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PL
W opracowaniu autor prezentuje koncepcję innowacyjnej konstrukcji modularno-trilateracyjnej sieci tunelowej jako podstawowej osnowy dla realizacji wyznaczania sytuacyjnego osi długich tuneli komunikacyjnych. Technologia zakładania proponowanej osnowy oparta jest na pomiarze wyłącznie elementów liniowych oraz długości boków konstrukcji zautomatyzowanymi tachimetrami precyzyjnymi najnowszej generacji, natomiast kąty poziome wyznaczane są na podstawie wzorów Carnota. Opracowania teoretyczne oraz analizy dokładnościowe potwierdziły realne możliwości ich zastosowania w praktyce geodezyjnej przy drążeniu długich tuneli, zamiast aktualnie często zakładanych konstrukcji kombinowanych oraz osnów kątowo-liniowych.
EN
The author presents the concept of an innovative modular-trilateration structure of the tunnel network as a basic network for the situational setting out of the long axes of communication tunnels. The technology of establishing the proposed network is based on the measurements of the linear elements only in the form of the lengths of the sides of the respective geometrical constructions with the use of automated precision tachymeters of the latest generation, while horizontal angles are determined on the basis of Carnot formulas. Theoretical studies and precision analyzes confirmed the real possibilities of their application in geodetic practice for the drilling works of long tunnels. They can be used instead of currently often established constructions of combined angular-linear networks.
EN
Thermal processes in domain of thin metal film subjected to a strong laser pulse are discussed. The heating of domain considered causes the melting and next (after the end of beam impact) the resolidification of metal superficial layer. The laser action (a time dependent bell-type function) is taken into account by the introduction of internal heat source in the energy equation describing the heat transfer in domain of metal film. Taking into account the extremely short duration, extreme temperature gradients and very small geometrical dimensions of the domain considered, the mathematical model of the process is based on the dual phase lag equation supplemented by the suitable boundary-initial conditions. To model the phase transitions the artificial mushy zone is introduced. At the stage of numerical modeling the Control Volume Method is used. The examples of computations are also presented.
EN
Heating process in the domain of thin metal film subjected to a strong laser pulse are discussed. The mathematical model of the process considered is based on the dual-phase-lag equation (DPLE) which results from the generalized form of the Fourier law. This approach is, first of all, used in the case of micro-scale heat transfer problems (the extremely short duration, extreme temperature gradients and very small geometrical dimensions of the domain considered). The external heating (a laser action) is substituted by the introduction of internal heat source to the DPLE. To model the melting process in domain of pure metal (chromium) the approach basing on the artificial mushy zone introduction is used and the main goal of investigation is the verification of influence of the artificial mushy zone ‘width’ on the results of melting modeling. At the stage of numerical modeling the author’s version of the Control Volume Method is used. In the final part of the paper the examples of computations and conclusions are presented.
EN
The work presents the results of the examinations of silumin 226 as well as a silumin produced on its basis containing a W and Mo addition introduced in the amount of 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4% of both elements simultaneously. Investigations of the crystallization process of the silumins by the TDA method were conducted. Also, a microscopic analysis of their microstructure was performed and their basic mechanical properties were determined. Microstructure tests were made on casts produced in an TDA sampler as well as by the pressure method. The investigations exhibited a change in the course of crystallization of the silumin containing 0.3 and 0.4% W and Mo with respect to silumin 226 and the silumin with the addition of 0.1 and 0.2%. The presence of additional phases which did not occur in the case of lower addition contents was established in the silumin containing 0.3-0.4% W and Mo, regardless of the applied casting technology. The tests showed the possibility of increasing the tensile strength Rm, the proof stress Rp0,2 and the unit elongation A of the silumin as a result of a simultaneous introduction of the W and Mo addition. The highest values of Rm, Rp0,2 and A were obtained in the silumins with the additions of these elements within the range of 0.1-0.2% each.
EN
The work presents the examination results of the effect of strontium and antimony modification on the microstructure of a cast and the characteristic values of the TDA curves. Strontium and antimony modifiers were added to silumin 226 in a melting crucible furnace, separately, in the amounts of 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3% of the mass of the modified metal. After modification, the silumin was refined with the solid refiner ECOSAL-Al 113 in the amount of 0.5% of the charge mass.
