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Badanie wybranych metod matchingu do pomiaru punktów na cyfrowych obrazach bliskiego zasięgu

Sawicki P., Ostrowski B.

Roczniki Geomatyki

2005

T. 3, z. 2

135-144

One of the basic aims of close-range photogrammetry is to provide an automatic mode for measurement of simple structure signalized points and discreet points with defined structure characteristics on single digital images. The automatic measurement of coordinates of signalized points centres on 2D images requires the use of matching operators. Based on matching operators analysis, four methods of measurement of points coordinates with subpixel accuracy were selected for further detailed research from the Area Based Matching and Feature Based Matching group . These methods are:. Center of gravity operator. Center weighted method . Cross correlation . Least Squares Matching A special software called .Matching. was created in Delphi 7 programming language in order to carry out the research. The above mentioned four procedures of matching were implemented in the software. The application is created for the measurement in semiautomatic mode of pixel coordinates of signalized points registered on digital images of any resolution. The matching may be carried out in greyscale [0, 255]. On colour images it is carried out in channels R, G, B and brightness I, which is calculated according to the following formula: The created application is characterized by user-friendly interface, which allows, among others, functional visualization of images and of the current work mode, defining areas of interest and naming them, determining calculation parameters, displaying measurement results in a table, recording the results on a disc in one of two formats, exporting the results to a text file etc. The application has all typical functions of Windows applications. Execution of measurements in cross-correlation and LSM methods is aided by automatic calcuation by the center weighted method or by manual determining of template coordinates. In the modified center weighted method image filtration by a gradient filter . the Sobel operator . is used. The Gauss elimination was used to solve the linearized equations system in programming of the LSM method . Research on accuracy and quality of matching methods was carried out on synthetic and real images of 2D test field with 35 targets. Synthetic colour 24 Bit digital images of 2.1K×1.5K were generated and recorded in the BMP file format. The images of the real test field with 35 targets were taken by Kodak DC 4800 (sensor CCD, 3.1 millions pixels, image resolution 2.2K×1.4K) compact type digital camera and by SLR digital camera Kodak DCS Pro 14n (sensor CMOS, 13.7 millions pixels, image resolution 4.5K×3K). I ?0.299R ??0.587G??0.114?B Research on matching methods accuracy for synthetic and real images in different orientations of the images and sizes of the targets was carried out in the brightness channel I and independently in the R, G, B channels. The results of the matching methods examined were assessed by means of mean square residual rx , ry for measured pixel coordinates. There is no significant difference between results of matching procedures for each R, G, B channel, as well as monochromatic brightness I with 8 Bit depth. In comparison with the results of the LSM method, the biggest differences, regardless of the size of sygnalized point, of the order of . +-1.3 pixels on average for synthetic images and +-1.6 pixels for real images, are achieved while using the center of gravity operator. Average diffrences in the cross correlation method amount to +-0.3 pixels for synthetic images and +--0.55 pixels for real images. There is no significant difference (š0.02 pixels) between the results obtained by center weighted method for both types of images and the pixel coordinates achieved by the LSM method. The matching of images registered with Kodak DC4800 and Kodak DCS Pro 14n cameras brings the smallest residuals in the green channel G, and the biggest in red (R) and blue (B) channels. This is the consequence of of the Bayer.s filter used and for the weights used during interpolation in defining R, G, B colors for a given pixel. The results of the research proved, that the diameter of 5÷15 pixels is the optimal size of targets. Big targets of the diameter of 25 pixels and more significantly extend the time of the matching and result in decrease of positioning accuracy. The analysis of impact of each component R, G, B on effectiveness and accuracy of matching procedures should be carried out in automatic measurements with sub pixel accuracy, as well as in elaborations combining multisensoral digital visual data.

Automatyczna identyfikacja sygnalizacji punktów na obrazach cyfrowych

Kowalczyk M.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

2004

Vol. 14

1--10

Pomiary fotogrametryczne bliskiego zasięgu wymagają jednoznacznego wskazania i identyfikacji punktów, zobrazowanych na zdjęciach. Zachodzi potrzeba szybkiego i pewnego odnalezienia ich sygnalizacji bez udziału obserwatora, a wiec automatycznie. Obrazy cyfrowe stwarzają taką możliwość, ze względu na łatwy dostęp do każdego piksela. W referacie przedstawiono podstawowe sposoby sygnalizacji punktów na badanym obiekcie tak, aby możliwa była ich prawidłowa identyfikacja. Oprócz pokazania istniejących koncepcji na rynku światowym, podana jest też autorska propozycja nieskomplikowanego rozwiązania tego problemu. Proponowana metoda została zweryfikowana na rzeczywistym obiekcie.