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Problem destabilizującego gromadzenia i rozpowszechniania broni strzeleckiej i broni lekkiej oraz amunicji w prawie Unii Europejskiej

Sobczak Jacek

Cybersecurity and Law

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2019

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Vol. 2 (2)

175--192

PL

Coraz bardziej zauważalny staje się problem destabilizującego gromadzenia i rozpowszechniania broni strzeleckiej i broni lekkiej oraz amunicji, nawet do tego stopnia, że stosowne regulacje przyjęła również Unia Europejska. Rada Europejska przyjęła strategię dotyczącą zwalczania nielegalnego gromadzenia broni strzeleckiej i broni lekkiej oraz amunicji do tych rodzajów broni, obejmującą przy tym również nielegalny handel nimi. Strategia ta wzywa do tego, aby wesprzeć przyjęcie prawnie wiążącego instrumentu pozwalającego na śledzenie i oznaczanie broni strzeleckiej i broni lekkiej oraz amunicji do tych rodzajów broni. Przyjmując międzynarodowy instrument umożliwiający śledzenie, takiej broni państwa zobowiązują się do przyjęcia wielu środków zapewniających odpowiednie oznaczanie i rejestrowanie tej broni oraz do zacieśnienia współpracy w śledzeniu nielegalnego handlu nią.

EN

The issue of the destabilising activities of accumulating and trafficking small arms and light weapons (SALW) and their ammunition is becoming increasingly noticeable, even to the extent that the European Union has adopted commensurate regulations. The European Council has adopted a strategy to combat the illicit accumulation of SALW and their ammunition, as well as their trafficking. This strategy calls for promoting the adoption of a legally binding instrument on the tracing and marking of SALW and their ammunition. By adopting an internationally binding instrument on the tracing and marking of SALW and their ammunition, countries undertake to take multiple measures which will allow them to effectively mark and register such weapons and tighten cooperation in tracing their illicit trafficking.

2

Zaangażowanie Polski w realizację wspólnej polityki bezpieczeństwa i obrony w świetle prezydencji Polski w Radzie UE

Ciupiński A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 3(88)

114-125

EN

After the Lisbon Treaty came in force, Poland was the forth country in turn after Spain, Belgium and Hungary to take over the EU presidency. Polish presidency priorities included the intention to strengthen the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). That surprised some European capitals, as Poland had been earlier perceived as an “Atlantic orthodox” in opposition to projects developing EU defence capabilities. In fact, the Polish government and military authorities had mistrusted of visions and projects concerning European strategic autonomy. Therefore two stages should be distinguished in Poland’s engagement in the EU Common Security and Defence Policy. They embrace five-year periods of 2004 and 2004-2009. The date of 1 May 2004 marks the dividing line when the Republic of Poland became a European Union’ Member State after having signed the accession treaty in Athens a year before. The article features Poland’s attitude to CSDP before the accession, Poland’s contribution to CSDP after the accession, engagement in pursuing European Headline Goal – 2010 and the place of CSDP in the Polish presidency programme.

3

Współpraca francusko-brytyjska w dziedzinie obrony i bezpieczeństwa i jej implikacje dla europejskiego i euroatlantyckiego bezpieczeństwa

Helnarska K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 3(88)

126-141

EN

The current changing strategic environment requires a more effective European Union's common security and defence policy. France and the UK are determined to play a leading part in this new context and joint their efforts in this area. In November 2010 these two countries signed an agreement to cooperate in many important fields such as capabilities, industry, operations, intelligence and in defence programmes. New treaty on defence and nuclear joint working with France marked a "new chapter" in a long history of defence cooperation with the UK. The French and UK agreed to develop the Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF): an early entry force capable of facing multiple threats up to the highest intensity, available for bilateral, NATO, European Union, United Nations or other operations. The nuclear treaty establishes a joint Technology Development Centre in the UK testing nuclear explosion simulation and another facility in France that will model performance of nuclear warheads and materials to ensure long-term viability, security and safety.

