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Stulecie zdobycia południowego bieguna Ziemi

Kohler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2013

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R. 58, nr 2

57--75

EN

The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is a period of intensive research on Antarctica. It was during this period that the South Pole was attained. There were four expeditions which attempted to reach the South Pole: The British National Antarctic Expedition, (1901-1904), on the ship „Discovery”, was led by Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912). The British tried to reach as far south as possible and on December 31, 1902 they reached 82°17’S. The British Antarctic Expedition (1907-1909) on the ship „Nimrod”, led by Ernest Shackleton. On January 9, 1909 the expedition reached 88°23’S. 3.The Norwegian expedition on the ship „Fram” (1911-1912), led by Roald Amundsen (1872-1928). Amundsen and Olav Bjaaland (1873-1961), Oscar Listing (1871-1936), Helmer Hanssen (1870-1956) and Sverre Hassel (1876-1928) on December 14, 1911 were the first to reach the geographic South Pole. 4. Scott’s expedition on the ship „Terra Nova” (1911-1913). The expedition to the South Pole began on November 1, 1911. Scott, Henry R. Bowers (1883-1912), Edgar Evans (1876-1912), Lawrence Oates (1880-1912) and Edward A. Wilson (1872-1912) reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912. They all died on their way back. The participants of all expeditions led to attain the South Pole carried out observations, collected various samples and conducted scientific observations. Afterwards, the collected data and objects were compiled scientifically, sometimes for many years on. During that time, the following, among other, was discovered: the shelf character of Ross Ice Shelf, the Taylor Valley (the first of the snow-free Antarctic „oases”), setting up the basic stratigraphy of the Victoria Land mountains, about 40 thousand various geological and biological specimens were brought home, the latter belonged to more than 2,000 species of plants and animals, among which, more than 400 were species new to science.

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Stanisław Siedlecki (1912–2002) – polarnik, taternik, geolog. Stulecie urodzin

Kohler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2013

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R. 58, nr 3

61--80

EN

Stanislaw Siedlecki was born on September 17, 1912 in Cracow. He studied physics and mathematics (1931/1932) at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow and at the University of Warsaw - physics (1933/1934) and geology (1934-1939). At that time he participated in a number of Polish expeditions: in 1932-1933 - on Bear Island, in 1934 and 1936 - to Spitsbergen, in 1937 - to Greenland. During World War II, he worked as a geologist in the German Amt für Bodenforschung (1942-1943), in the Museum of Natural Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Cracow (1943-1944). In 1945-1950 he worked in the Department of Geology at the Jagiellonian University. Stanisław Siedlecki received his PhD in geological sciences from the Jagiellonian University in 1949 at. In 1950-1953 he worked at the Museum of the Earth, in 1953-1956 - at the Institute of Geological Sciences. In 1954 Siedlecki was promoted to the rank of Associate Professor. In 1956-1964 he worked in the Department of Geological Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He then organized several Polish expeditions to Spitsbergen as a part of the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958). In 1957, he supervised the building of the Polish Polar Station at Spitsbergen. In 1964-1966 he worked at the Norwegian Polar Institute in Oslo. He then carried out geological research on Svalbard. In 1965 Siedlecki was promoted to the rank of Full Professor. In 1966-1979 he worked at the Norwegian Geological Institute in Trondheim. In 1971 he became a citizen of Norway. On January 1, 1980 he decided to retire. He pub lished numerous academic dissertations and two books. In 1996, the king of Norway awarded him with the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. Siedlecki was, among other, a mem ber of the Explorers Club in New York (USA) since 1980. He died on March 8, 2002. Stanislaw Siedlecki was the true founder of Polish polar exploration. In 2007, in recognition of his outstanding achievements, the Polish Polar Station on Spitsbergen was named after him.

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Pierwsza polska wyprawa polarna

Kohler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2013

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R. 58, nr 4

43--59

EN

The International Meteorological Organization at a meeting of directors of meteorological institutes in Copenhagen in 1929, determined that the 2nd International Polar Year will be held from 1932 to 1933. The Polish National Committee of the Polar Year developed three alternatives of conducting researches within the program of IP YII. The alternative assuming the building of a permanent sta tion on Bear Island and conducting follow-up researches during the next year was finally chosen as the accepted option. Due to the limited financial resources, 3 persons were selected to partici pate in the expedition: Czesław Centkiewicz, Władysław Łysakowski and Stanisław Siedlecki. In the initial period (until mid-September of 1932), in the expedition there also participated Jean Lugeon and Jan Gurtzman. The media was initially set against the expedition. The expedition departed on 12 July, 1932 from a town of Legionowo, near Warsaw. It reached Bear Island on August 5, 1932 and left on August 18, 1933. The different records, collected with an extensive amount of effort, during the stay on Bear Island were analysed (at least partially) after the explorers returned to Poland. There were four notebooks Résultats des Observations de ľ expédition polonaise de ľ Année Polaire 1932-1933 à ľ Ile des Ours and several other publica tions printed. The first Polish expedition to the Arctic proved to be an extremely successful venture. The scientific and research objectives were almost completely fulfilled. Poland, in a very effective and positive way, became known in the world of science. The experience gained during this expedi tion was bearing fruit for years to come both to its participants and to the entire Polish world of science.