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1
Content available Microalloying of Continuous Cast Aluminum Strip and Structural Modification Using Plastic Treatment to a 9 μm Foil (Patent no. 39762, P-377/76)
Purenović M. M., Purenović Jelena M., Baralić J. Č.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2023
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Vol. 68, iss. 1
345--357
EN
Innovative procedure of microalloying continuous cast aluminum strip, thickness 10 mm, by Be, Zr and Mn using 3C Pechiney technology (no. 39762, P-377/76), and modifying the existing parameters for strip casting and crystallization was implemented under industrial conditions with two randomly selected batches 2×8 tones, without previous selection of standardized quality of aluminum, purity Al 99.5%, obtained by electrolysis. The application of microalloying and overall structural modification of the technology resulted in obtaining nanoscale, ultra-thin, compact oxide high-gloss film with uniform surface of continuous cast strip, instead of the usual thick and porous oxide film. The outcome of microalloying the obtained equiaxed fine-grained nano/micro structure was avoiding anisotropic and dendritic microstructure of the strip, and improving deformation and plastic properties of modified continuous cast strip subjected to the technology of plastic treatment by rolling until the desired foil thickness of 9 μm was obtained. The invention of microalloying and structural modification, including multiplying effect of several components, directly or indirectly, changed numerous structurally-sensitive properties. The obtained nano/micro structure of crystal grains with equiaxed structure resulted in the synergy of undesirable <111> and inevitable <100> and <110> textures. Numerous properties were significantly enhanced: elastic modulus was improved, and intensive presence of cracks in warm forming condition was prevented due to rapid increase of the number of grains to 10000 grains/cm2 in as-cast state.
2
Content available remote Analysis of application of gradient concrete models to assess concrete cover degradation under reinforcement corrosion
Yurkova Kseniya, Krykowski Tomasz
Architecture Civil Engineering Environment
|
2023
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Vol. 16, no. 4
109--123
EN
The paper presents a comparative analysis of the application of two nonlocal gradient-formulated models to evaluate the concrete cover degradation time. Calculations were made taking into account the increase in the volume of the steel ring around the perimeter of the reinforcement bar. The results of the calculations were compared with the results of experimental studies published in the literature and with the elastic-plastic model based on the Menetrey-Willam surface, in which the objectivity of the obtained results depends on the fracture energy. In addition, the paper compares solutions using different contact models and cohesion models.
3
Content available Influence of material thickness on the ductile fracture of steel plates for shipbuilding
Jakub Kowalski, Janusz Kozak
Polish Maritime Research
|
2022
|
nr 3
160--166
EN
In the shipbuilding industry, the risk of brittle fractures is relatively high because some units operate in arctic or subarctic zones and use high thickness (up to 100 mm) steel plates in their structures. This risk is limited by employing certified materials with a specific impact strength, determined using the Charpy method (for a given design temperature) and by exercising control over the welding processes (technology qualification, production supervision, and non-destructive tests). However, for offshore constructions, such requirements may prove insufficient. For this reason, regulations employed in constructing offshore structures require conducting crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) tests for steel and welded joints with thicknesses exceeding 40 mm for high tensile strength steel and 50 mm for other steel types. Since classification codes do not accept the results of CTOD tests conducted on specimens of sub-sized dimensions, the problem of theoretically modelling the steel construction destruction process is of key importance, as laboratory tests for notched elements of considerable thickness (100 mm and higher) are costly and problems stemming from high loads and a wide range of recorded parameters are not uncommon. The aim of this research is to find a relationship between material thickness and CTOD value, by establishing and verifying a numerical model that allows recalculating a result obtained on a sub-size specimen to a full- size specimen for a ductile fracture mode. This work presents results and conclusions from numerical modelling and compares them with laboratory test results of the elastic-plastic properties of high thickness steel, typically used in offshore applications.
