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Rainfall and rainy days trend and ENSO phenomena in Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan

Sharma Vasker, Adhikari Kirtan

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 4

1855--1869

EN

The study explores the seasonal rainfall and rainy days trend in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope test was applied to detect the trend and magnitude of the trend for both the rainfall and rainy days. The trends are also analyzed with respect to the elevation of the climatic stations. Further, an attempt has been made to recognize the El-Ni ño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-rainfall interaction using station-based rainfall with the ENSO cycle considering the period of 33 years. Cross-correlation of ENSO and rainfall with respect to elevation has also been presented. The trend analysis showed that in the localized regions, both the rainfall and rainy days trend was significantly declining, however, the trend in most of the stations is hardly conspicuous which may be attributed to the influence of the orographic phenomena. From the ENSO-rainfall assessment, it was observed that rainfall in the southern foothills correlates negatively with the ENSO phenomena indicating intense rainfall after 1–2 months of the cooling phase of the Pacifc Ocean. However, such an ENSO effect is not observed in the majority of the meteorological stations which may be attributed to the location of the station in the mountainous region where the topography affects the rainfall variation.

2

Ecological Strategy at Cell Size Level to Respond to Stressed Environments

Wang H., Liu Y., Chen H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 2

165--177

EN

The cell size variations in woody plants in various environments are not well known, and the underlying mechanism has not been fully analyzed. 2. The current study focused on the intraspecific and interspecific size variations in palisade cells occurring in 76 woody species along an elevation gradient (1800–4500 m a.s.l.) on Gongga Montain (1400–7552 m a.s.l.) in southwest China, which included tropical and subtropical genera of broad-leaved forest flora including Salix hyperba as the species occurring on all elevations. We hypothesized that cell size is regulated by alterations in width-length scaling (L-D ratio) to mediate a surface-to-volume ratio (S/V) most suitable for the prevailing environmental conditions. 3. It was observed that cell size co-varied similarly with environmental conditions at the conspecifics, congenerics, and interspecifics levels investigated. Cell sizes decreased among conspecifics, or increase among congenerics and interspecifics via negative or positive scaling of width-length ratio at the cellular level. However, this dichotomously differing tendency may be ecologically constrained by both a cost-increasing and benefit-diminishing mechanism of cell dimension with increasing elevation at the species level, implying a ‘middle way’ strategy for species to stressed environments. 4. The implications of the results for regional floristic evolution are discussed.

3

Przebudowa i podniesienie konstrukcji mostu granicznego na Odrze Zachodniej

Borucka-Lipska J., Kamiński S., Lipski M.

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2013

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R. 69, nr 5

281--283

PL

Opisano remont mostu granicznego w ciągu drogi Gryfino-Mescherin. Jego konstrukcję stalową kratownicową długości 142,25 m podniesiono o 100 cm w celu zwiększenia skrajni żeglugowej rzeki Odry. Podczas prac remontowych wymieniono płytę żelbetową i nawierzchnię oraz wyposażenie mostu. Wykonano nowe zabezpieczenie antykorozyjne.

EN

The complete renovation and rebuilt of border bridge on the road Gryfino-Mescherin was described. The steel truss superstructure 142,25 m long was lifted-up about 100 cm to increase the clearance of Odra river waterway. The concrete bridge deck, surface and bridge equipment were replaced during the renovation works as well as corrosion protection layers.

4

Podniesienie wieży kościoła w sanktuarium pod wezwaniem św. Antoniego Padewskiego w Ratowie

Kapela M., Wojtycki A.

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2012

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R. 68, nr 11

583-585

PL

Omówiono rozwiązanie projektowe i realizację podniesienia wieży w kościele zabytkowym. Zaprojektowano konstrukcję stalową opartą na ścianach zewnętrznych, do której podwieszono podstawę wieży. Przez równomierne dokręcanie nakrętek na śrubowych wieszakach konstrukcję wieży odniesiono o około 10 cm. Cały ciężar wieży został przeniesiony przez konstrukcję stalową na ściany budynku.

EN

This paper presents a solution to a problem of moving upward the tower of the church in Ratów. Floor beams, on which the tower has been situated, had deflected excessively and rested on the vault. Steel construction has been designed, put into tower and propped against the walls. By using bolts the tower has been lifted up about 10 cm. The weight of the tower has been allocated to the walls.

5

The lifting problem with the full ideal

Shelah S.

Journal of Applied Analysis

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1998

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Vol. 4, nr 1

1-17

EN

We show that there are a cardinal μ, a σ-ideal I ⊆ P(μ) and a σ-subalgebra B of subsets of μ extending I such that B/I satisfies the c.c.c. but the quotient algebra B/I has no lifting.