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1

Effects of agricultural polluting factors on the environment

Ertop Hasan, Atilgan Atilgan, Saltuk Burak

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2024

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Vol. 19, No. 1.1

5--22

EN

Some practices such as fertilisation and pesticide use are carried out in order to obtain high yields in agricultural production. However, as a result of these practices, agricultural pollutants may occur as a result of incorrect agricultural practices. Problems such as water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, nutrient imbalance, salination in soils, eutrophication in waters, beneficial microorganisms in soils and damage to human and animal health occur due to faulty fertilisation and pesticide applications, misuse of agricultural soils, and inaccuracies in the disposal of plastic wastes. In this study, the literature on agricultural polluting factors was examined and it was aimed to raise awareness about agricultural pollution by explaining the harms of agricultural polluting factors to the environment and the health of living beings and by trying to offer solutions. Within the scope of this targeted awareness, this study; It is aimed to raise the awareness of producers in future production processes and to provide a stepping stone for scientific studies on this subject.

2

Investigating the Potential of Landfilled Plastic Waste – A Case Study of Makassar Landfill, Eastern Indonesia

Muis Ramdiana, Al Fariz Reza Darma, Yunus Sattar, Tasrief Robertho, Rachman Indriyani, Matsumoto Toru

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

185--196

EN

Society’s demands for plastic materials continue to increase, but their impact on the environment cannot be denied due to the long decomposition periods. The destination for plastic waste is mostly in landfills. In the case of Indonesia, the Makassar landfill, the largest landfill in the eastern region of Indonesia, has exceeded its capacity and is currently mixed and buried without treatment (open dumping). The main aim of this study is to identify potential plastic waste buried in the landfill. Sampling was conducted at three landfill locations: location 1 is a non-active landfill zone that is no longer used, and locations 2 and 3 are active landfill zones that are still in operational use. The sampling method uses a Hydraulic Rotary Drilling Spindle, with a drilling depth of 0–18 meters for location 1, 0–17 meters for location 2, and 0–13 meters for location 3. The research results show that at location 1, plastic waste contributes to approximately 31% of the total waste in this old landfill zone, including plastic bags and beverage bottles. Meanwhile, at location 2, approximately 22% of plastic waste was found, and at location 3, about 14%. Testing the calorific value of plastic waste gave an average of 29,862 MJ/ton. The plastic waste found in these landfills has the potential to be recycled but requires intensive cleaning processes. Furthermore, this plastic waste can also be utilized as an energy source due to its relatively high calorific value.

3

Use of plastic waste in cement-bound layers

Krawczyk Bartłomiej, Mackiewicz Piotr, Dobrucki Dariusz

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2023

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Vol. 22, no. 3

243--257

EN

The article presents research on the possible use of material obtained during recycling of plastic waste. The materials were used in production of cement-bound mixtures for road pavement layers or improved subgrade. The analyses were based on laboratory tests of plastic waste, aggregate and cement-bound mixtures. The tests encompassed particle size distribution, compaction, compressive strength (early – after 7 days; final – after 28 days), frost resistance and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The obtained results were evaluated in the light of the current national technical requirements. It was shown that plastic waste may be used as an alternative to classic materials.

PL

Tematem artykułu są badania nad możliwością wykorzystania materiałów pochodzących z recyklingu odpadów z tworzyw sztucznych. Materiały te zastosowano do wytworzenia mieszanek związanych cementem, przeznaczonych do warstw konstrukcji nawierzchni drogowej oraz podłoża ulepszonego. Przeprowadzono analizy na podstawie badań laboratoryjnych odpadów plastikowych, kruszywa oraz mieszanek związanych cementem. Badania obejmowały analizę składu ziarnowego i zagęszczalności, badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie (wczesnej – po 7 dniach; docelowej – po 28 dniach), badania mrozoodporności oraz badania kalifornijskiego wskaźnika nośności CBR. Wyniki badań odniesiono do obowiązujących krajowych wymagań technicznych. Wykazano możliwość stosowania materiałów z recyklingu odpadów plastikowych jako alternatywę dla klasycznie stosowanych materiałów.