4
Content available Research on parameters of MMC fracture criterion for advanced high strength dual-phase steel sheets
Fu Qiutao, Li Di, Song Hui, Liu Xingfeng, Lu Zipeng, Cui Hongjian
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
|
2022
|
Vol. 60 nr 2
253--265
EN
To predict the shear fracture, tests of advanced high-strength DP steels have been carried out, and fracture models of DP steels have been established using the MMC fracture model. The MMC fracture parameters were obtained through multiple sets of experiments and stress triaxiality solved by simulation. The result was verified by stretch-bending, Nakazima tests and simulations. It shows that the MMC criterion is suitable for predicting ductile fracture of DP980, 1180. The correlation between the parameters of the MMC criterion and DP steel material properties can reduce the amount of tests data required.
5
Content available Effect of simulated axial residual stress and transverse residual stress in welded P92 pipe and plates including plasticity error
Pal Vinay Kumar, Singh Lokendra Pal
Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering
|
2022
|
Vol. 6, No 2
1--18
EN
The paper deals with the measurement of residual stresses in P92 welded pipe using the blind hole drilling technique. The post weld heat treatment (PWHT) of a P92 welded pipe was also conducted to study their effect on residual stresses. The P92 pipe weld joints were prepared using gas tungsten arc welding process. The residual stress measurement was carried out using a strain gauge rosette that was associated with the plastic deformation of the material and a stress concentration effect of a multi-point cutting tool. A corrective formulation was developed for calculating the corrected value of residual stresses from the experimentally obtained strain value. The Strain gauge response was estimated experimentally using tensile testing for uniaxial loading while a finite element analysis was performed for biaxial loading. A gas tungsten arc welds joint was prepared for a conventional V-groove and a narrow groove design.
6
Content available Coupled Thermomechanical Eulerian-Lagrangian Analysis of the KOBO Extrusion Process
Wójcik Marta, Skrzat Andrzej
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2022
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Vol. 67, iss. 3
1185--1193
EN
Numerical simulations of the KOBO extrusion process are presented in this paper. The coupled thermomechanical Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was applied for the three-dimensional finite element model. The dynamic explicit Euler forward method was used in numerical calculations. The elastic-plastic Chaboche model assuming isotropic and kinematic hardening under variable temperature conditions was applied to describe the behaviour of the material under cyclic loading. In numerical computations Chaboche material model implemented in commercial software, as well as the proprietary one written as FORTRAN procedure were tested. The numerical results present the stress and strain distributions in the extruded material, as well as an increase of temperature due to the plastic work and friction. The shape of plastic strain zones was verified experimentally. The approach presented in the paper is a promising numerical tool to simulate the KOBO process.
7
Content available Application of a geometrically nonlinear elastoplastic gradient-enhanced damage model with incremental potential to composite microstructures
Boussetta H., Dittmann J., Wulfinghoff S.
Archives of Mechanics
|
2021
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Vol. 73, nr 5-6
499--540
EN
The prediction of inelastic processes like plastic deformations and cracks within the microstructure of modern man-made materials by realistic, yet simple and efficient continuum models remains a major task in material modelling. For this purpose, gradient-extended standard dissipative solids represent one of the most promising model classes, which is also formulated and applied in this work to investigate microscopic failure mechanisms in three exemplary three-dimensional composite microstructures. The model combines geometrically nonlinear isotropic elastoplasticity with an isotropic damage model with gradient-extension. For the numerical treatment, a variational constitutive update algorithm based on the exponential map is applied. The model is used to provide insight into the microscopic failure of a brittle woven composite material, a particle-reinforced plastic and a carbon fiber reinforced composite. The influence of different microstructural and material parameters on the overall failure behavior is characterized. Adaptive meshing is used to enable a refined numerical resolution of the cracked regions.
8
Content available Static and kinematic shakedown theorems in diffusion-induced plasticity
Peigney Michael
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
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2020
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Vol. 58 nr 2
415--424
EN
We present shakedown theorems applying to cyclically loaded media in which plastic flow and diffusion of guest atoms are coupled. The presented theorems are in the spirit of Melan and Koiter theorems in plasticity. They allow one to estimate the loading parameters for which elastic shakedown occurs, i.e. for which the plastic strain stabilizes to a time-independent limit. An application related to lithium-ion batteries is presented.