PL
W części drugiej artykułu przedstawiono: dobór rodzaju i wielkości małej elektrowni wiatrowej do współpracy z istniejącymi systemami ogrzewania pomieszczeń i przygotowania ciepłej wody w budynku mieszkalnym oraz analiza celowości stosowania tego typu rozwiązań z ekonomicznego punktu widzenia.
EN
The second part of the article will be presented: the selection of the type and size of a small wind turbine to work with existing heating and hot water preparation in a family home and analysis of the advisability of that kind of technology from an economic point of view.
PL
Przedstawiono wykorzystanie energii strumienia powietrza w małej elektrowni wiatrowej do wspomagania istniejących urządzeń do ogrzewania pomieszczeń i przygotowania ciepłej wody w budynku mieszkalnym. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W części pierwszej przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z pozyskiwaniem energii z poruszającego się strumienia powietrza oraz wpływu jego prędkości, warunków meteorologicznych i ukształtowania terenu na generację mocy przez małą elektrownię wiatrową W części drugiej artykułu zostaną przedstawione: dobór rodzaju i wielkości małej elektrowni wiatrowej do współpracy z istniejącymi systemami ogrzewania pomieszczeń i przygotowania ciepłej wody w budynku mieszkalnym oraz analiza celowości stosowania tego typu rozwiązań z ekonomicznego punktu widzenia.
EN
The paper presents the use of energy in a small stream of air to support wind power existing devices for space heating and domestic hot water in a family home. The article consists of two parts. The first part presents the issues relating to obtaining energy from a moving air stream and the impact of its speed, meteorological conditions and terrain for power generation by a small wind turbine The second part of the article will be presented: the selection of the type and size of a small wind turbine to work with existing heating and hot water preparation in a family home and analysis of the advisability of that kind of technology from an economic point of view.
8
Content available Model of Cu-Al-Fe-Ni bronze crystallization
EN
According to the analysis of the current state of the knowledge shows that there is little information on the process of phase transformations that occur during the cooling Cu-Al-Fe-Ni hypo-eutectoid bronzes with additions of Cr, Mo and/or W, made additions individually or together, for the determination of: the type of crystallizing phases, crystallizing phases, order and place of their nucleation. On the basis of recorded using thermal and derivative analysis of thermal effects phases crystallization or their systems, analysis of the microstructure formed during crystallization - observed on the metallographic specimen casting ATD10-PŁ probe, analysis of the existing phase equilibrium diagrams forming elements tested Cu-Al-Fe-Ni bronze, with additions of Cr, Mo, W and/or Si developed an original model of crystallization and phase transformation in the solid state, the casting of high quality Cu-Al-Fe-Ni bronze comprising: crystallizing type phase, crystallizing phase sequence, place of nucleation.
EN
The possibility of controlling the solidification and cooling time of castings creates prospects of improving their structure and by the same their properties. Thermal properties of the mould constitute therefore an important factor which is necessary to consider while seeking for the mentioned improvement. The presented work illustrates the method of determining some basic thermal coefficients of moulding material, i.e. the coefficient of temperature equalisation a2, known also as the temperature diffusivity, and the heat accumulation coefficient b2, which characterises the ability of moulding material to draw away the heat from a casting. The method consists in experimental determining the temperature field within the mould during the processes of pouring, solidification and cooling of the casting. The performed measurements allow for convenient and exact calculations of the sought-after coefficients. Examinations were performed for the oil bonded moulding sand of trade name OBB SAND ‘E’. The experiment showed that the obtained value of b2 coefficient differs from the value calculated on the basis of theoretical considerations available in publications. Therefore it can be stated that theoretical calculations of the heat accumulation coefficient are thus far not sufficient and not quite reliable, so that these calculations should be verified experimentally.
10
Content available remote Podstawy teoretyczne ruchu ciepła i wilgoci w twardniejącym betonie
PL
Beton jest materiałem porowatym, w którym pory kapilarne są częściowo wypełnione wodą. W materiałach takich zachodzi zjawisko jednoczesnego przenoszenia ciepła przez przenoszenie unoszenie i promieniowanie. Ciepło jest także przenoszone wraz z dyfundującą parą wodną oraz migrującą wodą. Tak więc, równocześnie z wymianą ciepła zachodzi w twardniejącym betonie transport wilgoci. W pracy omówiono podstawowe zależności wiążące te procesy oraz podano ich opis matematyczny co pozwoliło na wyprowadzenie sprzężonego równania bilansu wody i ciepła w twardniejącym betonie.