4

Proekologiczne kruszywo z odpadów tworzyw sztucznych jako alternatywa kruszywa naturalnego do betonów lekkich

Prusiel Jolanta Anna, Bujnarowski Kevin

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

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R. 94, nr 11-12

144--148

PL

W artykule opisano możliwość wykorzystania w budownictwie poprodukcyjnych odpadów plastikowych, takich jak folia zwykła i termokurczliwa. Wykorzystując specjalistyczną technologię, wytworzono kruszywo łamane o uziarnieniu do 8 mm z mieszanki materiałów syntetycznych PET/PVC/OPS (PPO). Materiały te pochodziły z odpadów generowanych podczas produkcji etykiet foliowych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania właściwości kruszywa z recyklingu tworzyw sztucznych, takich jak gęstość nasypowa i ziaren, nasiąkliwość oraz parametry mechaniczne betonu. Przedstawiono również zdjęcia z mikroskopu skaningowego dla kruszywa z odpadów tworzyw sztucznych oraz dla betonu z jego zawartością. Zastosowanie ekologicznego kruszywa do betonu lekkiego wpłynie pozytywnie na ochronę środowiska naturalnego.

EN

The article describes the possibility of using post-production plastic waste, such as ordinary and shrink film, in construction. Using specialized technology, a crushed aggregate with a grain size of up to 8 mm was produced from a mixture of PET/PVC/OPS (PPO) synthetic materials. These materials were derived from waste generated during the production of film labels. In the article the results of testing the properties of the recycled plastic aggregate, such as bulk and grain density, absorbability and mechanical parameters of concrete, were presented. Scanning microscope images for aggregate made from plastic waste and for concrete with its content were also presented. The use of pro-ecological aggregate for lightweight concrete will have a positive impact on protection of natural environment.

5

Transforming Bubble Wrap and Packaging Plastic Waste into Valuable Fuel Resources

Sari Mega Mutiara, Inoue Takanobu, Rofiah Rofiah, Septiariva Iva Yenis, Prayogo Wisnu, Suryawan I. Wayan Koko, Arifianingsih Nur Novilina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

260--270

EN

This study aimed to investigate the potential of plastic waste, specifically bubble wrap and packaging plastic, as a fuel source through pyrolysis process. The samples were analyzed using FTIR and GC-MS. The results showed that both samples contained alkanes and alkenes, with hydrocarbon fractions like those found in gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. The pyrolysis process resulted in hydrocarbon fractions ranging from light to heavy fractions. The bubble wrap sample showed the highest percentage of hydrocarbon fraction in the kerosene range (C10–C13), with an area of 19.23%. In contrast, the packaging plastic sample showed the highest percentage of hydrocarbon fraction in the diesel range (C14–C20), with an area percentage of 19.67%. The calorific value of the pyrolysis products was also determined, with the bubble wrap sample having a higher value than that of gasoline, while the packaging plastic sample had a value close to that of kerosene. The results of this study suggest that plastic waste has the potential to be converted into fuel, which can contribute to sustainable development by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and reducing plastic waste. However, further refinement of the pyrolysis products is needed to meet commercial fuel standards.

6

Fuel recovery from plastic and organic wastes with the help of mineralogical catalysts

Sarıkap Mehmet Can, Çebi Fatma Hoş

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 3

16--25

EN

Plastics are one of the most widely used materials, and, in most cases, they are designed to have long life spans. Since plastic and packaging waste pollute the environment for many years, their disposal is of great importance for the environment and human health. In this paper, a system was developed to store liquid fuel from plastic and organic waste mixes without solidification, which then can be used as fuel in motor vehicles and construction machinery. For this purpose, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and organic wastes and clay, zeolite, and MCS23-code materials (50% magnetite-%25 calcium oxide-%25 sodium chloride) were heated in a closed medium at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400°C and subsequently re-condensed. The study conducted twenty tests, involving various types and rates of plastic and organic materials, as well as different rates of catalysts. Among these tests, the highest liquid fuel yield (67.47%) was achieved in Test 9, where 50% PVC50% PET waste, 75 g of clinoptilolite, and 500 g of MCS23 waste were collectively used. Notably, Test 12 exhibited the highest density value (79.8 kg/m3), while the best viscosity value (2.794 mm2/s) was observed in Test 2. Across all samples, flash point values were found to be below 40°C. The most favorable yield point value was recorded in Test 2 (-6°C). The samples displayed ash content within the range of 0 to 0.01% (m/m)] and combustion heat values of 35.000> J/g which fall within the standard range. The incorporation of MCS23 with clinoptilolite additives is believed to have a significant impact on obtaining high-yield products with improved fuel properties.