9
Content available Dieless drawing process for elongation of thin copper and copper alloy wire
Milenin Andrij, Kustra Piotr, Wróbel Mirosław, Pidvysots’kyy Valeriy, Paćko Marek
Journal of Metallic Materials
|
2019
|
Vol. 71, no. 3
12--15
EN
The article proposes a new process for the production of thin wires made of copper and copper alloys. The proposed process is based on the idea of dieless drawing. The workpiece for dieless drawing is a thin wire obtained through a conventional drawing method. The proposed technology is based on a multi-pass process. The deformation parameters in each pass are determined on the basis of an analysis of the dependence of the flow stress of the material on the strain, strain rate and temperature. For this purpose, plastometric tests of a copper and CuZn37 alloy were performed. In order to determine technological plasticity and roughness propagation during dieless drawing, physical and numerical modelling of this process were performed. The obtained data were used in the practical implementation of the dieless drawing technology.
PL
Artykuł poświęcono nowemu procesowi produkcji cienkich drutów z miedzi i jej stopów. Zaproponowany proces jest oparty o idee ciągnienia bezmatrycowego. Wsadem do ciągnienia bezmatrycowego jest cienki drut, wyprodukowany za pomocą metody konwencjonalnego ciągnienia. Proponowana technologia jest oparta na wieloprzepustowym procesie. Parametry odkształcenia w każdym przepuście są wyznaczane na podstawie analizy zależności naprężenia uplastyczniającego od odkształcenia, prędkości odkształcenia i temperatury. W tym celu przeprowadzono badania plastometryczne miedzi i stopu CuZn37. Celem wyznaczenia technologicznej plastyczności oraz propagacji chropowatości powierzchni drutu w trakcie ciągnienia bezmatrycowego wykonano fizyczne i numeryczne modelowanie procesu. Otrzymane dane wykorzystano podczas praktycznej implementacji procesu ciągnienia bezmatrycowego.
10
Research of the dual phase steel DP450 properties from the forming aspects
Bilik Jozef, Tittel Viktor, Sobota Robert, Suba Roland
Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze
|
2019
|
Vol. 86, nr 1
14--17
EN
The paper is focused on study of plasticity and formability of dual phase steel DP 450, which is used in automotive industry. The paper shows results from tensile test for plasticity determination and also results of technological tests for complex evaluation of formability. These consisted from Erichsen cup test, Fukui test and Schmidt test. The paper shows also results of microhardness measurement.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na badaniu plastyczności i odkształcalności stali dwufazowej DP 450, która jest stosowana w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki prób rozciągania dla określenia plastyczności, a także wyniki testów technologicznych dla kompleksowej oceny odkształcalności. Składały się one z testu pucharowego Erichsena, testu Fukui i testu Schmidta. W pracy przedstawiono również wyniki pomiaru mikrotwardości.
11
Content available Some geotechnical properties of pure and waste gypsum for geoelectrical grounding applications
Mohd Tadza Mohd Yuhyi, Mazelan Nurmazuria, Yusri Nur Farahana, Abdullah Amizatulhani
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports
|
2019
|
Vol. 29, no. 3
97--106
EN
Natural occurring gypsum is a soft mineral consists of hydrated calcium sulphate, mainly used in cement industry. On the other hand, red gypsum (RG) is a waste generated from a sulphate process of ilmenite ore to acquire titanium dioxide. Due to the gypsum content in both materials are similar, it is expected that both gypsum type can be used for similar engineering applications. In this study, RG was tested and compared to pure gypsum for geoelectrical grounding applications. The geotechnical properties and plasticity characteristics were carefully measured and tested. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was employed to study the chemical constituents of the materials. Test results showed that, the geotechnical properties of RG is different to that of white gypsum. The plasticity index (PI) of RG was 239.6% greater due to the presence of Fe ions. Surprisingly, the electrical resistivity of both material were found to be similar. It was also noted that, although the plasticity of pure gypsum is high, the plasticity of pure gypsum was found to be short lived primarily due to instantaneous exothermic reaction between water and semihydrated gypsum. The change in the plasticity also affected the resistivity as gypsum hardened after short duration. Based on the geotechnical and plasticity characteristics determined, RG was found to be a better as grounding material as compared to gypsum.
