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Stany Zjednoczone jako hegemon XXI wieku

Brysiak Karolina, Elak Leszek, Zygo Karol

Wiedza Obronna

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2023

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nr 3

PL

Globalne przewodnictwo na arenie międzynarodowej staje się jednym z najważniejszych celów najsilniejszych państw świata. Stany Zjednoczone jako hegemon XX i XXI wieku staje przed poważnym wyzwaniem, ponieważ pretendentów do objęcia hegemona jest coraz więcej. Na wyraźne prowadzenie w tych działaniach wychodzą Chiny. W celu zbadania potęgi Stanów Zjednoczonych w dwóch pierwszych dekadach XXI wieku, należy przedstawić rodzaj ustroju politycznego jaki panuje w tym mocarstwie, poziom rozwoju ekonomicznego, demograficznego, technologicznego i informatycznego oraz militarnego tego kraju. Dzięki powyższemu możemy wywnioskować czy Stany Zjednoczone posiadają stabilną pozycję hegemoniczną, czy jednak występują w tym mocarstwie elementy, które mogą zaważyć na przyszłości tego kraju. Istotnym elementem w prowadzeniu badań jest określenie głównych kierunków działań obecnego hegemona oraz wyszczególnienie obecnych sojuszy i tych które staja się żywotnym interesem Stanów Zjednoczonych.

EN

Global leadership on the world stage is becoming one of the most important goals of the world's strongest states. The United States, as the hegemon of the 20th and 21st centuries, is facing a serious challenge as there are more and more contenders to take over the hegemony. China is taking a clearl lead in this effort. In order to examine the power of the United States in the first two decades of the 21st century, it is necessary to present the type of political system that prevails in this superpower as well as the level of economic, demographic, technological, information technology and military development of that country. From the above, we can conclude whether the United States has a stable hegemonic position or if there are elements in this superpower that could affect the future of this country. When conducting research it is an important to identify the main directions of activities of the current hegemon and detail the current alliances and those that are becoming a vital interest of the United States.

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Trójfilar bezpieczeństwa ustrojowego uwarunkowania aksjologiczne

Kurek-Sobieraj Justyna

Wiedza Obronna

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2022

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nr 4

11--23

PL

Warunkiem bezpieczeństwa ustrojowego państwa jako podmiotu realizującego zadania o charakterze wewnętrznym i zewnętrznych jest prawidłowe ukształtowanie relacji pomiędzy trzema ośrodkami władzy jakie tworzą władza sądownicza, ustawodawcza i wykonawcza. W zasadzie właśnie stabilność władzy rozumiana jako prawidłowe ukształtowanie relacji pomiędzy trzema kluczowymi ośrodkami powinna być postrzegana w kategoriach aksjologicznych jako dobro determinujące bezpieczeństwo ustrojowe a tym samym bezpieczeństwo polityczne państwa na arenie międzynarodowej oraz w ramach realizacji polityki wewnętrznej. Trójpodział władzy jako zasada funkcjonowania państwa ma charakter uniwersalny i wywodzi się z ponadnarodowych tradycji konstytucyjnych. Nie jest ona typowa jedynie dla państw demokratycznych. W zależności jednak od historycznych doświadczeń i politycznych koncepcji różnie przebiega ukształtowanie schematu relacji pomiędzy ośrodkami władzy. Bezpieczeństwo ustrojowe państwa to nie tylko współpraca, ale przede wszystkim utrzymujący się zdrowy poziom napięcia i wzajemnej kontroli pomiędzy trzema punktami oparcia „trójnogu bezpieczeństwa ustrojowego”.

EN

The correct relation between three powers - judiciary, legislative and executive – is a necessary condition of a constitutional security of the State. In fact, the stability of power understood as a correct “shaping of relations” between the three key centres of powers should be perceived in axiological terms as a goods determining the constitutional security as well as political security of the state on the international arena and in the implementation of domestic policy. The separation of powers as a principle of state functioning is universal and stems from supranational constitutional traditions. It is not typical only of democratic countries. However, depending on historical experiences and political concepts, the pattern of relations between the centres of power is shaped differently. The constitutional security of the state is not only about cooperation, but above all about maintaining a healthy level of tension and mutual control between the three points of support of the “tripod of constitutional security”.

3

The dilemmas associated with the development of the EU institutional system

Zajdel Małgorzata, Michalcewicz-Kaniowska Małgorzata

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2019

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z. 139

647--655

EN

The European Union was established in 1993 on the grounds of the Communities existing since the 1950s. During the past 60 years, the EU has formed a cohesive whole, constituting a combination of law, institutions and politics. The Member States are connected not only by common institutions, but also by over 20 000 legal acts that have different impact on the lives of 500 million citizens. The legal and institutional system of the Union is also of great importance in terms of the relations with the world, because, as a sum of member states, has been an economic power and an important model of socio-cultural potential. The aim of this study is to analyze the principles and the mechanisms of the EU institutional system currently in function as well as to identify those principles and mechanisms, which arouse the most controversy and constitute the subject of the discussion on the need to carry out the necessary changes.

4

Wizerunek przywódcy w systemie totalitarnym, autorytarnym i demokratycznym. Analiza porównawcza

Potocki P.

Ekonomia i Zarządzanie

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2010

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Vol. 2, no. 2

61-90

EN

This article focuses on the relations between an image of a political leader and a type of a political system. The models of a political system were used to compare determinants and factors which have an influence on the process of image creation. This theoretical proposal is aimed at a description of the main social and political conditions of the image elements and political system's identity. The function of a leader's image for stability and development of the political system is different for each analysed political system, i.e. totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic systems. In the totalitarian system, the image of a political leader is a kind of communication tool for maintenance of the permanent social mobilization. In the authoritarian system, the process of the image creation allows a political leader to hold control over selected areas of social life. Finally, in the democratic system, a political leader uses his image to enter political and electoral market and establish stable position on them.

5

Sektor bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego : mechanizmy i praktyka zmian

Fehler W.

Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania

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2009

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T. 4, nr 1

7--31

EN

The main aim of this article to describe the changes in the most important institutions forming the Internal Security department in the Republic of Poland. It is accompanied by the analysis of the real and potential consequences already (accomplished and neglected) of changes for internal security in the third Republic. The considerations are summed up by the synthetic diagnosis of the current state of affairs and stressing the possible scenarios for further practical changes in future.

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Cerkiew prawosławna w systemie politycznym państwa rosyjskiego

Szynowski R.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 2(67)

103-123

EN

This article presents the influence of the Orthodox Church on the development of the political system in Russia over the centuries. The Author makes a survey of figures (rulers and clerics) from different époques. On the one hand he depicts their influence on the development of Christianity in Russia. On the other hand, he presents the motives they were governed by while they subordinated the Orthodox Church to the central reign of tsars and further rulers of the Russian country. For a thousand years, the Orthodox Church has been co-creating the Russian nationality and culture. It has gone through various vicissitudes but has been closely connected with the country. The Author of the study points at relations between the Orthodox Church and the secular reign. The submission of the Orthodox Church’s hierarchy to the secular reign was the result of a conscious actions taken the tsars - rulers of Russia and later on (in the Communist period) was the result of persecution and unprecedented repressions towards the Orthodox Church. Nowadays, the Orthodox Church in Russia experiences the period of revival. Thanks to the favorable attitude of the establishment ruling the Russian Federation, we can observe a quick development of the Orthodox Church, which is open and willing to cooperate with the establishment and driven by the common ambition to rebuild the former power of Russia.

7

O klasyfikowaniu kultury politycznej

Piwnicki G.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2003

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R. 44 nr 3 (154)

69-78