7

Oxidative Aging Characterization of Pyro-Oil Modified Binders Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Bhagat Nikita Taran, Hadole Hemantkumar Prakash, Ranadive Mahadeo Sambhaji

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 1

140--149

EN

The numerous uses for plastics in various industries have led to an increase in its manufacturing on a global scale over time. The accumulation of plastic waste is a direct result of the daily rise in plastic demand. One of the effective and trending ways of reducing the impact of plastic waste on the environment is to pyrolyze it and use the oil obtained from it as fuel for power generation, heating, extraction of chemicals, or as an asphalt binder modifier. In this study, an attempt was made for the modification of asphalt binder with the oil obtained from plastic waste pyrolysis known as pyro-oil, and to analyse aging properties of the modified binder. This paper deals with the modification of VG30 binder with pyro-oil obtained from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste and the analysing the effect of aging on the modified binders. Pyro-oil is yielded from the pyrolysis process of HDPE at about 750°C. The modified binders were prepared by adding 1%, 2%, and 3% pyro-oil by total weight of VG30. The effect of aging for the unmodified and modified binders was analyzed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The binders were short term aged and the changes in their chemical functionalities before and after aging were analyzed. Results of the FTIR test were used to calculate functional group indices for evaluating the aging characteristics of the modified binders. It was observed that binder chemistry is influenced by aging.

8

Recykling chemiczny tworzyw sztucznych

Trzebiatowska Patrycja Jutrzenka

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2022

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[Z] 76, 3-4

157--181

EN

Plastics are currently used in almost every branch of industry. Their popularity is due to excellent mechanical properties, durability combined with low weight. Global production of plastics in 2020 reached 387 million tons and a great amount of waste from plastics is generated as they are usually non-biodegradable and often are used only once before disposal. Since the 1970s, the problem of plastics pollution started to be noticed, and then the first regulations on their production, limiting and management options were introduced. There are several methods preventing the plastics waste going to landfill. Among the plastics management methods are mechanical recycling, solvent based purification, chemical recycling, energy recovery and biodegradation (Figure 1). Mechanical recycling is the reprocessing of the plastic waste to its original form (polymer) using simple physical operations like grinding, separating, extruding. This option is the most popular for thermoplastics as they are easily reprocessed and the cost operations are low. During solvent based purification the plastics products are purified from different additional compounds like colorants, antioxidants, fillers to obtain original polymer. Biodegradation is available only for some polymers. Energy recovery process releases the energy contained within plastics through combustion and is suitable only for materials which are difficult to recycle. Nowadays chemical recycling of plastic waste is the most noteworthy polymers recovery technique as it is complementary to mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling can be divided into two main processes: chemical and thermal depolymerization (Figure 2). Thermal depolymerization processes are conducted using heat and in the absence of oxygen, or with limited access to oxygen or other compounds (H2, CO2). It converts plastics into monomers or basic chemical (hydrocarbons, oil, H2O) and is typically used for polyolefins, PMMA, PS. During chemical depolymerization plastics are broken down into oligomers or monomers as a result of a chemical reaction with a low molecular weight agent (H2O, alcohols, amines, glycols, acids) and usually refers to condensation and addition polymers (PET, PC, PA, PU). Chemical recycling enables for multiple recycling of plastics to its monomers, which can be polymerized to produce the original polymer. The manuscript presents a literature review on chemical recycling of commonly used plastics such as vinyl polymers, polycondensation polymers, thermosets and polymer blends.

9

Use of plastic waste in materials for road pavement construction and improved subgrade

Krawczyk Bartłomiej, Mackiewicz Piotr, Dobrucki Dariusz

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2022

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Vol. 21, no. 3

203--216

EN

The article presents research on the possible use of recycled synthetic materials (plastics) in production of new asphalt mixtures and cement-bound materials intended as road pavement layers or improved subgrade. From technical and economic perspective, plastic waste constitutes an alternative source of materials that may, after adequate processing, replace classic materials used in road construction. The first stage of the research encompassed tests of bitumen containing dissolved plastic and tests of plastic aggregate, including comparison of the obtained results with current requirements for materials used in asphalt layers. Tests were also performed on an asphalt mixture in which mineral aggregate had been replaced with recycled plastic aggregate. The second stage of the research encompassed strength tests and frost resistance tests of cement-bound materials containing an addition of plastic waste. Possibilities and limitations of use of such materials were analyzed. The obtained results indicated that it is possible to use plastic waste in materials intended for road pavement layers and improved subgrade. Considerable economic and environmental benefits were noted.