12
Content available Plasticity and swell-shrink behaviour of electrokinetically stabilized virgin expansive soil using calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride solutions as cationic fluids
James Jijo, James Archana, Kumar Arun, Gomathi Elumalai, Prasath Karunakaran Kamal
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports
|
2019
|
Vol. 29, no. 1
128--146
EN
This investigation focussed on the plasticity and swell-shrink behaviour of an expansive soil that was stabilized using electro kinetic stabilization (EKS) techniques with cationic fluids for enhancement of stabilization. 0.25 M solutions of calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride were used as cationic fluids. An electro kinetic (EK) cell of dimensions 500 mm x 150 mm x 160 mm with inert graphite electrodes of size 140 mm x 160 mm x 5 mm was adopted for the stabilization process, carried out at an applied voltage of 40 V over a period of 6 hours. After the duration of the test, stabilized soil sample was subjected to Atterberg limits and free swell tests to determine its plasticity and swell-shrink characteristics. The results of the investigation found that both fluids were capable of reducing the plasticity and swell-shrink behaviour of the soil with different levels of effectiveness.
PL
W badaniach skupiono się na plastyczności i kurczeniu się gleby, która została ustabilizowana za pomocą technik stabilizacji elektrokinetycznej (EKS) z płynami kationowymi. Jako płyny kationowe stosowano 0,25 M roztwory wodorotlenku wapnia i chlorku wapnia. Do procesu stabilizacji przyjęto ogniwo elektrokinetyczne (EK) o wymiarach 500 mm x 150 mm x 160 mm z obojętnymi elektrodami grafitowymi o wymiarach 140 mm x 160 mm x 5 mm, przy zastosowaniu napięcia 40 V przez okres 6 godzin. Po zakończeniu testu stabilizowaną próbkę gleby poddano testom Atterberga i badaniom swobodnego spęcznienia w celu określenia jego plastyczności i charakterystyki kurczenia się. Wyniki badania wykazały, że oba płyny były w stanie zmniejszyć plastyczność i kurczenie się gleby przy różnych poziomach skuteczności.
13
Content available Fuzzy Logic Enhancement of Material Strain Hardening Data Obtained in the Heyer's Test
Skrzat A., Wójcik M., Bąk Ł.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2019
|
Vol. 64, iss. 3
1059--1065
EN
Fuzzy logic determination of the material hardening parameters based on the Heyer’s method was applied in this research. As the fuzzy input variables, the length of two measuring bases and the maximum force registered in the Heyer's test were used. Firstly, the numerical experiment (the simulation of the fuzzification of the input data) with the assumed disturbance of input variables was performed. Next, on the basis of experimental investigations (eleven samples made from the same material), the membership functions associated with the input data were created. After that, the fuzzy analysis was examined. Fuzzy material hardening constants obtained by means of the α-level optimization and the extension principle methods were compared. Discrete values of the hardening data are found in the defuzzification process, by application of the mass center method.
14
Content available remote Role of dilatancy angle in plasticity-based models of concrete
Wosatko Adam, Winnicki Andrzej, Polak Maria Anna, Pamin Jerzy
Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering
|
2019
|
Vol. 19, no. 4
1268--1283
EN
The so-called concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model is frequently employed by ABAQUS users to simulate the behaviour of concrete. One important aspect of the model, namely the representation of material dilatancy, is evaluated in the paper. The role of the dilatancy angle in pressure-dependent plasticity models is reviewed. The plastic potential adopted in the CDP model is discussed. It is shown that the definitions of the angle in the CDP model and in the Burzynski–Drucker–Prager (BDP) plasticity model for a continuum can lead to different angle magnitudes. Two tests on concrete configurations are simulated to illustrate how strongly the angle influences the results: the Kupfer benchmark of a panel under uniaxial or biaxial compression and the punching shear response in a slab-column connection. The importance of viscosity in cracking simulation is thereby mentioned, the results are compared with experimental ones and mesh sensitivity is verified. Recommendations for analysis of concrete mechanics problems are formulated.
