonyle group. Etching in hydrogen causes further breaking of bonds between oxygen and benzene ring. SEM and AFM showed that treated polyimide surface changed and is rough.
EN
Rare earth (RE) La modification and air-oxidation methods were used to improve the interfacial adhesion of the carbon fibre reinforced polyimide (CF/PI) composite. The interfacial characteristics of composites reinforced by carbon fibres, treated with different surface modification methods, were investigated comparatively. Results showed that both RE modification and air-oxidation method improved the adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix, and that the RE modification method was superior to the air-oxidation method. For the CF/PI composite, optimum interfacial adhesion was obtained at 0.3 wt. % of La concentration. The fracture surfaces of samples were investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) to analyse the effects of various surface treatment methods.
PL
Zaprezentowane wyniki prac doświadczalnych wykonywania szablonów polimerowych metodą obróbki laserowej. Przedstawiono również wyniki prób eksploatacyjnych wykonanych szablonów. Wstępnie przeprowadzone badania wykazują, że w szablonach z folii polimerowych możliwe jest uzyskanie dużo większego zagęszczenia mozaiki niż w przypadku szeroko stosowanych szablonów stalowych, a ich precyzyjne wykonanie za pomocą lasera powoduje, że są znakomitym narzędziem do nanoszenia bezołowiowych past lutowniczych. Wytrzymałość tych szablonów jest określana na kilka tysięcy nadruków i z powodzeniem nadają się one do prowadzenia procesu montażu serii prototypowych oraz krótkich serii produkcyjnych nowo projektowanych urządzeń elektronicznych.
EN
In this article there are presented the experimental results of laser manufactured polymer stencils and the results of application these stencils in PCB manufacturing process. The experiments show that the polymer stencils enable to obtain much higher density than steel based stencils. The laser manufactured polymer stencils have very high precision and can be applied to print lead-free solder pastes. The resistance of polymer stencils is suitable for prototype and short series of PCBs manufacturing and it can withstand several thousands of printing.
11
Content available remote Influence of rubbing process on the surface properties of polyimide layers
EN
The influence of the conditions of rubbing process on tested surface properties was discussed. The basie procedure of obtaining special polyimides layers is the following: spreading of the poly(amic acids) solution on the surface, evaporation of the solvent, thermal imidization of polymer and rubbing of the prepared surface. As rubbing materials cotton, silk and chamois leather were taken. Each polyimide layer was rubbed 20 and 50 times. Evaluation of rubbed polyimide layers wettability by nematic liquid crystals (PCB and 6 CHBT) were carried out by using contact angle meter.
PL
W artykule przedyskutowano wpływ warunków tarcia warstw poliimidowych na ich właściwości powierzchniowe. Zasadniczym etapem prac było przygotowanie specjalnych warstw poliimidowych, które otrzymano poprzez: naniesienie na podłoże roztworów zsyntezowanych poli(kwasów amowych), odparowanie rozpuszczalnika, termiczną imidyzację, a następnie poddanie ich tarciu. Jako materiały trące zastosowano: jedwab, bawełnę oraz irchę. Proces jednokierunkowego tarcia warstw poliimidowych prowadzono w 20 oraz 50 cyklach. Następnie badano kąt zwilżania otrzymanych warstw przez nematyczne ciekłe kryształy (PCB oraz 6CHBT).
EN
These the space charge density in polyimide films (thickness of 125 µm) was measured using the pulsed-electroacoustic (PEA) method at room temperature in air. The specimen is set between the upper and lower electrodes. Pulse voltage is applied between the electrodes to vibrate the space charge in the specimen and generate an elastic wave. Using a piezoelectric element adhered to the lower electrode, the elastic wave is converted into an electrical signal. The signal is measured with a digital oscilloscope via an amplifier and analyzed by a computer to obtain the space charge density and distribution. The negative d.c. voltage was applied to the specimen from the upper electrode. The negative space charges appeared on the upper side of the specimen and the positive space charges appeared of the lower side of the specimen increased as the voltage was increased. Moreover, the space charge density of PEEK(Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone) was measured and we are studying the differences in these both characteristics at present.