PL

Tematem artykułu są badania nad możliwością wykorzystania materiałów pochodzących z recyklingu tworzyw sztucznych (potocznie zwanych plastikami) do wytworzenia nowych mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych oraz mieszanek związanych cementem, przeznaczonych do warstw konstrukcji nawierzchni drogowej oraz podłoża ulepszonego. Z technicznego i ekonomicznego punktu widzenia odpady plastikowe stanowią alternatywne źródło materiałów mogących, po odpowiednim przetworzeniu, zastąpić klasyczne materiały wykorzystywane w budownictwie drogowym. W pierwszym etapie przeprowadzone zostały badania asfaltów z rozpuszczonym plastikiem oraz badania granulatu plastikowego, w odniesieniu do obowiązujących wymagań sta- wianych materiałom do wykorzystania w warstwach asfaltowych. Przeprowadzono również podstawowe badania mieszanki mineralno-asfaltowej, w której kruszywo kamienne zastąpiono granulatem plastikowym z recyklingu. W drugim etapie przeprowadzono badania wytrzymałości i mrozoodporności mieszanek związanych cementem z dodatkiem odpadów plastikowych. Przeanalizowano możliwości i ograniczenia w stosowaniu tego typu materiałów. Na podstawie wyników badań udowodniono możliwość wykorzystania odpadów plastikowych w materiałach stosowanych w warstwach konstrukcji nawierzchni drogowych oraz podłożu ulepszonym. Wykazano przy tym istotne korzyści ekonomiczne i środowiskowe.

10

Three-phases bubble column to polyethylene terephthalate depolymerization for cement mortar composites improvement

Hameed A. M., Alzuhairi M., Ibrahim S. I.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 112, nr 1

5--12

EN

Purpose: This paper aims to prepare depolymerized polyethylene terephthalate (DPET) powder from recycled plastic water bottles. Adding this DPET powder to the cement mortar was also studied. Design/methodology/approach: The adopted PET depolymerization process includes the usage of both ethylene glycol (EG) as solvent and nano-MgO as a catalyst. A bubble column reactor was designed for this process. Five different mortar groups were made; each has different DPET content of 0%, 1%, 3%, 6% and 9% as a sand replacement. The flexural strength testand the water absorption measurement are done after two curing periods: 7 and 28 days. Findings: The research finding demonstrated that the flexural strength of mortar was reduced by increasing the DPET powder percentage and the maximum dropping was 15% when 9% of DPET was added. The ability of the mortar to absorb the water was reduced by 14.5% when DPET powder was 9%. The mortar microstructure is featured with fewer cavities and porosity. Research limitations/implications: This work’s employed bubble column technique is limited only to the laboratory environment and needs to be scaled up within industrial mass production. For future research, it is suggested to decrease depolymerization time by using smaller pieces of plastic water bottle waste and trying other types of nanocatalyst. Practical implications: The modified mortar can be utilized in areas where moisture, rainfalls, and sanitation systems exist. Originality/value: The article claims that depolymerized waste PET improves chemical process efficiency by lowering reaction time and improving mass and heat transfer rates. Besides, this approach saves money. It is found out that the depolymerized plastic waste is much more functional due to its high cohesion capability than being used as small PET pieces.

11

Plastic waste reinforced with inorganic pigment from red stone in manufacturing paving block for pedestrian application

Sastrawidana D. K., Sukarta I. N., Saraswati L. P. A., Maryam S., Putra G. A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 110, nr 2