EN
Concrete is a capillary porous material in which pores are partially filled with water. In such materials the phenomenon of simultaneous heat transport by conduction, convection and radiation occurs. Heat is also transported by diffusing water vapour and migrating water. Thus simultaneously with heat exchange the moisture is transported in hardening concrete. In the paper the fundamental functions linking these processes are discussed and their mathematical description is presented which gave the possibility to derive the completed balance equation for water and heat in the hardening concrete.
EN
In this work the results of investigations concerning the hypereutectic silumins to be used as engine ports have been show. New idea on the interaction mechanism of phosphorus during modification of hypereutectic silumins has been shown. According to this hypothesis the influence of phosphorus is the result of local supercooling caused by evaporation and decompression of phosphorus steam. On the base to propose schematic diagram of the origin of local supercooling as a result of evaporation of phosphorus un microareas with a diversified concentration of silicon of the investigated Al-Si alloys.
13
Content available remote Temperature drop of liquid iron in thin wall channels during mold filling
EN
This work deals with first period of metal cooling in mold cavity. It has been performed thermal analysis of flooding metal stream in thin wall ductile iron with the shape of Archimedes spirals. It has been presented comparison of real temperature drop with predictions according to the analytical equations based on heat balance and with simulation using Fluent program. Additionally velocity decrease predicted by Fluent program is compared to the experimental data. Moreover change of cooling rate as function of spiral length of liquid metal before eutectic solidification is presented.
EN
The study presents the technological backgrounds of the process of melting and casting Al-Cr, Al-Ni, Al-Mo, Al-W and Al-Ti master alloys, used as refiners of the microstructure of cast silumins. Basing on the analysis of phase equilibrium diagrams for an Al-Me (Cr, Ni, Mo, W, Ti) system at a temperature of 900oC, the characteristic intermetallic phases of AlxMey were investigated. Due to their similarity with Al and Si in respect of both structure and lattice arrangement, these phases may act as heterogeneous nuclei and promote solution hardening during, e.g., heat treatment. Using the method of thermal analysis ATD, the temperature was plotted in function of time, and then the characteristic values of the solidification parameters of master alloys were read out from the respective curves.
PL
Nowoczesne systemy sorpcyjne opierają się na wielostopniowych, wieloefektowych obiegach termodynamicznych. Pozwala to na uzyskiwanie szerszego zakresu warunków pracy, w szczególności wykorzystywanie wysokich temperatur. Równocześnie osiagane są wyższe współczynniki efektywności termodynamicznej COP. Z drugiej jednak strony systemy takie są zdecydowanie drozsze od prostych systemów jednostopniowych, stąd ciągle znajdują się one w fazie badań. W artykule autorzy dokonali szerokiego porównania wieloelementowych systemów sorpcyjnych, zarówno będących aktualnie w fazie produkcji przemysłowej, jak i w fazie badań teoretycznych i laboratoryjnych. Szczegółowo porównano analizowane obiegi, zakresy ich stosowalności, a także ich współczynnik COP. Porównane zostały również koszty eksploatacyjne tych rozwiązań. W publikacji przedstawiono równania bilansowe analizowanych obiegów. Cześć 1 artykułu ukazała się w numerze 12/2005 ( s. 462-467 ), w części 2 przedstawiono układy trójefektowe wraz z obszerną bibliografią.
EN
Contemporary sorption systems are based on the multistage multi-effect thermodynamic cycles. They allow to achieve wider operating conditions, and particularly higher source temperatures. Additionally also higher COP is possible to obtain. On the other side those systems are significantly more expensive than simple one stage systems, so they are constantly under development. In this paper wide comparison of multi-element sorption systems being in the production stage, as well as in the research phase have been shown. The thermodynamic cycles, range of operating conditions and Coefficient of Performance have been compared. Also operational costs of those designs have been shown. Energy balance equation for thermodynamic cycle is also shown. The firs part of the paper was published in issue 12/2005 (pp. 462-467). In the second part of the paper the three stage devices have been analysed and the references have been given.