4

Programowanie pozamilitarnych przygotowań obronnych w Polsce wobec wyzwań XXI wieku

Kuliczkowski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 2(79)

34-59

EN

The programming of the state’s non-military defence preparations is apart of the defence planning system and remains the basic tool ofpursuing the state’s defence policy in the area of maintaining and developing its defence potential and preparing the Polish Armed Forces, government and local administration bodies to act in the conditions of external threat and war. The aim of the article is to show synthetically the process of defence preparations programming system in Poland after 1989. In order to achieve this goal, the author focuses on presenting legal and organisational conditions of non-military defence preparation programming in Poland and adjusting its principles to the system adopted in NATO and on characteristics of programs in this area. Presenting these problems in a holistic approach systemizes the knowledge concerning the place and role of programming finance and service activities in non-military structures of the state defence system carried out for the defence of the state in the time of peace51. The conclusion shows positivefeatures of the national system of defence programming and factors that decrease its effectiveness, as well as directions of this system transformation to face the 21st century challenges. Conducting a complex analysis and systemizing the knowledge in this area was possible thanks to the author’s five-year work in the Department of Strategy and Defence Planning, MoD and also due to the help and kindness of defence cells employees at the Ministries of Economy, Infrastructure, Treasure, as well as the Mazowian Province Office.

5

Kształtowanie się francuskiej doktryny obronnej 1944-1949

Musiał S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2010

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R. 51 nr 2 (181)

133-148

PL

Po drugiej wojnie światowej Francja zmuszona była do wypracowania nowej polityki obronnej, dostosowanej do nowego układu sił. W okresie od 1944 roku do czerwca 1948 roku stało się to absolutnym priorytetem kształtowanej przez gen. de Gaulle’a w okresie wojny i tuż po niej francuskiej polityki obronnej. Od zakończenia konferencji londyńskiej wśród polityków francuskich nastąpiło istotne przewartościowanie w widzeniu głównego zagrożenia dla kraju i miejsce Niemiec zajął ZSRR, a za jedyne mocarstwo zdolne do przeciwstawienia się Rosjanom uznano Stany Zjednoczone. Zamierzano działać na rzecz szerszego związania polityki obronnej Amerykanów z Europą i w konsekwencji dążyć do zmiany ich strategii wojskowej. Powstanie państwa zachodnioniemieckiego i narodziny paktu północnoatlantyckiego w 1949 roku są cezurą zamykającą pierwszy okres kształtowania się francuskiej doktryny obronnej w najważniejszym dla niej obszarze europejskim i transatlantyckim.

EN

Following World War II France had to work out a new defense policy, suitable for new arrangement of powers. From 1944 to June 1948 this became a priority of the French policy pursued by gen. de Gaulle during the war and just on its close. From the end of the London Conference there was a major change in perceiving the main threat to France by French politicians. Germany was replaced by the Soviet Union and the USA was recognized as the only power that could counter the Russians. They intended to make efforts to connect the American defense policy with Europe on a wider scale and as a consequence persuade them to change their military strategy. The birth of the West-German state and NATO in 1949 marked the end of the first stage in working out the French defense doctrine in the most important for France European and transatlantic area.

6

Analiza i ocena statystyczna wystarczalności obronnej państw NATO w latach 2000-2005

Górski P., Płaczek J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 2(71)

167-188

EN

The issue of defence sufficiency brings about many theoretical and practical problems. This results both from the methodological nature and pertaining to the content one as it is an interdisciplinary matter of a political, military and economic character. Each country considers this issue individually, assessing first of all the level of external threats, the level of armed forces' modernity, budget situation of a given country and social attitudes and priorities. Also the membership in a military and economic alliance (community) is important. The analysis of this issue is conducted not only by the legislative and executive powers but by the whole society. In the literature on the subject there are many publications connected with general shaping of the policy under analysis in this respect, mainly due to political or military aspect. However, there is no current research on economic and defence aspect. This article is a response to this demand. Its aim is to show using statistic conclusions the regularities that appear in the area of NATO Member States’ defence sufficiency in 2000-2005.