49--58

EN

Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of plastic waste as fine aggregates to partial replacement of sand reinforced with inorganic pigment from red stone to manufacture paving block for pedestrian application. This is an effort not only to reduce plastic waste in the environment but also as an innovative way to find out an alternative eco-friendly paving block material for public walkways with an attractive appearance while ensuring pedestrian comfort. Design/methodology/approach: Approaches were converted the plastic waste to plastic powder which is then used as fine particles to sand partial replacement. The red stone powder is used to give red color to the paving block surface. The paving block materials were completely mixed in a pan mixer and added water as much as 12% of the total mass of the materials used. The paving block was cast in a mold dimension size of 20 cm × 10 cm × 6 cm and pressed with a load of 6 tons using a pressing machine. The effect of natural river sand to plastic powder ratio and curing time on the compressive strength and water absorption were investigated. Findings: The study results confirmed that the replacement of sand with plastic powder decreased the compressive strength of paving block. By partial replacement of sand with plastic powder in the range of 10% to 50% by weight, the compressive strength and water absorption value of pavement after 30 days agitation were at range of 18.06-12.78 MPa and 4.28-3.25%, respectively. This value was still met the minimum requirement for pedestrian applications according to Indonesian National Standard. Research limitations/implications: Replacing sand up to 50% by weight with plastic waste produces paving blocks with compressive strength and water absorption suitable for sidewalks and pedestrians. It is needed to continue research in terms of durability tests in order to be comfortable with the practical use of the material. Practical implications: The use of plastic waste reinforced with red stone powder as fine aggregate makes it one of the alternative ways to reduce plastic waste in the environment and obtain eco-friendly paving blocks with an attractive appearance. Originality/value: It has been experimentally proven that replacing sand up to 50% by weight with plastic powder produces paving blocks that are suitable for pedestrians application. The addition of red stone powder pigment makes the color of paving block surface become more attractive appearance.

12

The Use of Environmentally Friendly Technologies in the Construction of Road Surfaces, with the Aim of the Rational Distribution of Natural Resources in Russia

Chernykh Elena

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 11

30--35

EN

The subject of research in this article is recycled plastics as a leading component in pavement construction. The aim of the work was to evaluate innovative methods of using nature-saving technologies in the construction of road surfaces, with the aim of rational distribution of natural resources. The advantages of asphalt pavement are cost-effectiveness, recycling, ease of maintenance, the ability to lay asphalt on the old layer, and good adhesion. Production of asphalt with the addition of plastic is 3% more expensive than usual, but its environmental friendliness and prospects fully compensate for the increased production costs.

13

Kierunki zagospodarowania odpadów z tworzyw sztucznych w dobie COVID-19

Skrzyniarz Magdalena

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2021

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nr 8

26--31

PL

Pojawienie się i szybkie rozprzestrzenienie na cały świat wirusa SARS-CoV-2 spowodowało gwałtowny wzrost produkcji odpadów z tworzyw sztucznych. Największy wzrost zapotrzebowania odnotowano w odniesieniu do środków ochrony osobistej ze względu na fakt, że wiele krajów nakazało ich noszenie w przestrzeni publicznej. W czasie pandemii zwiększyła się również produkcja jednorazowych opakowań żywnościowych. Naukowcy zauważają, że z powodu niewłaściwego gospodarowania odpadami z tworzyw sztucznych oraz usuwania środków ochrony osobistej (SOI) zwiększy się zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Należy wdrożyć racjonalne metody zagospodarowania i przetwarzania odpadów z tworzyw sztucznych, które powstały w czasie pandemii SARS-CoV-2, w taki sposób, aby nie zagrażały środowisku naturalnemu ani zdrowiu ludzkiemu. W niniejszym artykule zaproponowano metodę termicznego przetwarzania wskazanych odpadów, a mianowicie pirolizę, która może zastąpić składowanie oraz spalanie. Metoda ta umożliwia nie tylko skuteczną neutralizację odpadów niebezpiecznych, ale — co jest szczególnie istotne — prowadzi do powstania wartościowych produktów.

EN

The emergence and rapid worldwide spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus resulted in increase in the production of plastic waste. The greatest increase in demand was recorded for personal protective equipment due to the fact that many countries have ordered their wearing in public space. The production of disposable food packaging has also increased during the pandemic. Researchers noted that environmental pollution will increase due to improper management of plastic waste and disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE). A rational method of management and processing of plastic waste generated during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic should be developed in such a way that it does not endanger the environment or human health. This article proposes a method of thermal processing of the above-mentioned waste, namely pyrolysis, which can replace landfilling and incineration. This method allows not only effective neutralization of hazardous waste, but also, which is particularly important, leads to the creation of valuable products.

14

Evaluation of some plastic wastes as additives to reinforce high-density fiberboard (HDF)

Külçe Tuba, Ateş Saim, Olgun Çağrı

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2021

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vol. 64, nr 208

79--93

EN

The use of plastic wastes in the forest product industry as an additive material is an alternative solution for reducing environmental pollution. In this study, different types of plastic wastes, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), which have various characteristics and considerable potential as reinforcing materials for wood fibers, were added to high-density fiberboard (HDF) in different mixture ratios (25/75, 50/50, 75/25) with commercial fibers. Changes in some properties of the boards, including density, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), and internal bond strength, were determined. It was found that water absorption and thickness swelling ratios were lower in the boards with plastic waste additive than in the control samples. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the samples using plastic waste (except PET) were nearly as good as those of the control samples. The results indicate that PP and PS wastes can be considered for use in the reinforced HDF production process, with different mixture ratios for different usage areas.