15
Content available remote Odkształcalność plastyczna i anizotropia struktury taśm z nowych stali typu maraging
Pawlak S. J.
Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie
|
2018
|
nr 11-12
64--68
PL
W pracy analizowano kierunkowość własności i struktury taśm cienkich wytworzonych ze stali X2NiMoTi19-4-1 i X1CrNiMoTi11-10-1, tj. odpowiednio bezkobaltowej stali typu maraging i stali odpornej na korozję umacnianej wydzieleniowo (SONK-UW). Do oceny anizotropii struktury stali i rozkładu wielkości ziarna wykorzystano mikroskop skaningowy z detektorem EBSD. Badane stale – pomimo całkowicie różnych składów chemicznych – mają bardzo zbliżone własności mechaniczne w stanie przesyconym oraz po starzeniu.
EN
The paper analyses the directionality of the tensile properties and microstructure of cold-rolled thin strips made of the X1NiMoTi19-4-1 Co-free maraging steel and the X1CrNiMoTi11-10-1 precipitation hardening stainless steel. The scanning electron microscopy EBSD technique was used to assess microstructural anisotropy and the grain size distribution. It was demonstrated that both steels – despite entirely different chemical compositions – exhibit very similar mechanical properties in the cold-rolled, annealed state and after age hardening.
16
Content available remote Adaptive Plasticity in Insect Parasites – Philopterus Lice and their Accentor Passerine Hosts
Janiga M.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2018
|
Vol. 66, nr 4
395--406
EN
One hundred and five alpine accentors Prunella collaris (Scopoli, 1786) and ninety four dunnocks Prunella modularis (Linnaeus, 1758) were captured in the West Carpathian Mountains of Slovakia in order to compare the morphology of their Ischnoceran parasites Philopterus emiliae Balát 1985 and Philopterus modularis (Denny, 1842), respectively. In the case of both host species, the largest bodied lice occurred in winter, before the beginning of the host breeding season. Lice collected during the host breeding season were smaller in size than those collected in winter. Lice collected in the autumn, following postnuptial molt were even smaller in size. The largest lice were found on the bodies of host individuals with relatively long wings. The lice Ph. emiliae also differed in shape. In winter, the relative size of the head was large, while in the autumn, the head was proportionately smaller in size, compared to other body regions. Adult lice Ph. modularis also tended to have larger heads in April than in July. Measurements of lice over an eleven year period from the same site yielded differences in shape, but not in size. This study is one of the first assessments of seasonal variation in morphology of lice.
17
Content available Material definition to design vehicle components, application to crashworthiness
Rusinek A., Zaera R.
Logistics and Transport
|
2018
|
Vol. 38, No. 2
63--67
EN
In this paper a short description is reported allowing to take into account some aspects to design structures used for automotive industries. It allows to define correctly the behaviour of a vehicle and mainly the passive structures to absorb energy during an accident or an impact. The main aspect related to the behaviour is the strain rate sensitivity coupled to the process of elastic wave propagation.
18
Content available The Influence of Agroclimatic Factors on the Formation of Oil Content in Flax Seeds in the North of Kazakhstan
Gordeyeva Y., Shestakova N.