EN
The paper presents the results of research of the dielectric characteristics of modified Kapton and Upilex polyimides with C60-fullerene contents (0,1 - 2,0% wt). It is shown the influence of temperature and frequency on the time constants of the β-relaxation and space charge relaxation of modified polyimides.
PL
Rubbingowanie zwiększa wartości energii powierzchniowej warstw poliimidowych. Obserwowano wzrost składnika Lifshitz-Van der Waalsa swobodnej energii powierzchniowej dla wszystkich badanych poliimidów. Rubbingowane warstwy poliimidowe otrzymane z 6FDA i PMDA wykazywały spadek składowych polarnych swobodnej energii powierzchniowej, podczas gdy warstwy otrzymane z ODPA wzrost tych składowych.
EN
We found that the rubbing process increase the surface free energy of all polyimide films. The increase of Lifshitz-Van der Waals parts of surface free energy was also observed for all tested polyimides. Rubbing of the polyimide films prepared from 6FDA and PMDA caused the decrease of surface free energy acidic-basic components, whereas for the films prepared from ODPA the increase of these components was observed. It was found that the decrease of surface free energy and its polar component were most pronounced with the progress of imidization.
EN
Using a two-wave mixing technique supplemented by the illumination of the second laser, we studied the dynamics of the photoinduced anisotropy in polyimide free-standing films doped by azo-dyes containing one or two N=N bonds.We have measured the characteristics of grating recording using a He-Ne laser source (_ = 632.8 nm) under influence of light coming from a cw YAG laser doubled in frequency (_ = 532 nm). The experiments in polyimide-Disperse Red 1 (4-[N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]amino-4_-nitro-azobenzene) system revealed complex kinetics of photoinduced birefringence leading to grating recording and light self-diffraction. The two main processes were identified during the grating build-up in this high Tg polymer matrix. Preliminary results on possibility of dynamic color and polarization holographic recording in polyimide containing newly synthesized molecule having two N=N bonds 1,3 diamino-4-azo(4_-nitroazobenzene)benzene are also presented.
EN
The paper is focused on the preparation and characterization of porous carbon materials with metal species, which we have developed since several years ago. Also the studies on their applications to environmental clean-up are briefly reviewed. Mesoporous activated carbons are prepared from coals with metal complexes and characterized by adsorption, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of coal rank Ti metal species on the mesoporosity is investigated. Ni containing porous carbon was prepared from polyimide mixed with nickel nitrate and the nano-sized pore structure and the catalytic effects were examined in the next section. This carbon was found to have a selectivity for molecular size for some gases. Finally, the adsorption ability of meso-porous carbons with metal oxides and NOx conversion into N2 on carbon fiber with some metal oxides are introduced from the environmental point of view.
PL
Niniejsza praca zawiera informacje odnośnie preparatyki i właściwości porowatych materiałów węglowych zawierających cząstki metali, nad którymi pracujemy od kilku lat. Skrótowo przedstawiono studia nad zastosowaniem tych materiałów w procesach oczyszczania środowiska. Mezoporowate węgle aktywne otrzymywane z węgli naturalnych zawierających kompleksy metali scharakteryzowane przy pomocy wyników adsorpcji, XRD, oraz TEM. Przedstawiono wpływ klasy surowych węgli zawierających tytan na rozwój struktury mezoporowatej. Zawarte są wyniki badań nad węglem porowatym (struktura i właściwości katalityczne) otrzymywanym z poliimidu z domieszką azotanu niklu. Tego typu węgiel posiada właściwości sita molekularnego. Ponadto, w świecie zastosowań w ochronie środowiska, przedstawiono zdolność adsorpcyjną węgli zawierających tlenki metali oraz przeglądowo opisano redukcje tlenków azotu do azotu przy użyciu włókien węglowych.
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