7

Szwedzka obrona totalna

Gołębiewski Jan

Wiedza Obronna

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2008

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nr 3

50--80

8

Czym jest obrona totalna (na przykładzie Szwecji)

Gołebiewski Jan

Wiedza Obronna

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2008

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nr 1

56--88

9

Ogólna informacja o Unii Europejskiej oraz Europejskiej Polityce Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony

Barthlen C.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 1(66)

23-30

EN

The Author delivers the conceptual frame of the security issues with regards to the European Union, while touching upon the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). He stresses the importance of the security policy decision making bodies in the European Union. ESDP is intergovernmental organized and clearly separated from the EU Commission and other EU Pillars. The European Council is the overall decision making body of the heads of state and government. It takes decisions in external relations, meets in the format of foreign affairs ministers and /or the defence ministers. The Political and Security Committee (PSC) meets twice every week. It is the forum of the memberstates' ambassadors to EU for ESDP matters. They monitor the international political situation, prepare decisions for the European Council and give political advice. They also ensure the proper implementation of Council decisions. The Author also focuses on the European Security Strategy which provides Europe’s overarching guidelines towards security in the future, with the guiding principle: “A secure Europe in a better world”. This strategy consists of three parts. The first part addresses the global challenges and key threats, like terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, regional conflicts, state failures and organised crime. The second part indicates the three strategic objectives of the EU: addressing the threats, building security in the EU’s neighbourhood and promoting an international order based on multilateralism. Finally, the third part analyses possible policies, instruments and implications for Europe: the EU needs to be more active, more capable and more coherent and has to work with partners.

10

Jaka "Strategia Wojskowa RP"

Gmurczyk Dariusz

Wiedza Obronna

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2004

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nr 1

133--142

11

Bezpieczeństwo lotnictwa cywilnego i zwalczanie terroryzmu powietrznego w polskiej polityce traktatowej

Śmiałek W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 4(53)

176-189

EN

The increase of air terrorism phenomenon causes the necessity to take effective protective measures. The international legal co-operation (both bilateral and multilateral) contributes to combating terrorism. For many years Poland has tried to participate in this process working in various important bodies, although the intensity of our engagement has differed. After 1990 the government of the Polish Republic did its best in order to fully prepare and engage in fighting against air terrorism. Poland is a party of the most significant international conventions under the CIAO concerning civilian air travel and fight against air terrorism (the Hague, Montreal and Tokyo conventions). Signing these conventions meant the necessity to introduce essential changes in our law. The treaties signed with our neighbours and other countries are an important factor in Polish co-operation on an international arena in the area of preventing and fighting terrorism. Among 19 treaties and pacts, only two of them did not refer to fighting terrorism. The approach to fighting terrorism and the range of co-operation is different in selective treaties. However, there are some similarities. A new phenomenon in the Polish treaty policy is following provisions of the signed treaties in the international co-operation in the area of crime prevention and fighting, including terrorism conducted by the Ministry of the Interior (and Administration), its agendas and institutions (approximately 40 agreements). Treaties, contracts and bilateral agreements are a stabilising factor to perceive commercial aviation from the Polish point of view.

12

Stanowisko Polski w sprawie polityki obronnej Unii Europejskiej

Zięba R.

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2002

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R. 31, z. 83

69--80

PL

Omówiono wybrane zagadnienia polityki międzynarodowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stanowiska Polski wobec procesów integracyjnych Unii Europejskiej. Polska poszukuje solidnych gwarancji bezpieczeństwa, które upatruje przede wszystkim w NATO, ale także chce zapewnić swojemu społeczeństwu trwały rozwój gospodarczy i cywilizacyjny, co jest zależne od przyszłego członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej.

EN

Some questions of international policy and especially of Polish position against European Union integration processes are presented. Poland seeks a reliable guarantee for security mainly by NATO and wants to provide a stable economic and civilisation development for its society by future membership in European Union.

13

Organy bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego

Kubiak M.

Wiedza Obronna

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2001

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nr 4

75--104

14

Bułgarska ekonomika obrony : refleksje nad obiektem i treścią badań

Stankiewicz W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1998

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nr 4(33)

226-237

EN

Bulgarian defence economics, after gaining independence in 1878 and until World War II, was based on agriculture and weak processing industry. A rapid industrialisation and agriculture collectivisation was conducted in 1946-1989. Arms factories were developed basing on the heavy industry. The defence production structure resulted from the Warsaw Pact settlements and close tights with the USSR. The political system transformation that took place after 1989 brought defence reductions and approaching European defence structures. The reflection of defence-economic practice was Bulgarian defence economics, developed mainly as a didactic discipline. Handbooks of the following lecturers: S. Danew, W. Wasilew and J. Kosaszka were entitled, at first, as „war economics” and, at present, as „defence economics”. Prof. T. Iwanow is a leader of Bulgarian specialists. His works include contemporary theory of security economics and the practice of Bulgarian defence-economic policy.