Journal of Ecological Engineering
|
2018
|
Vol. 19, nr 3
102--105
EN
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the promising oil crops in the north of Kazakhstan. Over the last 10 years, the total area under this crop in the region has increased fourteen-fold, since flax is a very plastic crop for steppe and dry steppe conditions, and oil seeds are in high demand in the world market. Flaxseed oil, due to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, occupies one of the first positions among other edible vegetable oils. Depending on the environmental conditions, the oil content of the crop may vary from 36.4% to 52.0%, while, as noted by many researchers, the change in the oil content depends on the genotypic characteristics. Therefore, the study aims to analyze the influence of the genotype and climatic conditions of cultivation on the fat biosynthesis in flax seeds in the context of the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan on dark chestnut soils of the Akmola region. Field experiments were conducted in 2015–2017 with the study of nine oil flaxseed cultivars (of mid-season varieties) sown on May 20th at the seeding rate of 7 million seeds/ha based on the traditional technology of cultivation recommended for the region. The climatic parameters were taken into account according to the meteorological service data. The fat content was determined by the extraction method using a Soxhlet apparatus, in accordance with GOST (All-Union State Standard) 10857–64, and the moisture content was determined by means of the thermogravimetric method, according to the National Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2.195–2010, for the recalculation of the oil content for absolutely dry matter. It was found that the formation of oil depends on the climatic parameters and on the sum of active temperatures during the ripening period, in particular. The evaluation of plasticity and stability of the cultivars (genotypes) showed that VNIIMK 620, Lirina, Karabalyksky 7 can be considered highly valuable cultivars and Severny, Biryuza, Kazar, Ilyich – valuable cultivars in terms of the oil content for the dry steppe zone.
19
The sigma phase precipitation during high temperature deformation of the X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 duplex steel
Stradomski G., Jasińska J., Laber K., Sawicki S.
Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze
|
2018
|
Vol. 85, nr 2
54--57
EN
Steels and other ferrous alloys are very well known as construction materials and still are widely used and in the near future this will not change. Duplex steels due to the two-phase construction combine high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. Both those parameters are at higher level than austenitic stainless steels and that why duplex steels are irreplaceable material in many fields like the petrochemical, power, pulp and paper, and food industry. This multiphase microstructure generates a lot of problems which have already been repeatedly presented in many works. Among the steels and cast steels resistant to corrosion most modern and dynamically developing group are ferritic-austenitic alloys, commonly known as duplex. The chemical composition of a steel containing about 0.02% C, 26% Cr, 6.5% Ni, 3% Mo, 1.4% Mn, 0.2% N guarantees that already after casting is obtained ferritic - austenitic structure. The paper present results of the X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 duplex steel physical tests made with the Gleeble 3800 machine. The research concerns problems of the influence of primary structure on the plasticity and sigma phase formation.
PL
Stale obok innych stopów żelaza są dobrze znanymi, szeroko wykorzystywanymi materiałami konstrukcyjnymi i sytuacja taka w najbliższej przyszłości nie ulegnie zmianie. Stale dupleks dzięki swojej dwufazowej budowie cechuje wysoka odporność korozyjna oraz wysokie właściwości mechaniczne. Obydwa te parametry są na wyższym poziomie niż stali austenitycznych i dlatego stale dupleks są niezastąpionym materiałem w wielu gałęziach przemysłu jak petrochemiczny, energetyczny, papierniczy czy w produkcji żywności. Taka budowa mikrostruktury powoduje pojawienie się wielu problemów, które już w wielu pracach były szeroko omawiane. Wśród stali i staliwa odpornego na korozję najszybciej rozwijającą się grupą są stopy ferrytyczno-austenityczne znane również jako dupleks. Skład chemiczny stali zawierającej 0,02% C, 26% Cr, 6,5% Ni, 3% Mo, 1,4% Mn, 0,2% N gwarantuje uzyskanie już w stanie lanym mikrostruktury ferrytyczno-austenitycznej. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań fizycznych przeprowadzonych z wykorzystaniem urządzenia Gleeble 3800 na stali X2CrNiMoN25-7-4. Badania dotyczą problemów wpływu mikrostruktury pierwotnej na plastyczność oraz wydzielanie się fazy sigma.
20
Content available The influence of the surface topography on the cell-differentiation effect
Lackner J. M., Major R.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2018
|
Vol. 21, no. 148
22
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