17
Content available remote Teoretické aspekty tepelného spracovania zlievarenských hliníkových zliatin
CS
Mechanické vlastnosti odliatkov významne ovplyvňuje veľkosť dendritických buniek, prítomnosť metalurgických chýb, (napr. dendritická pórovitosť), podiel, veľkosť a kryštalografická orientácia intermetalických zlúčenín, ako aj procesy tepelného spracovania. V príspevku je naznačená teoretická podstata tepelného spracovania hliníkových zliatin.
EN
The paper aims is to point out on the theoretical principles of the heat treating of the Aluminium Alloys. The following major parameters have significant effects on the mechanical properties of the casting products: 1. Size of the dendrite cells. 2. Presence of the metallurgical faults, i.e. dendrite porosity. 3. Fraction, size and crystallographic orientation of intermetallic compounds. 4. Heat treating processes.
18
Content available remote Elektrochromatografia kapilarna : teoretyczne podstawy i zastosowania
EN
In this article the theoretical basis of capillary electrochromatography are presented, as well as some of its analytical applications. The historical background of this analytical method is briefly outlined. The nature of Helmholtz and Stern double layer at the phase boundary resulting in the electroosmotic flow (EOF) and the equations describing its velocity are shortly discussed. From these equations it follows that EOF depends on the properties of liquid phase (a ratio of dielectric constant to viscosity), the electric field intensity and the electric double layer (ζ potential) but does not depend on the diameter of particles of column or capillary packing. The relationship between EOF and efficiency of the chromatographic system is discussed and some advantages and disadvantages of electrochromatography are mentioned. The columns (capillaries) used in electrochromatography (packed, open tubular and monolytic) are described. The applications of capillary electrochromatography described here encompass enantioselective analysis and separation of mixtures of analytes. The examples of enantioseparations deal mainly with drugs, whereas electrochromatographic separations of mixtures are exemplified by amino acids, peptides, proteins and some groups of drugs (barbiturates and benzodiazepines). It is concluded that electrochromatography, although relatively "young" analytical method, found important applications and is in the phase of constant development.
PL
Przedstawiono podstawy teoretyczne technik izolacji i wzbogacania analitóworganicznych z próbek gazowych oraz ciekłych. Już pobieżna analiza literatury dotyczącej omawianych zagadnień pokazuje, jak różnorodne i bogate spektrum technik jest stosowane w etapie przygotowania próbki. Z drugiej strony, z punktu widzenia podstaw fizykochemicznych, większość technik wykorzystuje dwa zjawiska: adsorpcję analitów na medium zatrzymującym lub ich absorpcję w tymże medium (w drugim przypadku może być także mowa o podziale lub ekstrakcji). Jako ekstrahenty stosuje się głównie rozpuszczalniki organiczne. Względy ochrony środowiska, jak również względy praktyczne spowodowały w ostatnich latach gwałtowny rozwój technik alternatywnych, wykorzystujących jako sorbent unieruchomione ciecze polimerowe, głównie polidimetylosiloksan (PDMS). W artykule opisano, z punktu widzenia praktycznego, podstawy teoretyczne procesu sorpcji równowagowej oraz nierównowagowej. Dokonano również krótkiej charakterystyki metod i procedur prowadzenia procesu izolacji analitów. Ponadto opisano techniki wyznaczania parametrów współczynników podziału PDMS - powietrze i PDMS - woda, kluczowych dla technik wykorzystujących polidimetylosiloksan.
EN
Theoretical principles of the techniques of isolation and enrichment of organic analytes from gaseous and liquid samples were presented. Even a brief analysis of available literature reveals wide spectrum of techniques employed at this stage of analytical procedures. On the other band, however, from physical chemistry point of view, most of these techniques are based on two underlying phenomena: adsorption of analytes on a suitable retaining medium or their absorption in the medium (in the latter case, including also extraction, the general mechanism is partition of analytes between two phases). Organic solvents are used most frequently as extraction agents. Both ecological and practical factors have led to rapid development of alternative techniques, utilizing immobilized polymeric liquids, principally polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), as extracting agents (sorbents). Theoretical background of the methods is discussed here from the practical point of view, presenting both equilibrium and non-equilibrium modes of their utilization. Brief characteristics of the methods and their respective modes are included. Additionally, techniques of determination of key physical parameters (especially for the techniques utilized PDMS), like PDMS - air and PDMS - water partition coefficients (distribution constants) are described.
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