15

Characterization of geometrical parameters of plastic bottle shredder blade utilizing a two-step optimization method

Nguyen Trieu Khoa, Chau Minh Quang, Do The-Can, Pham Anh-Duc

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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LXVIII, nr 3

253--269

EN

In this paper, a numerical and experimental investigation of geometrical parameters of the blade for plastic bottle shredder was performed based on the Taguchi method in combination with a response surface method (RSM). Nowadays, plastic waste has become a major threat to the environment. Shredding, in which plastic waste is shredded into small bits, ready for transportation and further processing, is a crucial step in plastic recycling. Although many studies on plastic shredders were performed, there was still a need for more researches on the optimization of shredder blades. Hence, a numerical analysis was carried out to study the influences of the relevant geometrical parameters. Next, a two-step optimization process combining the Taguchi method and the RSM was utilized to define optimal parameters. The simulation results clearly confirmed that the current technique can triumph over the limitation of the Taguchi method, originated from a discrete optimization nature. The optimal blade was then fabricated and experimented, showing lower wear via measurement by an ICamScope® microscope. Hence, it can be clearly inferred from this investigation that the current optimization method is a simple, sufficient tool to be applied in such a traditional process without using any complicated algorithms or expensive software.

16

Wpływ PET, HDPE i PVC na wybrane właściwości kompozytów cementowych

Kostrzanowska-Siedlarz Aleksandra, Kocot Agnieszka

Magazyn Autostrady

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2020

|

Nr 4

18--22

PL

W artykule omówiono możliwość wykorzystania odpadów sztucznych jako dodatku do kompozytów cementowych oraz określono ich wpływ na gęstość, wytrzymałość na zginanie oraz ściskanie po 2 i 28 dniach.

EN

The article discusses the possibility of using artificial waste as an additive to cement composites and their influence on the density, flexural and compressive strength after 2 and 28 days.

17

Wpływ odpadów sztucznych na wybrane właściwości zaprawy przed związaniem

Kostrzanowska-Siedlarz Aleksandra, Koziołek Agnieszka

Magazyn Autostrady

|

2019

|

Nr 3

37--42

PL

W artykule omówiono możliwość wykorzystania odpadów sztucznych jako dodatku do kompozytów cementowych oraz określono ich wpływ na konsystencję i zawartość powietrza w zaprawie przed związaniem.

EN

The article discusses the possibility of using artificial waste as an additive to cement composites and its influence on the consistency and air content in mortar before setting.

18

Analysis of the Energetic Use of Fuel Fractions Made of Plastic Waste

Marczak Halina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 8

100--106

EN

The overriding principle of waste management (already produced) is their reuse or use as secondary materials. It is consistent with the concept of a circular economy. Recycling materials and raw materials have the highest rank in the field of waste processing. For non-recyclable waste, other recovery processes also play a role. In the case of plastic waste, economically and ecologically justified processes of thermal transformation and catalytic depolymerisation leading to the formation of fuel fractions destined for energetic use may be useful. This direction of polymer waste processing is justified by the high calorific value of plastics. In the objective evaluation of waste treatment technologies, from the point of view of economics and environmental protection, it may be helpful to analyse the energy balance. The aim of the article is to analyse and evaluate the energy efficiency of using a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained in the process of catalytic depolymerisation of plastic waste based on the energy efficiency index for energy purposes. The efficiency index is calculated as the quotient of energy benefits and energy inputs for the use of depolymerisation products. Energy expenditure includes expenditures incurred in individual stages of the life cycle of a liquid product made of plastic waste. The conducted analysis showed that the energy use in the post-use phase of polymer products allows for the recovery of nearly 40% of the energy required for the production of products and processes enabling the use of waste from these products. Despite the low efficiency index, energy recovery from non-recyclable plastic waste should be considered as a positive action. Plastic packaging waste subjected to catalytic cracking can be included in the settlement of the obligation to achieve the required level of recovery if the cracking products are used for energy purposes.

19

Analiza możliwości wykorzystania odpadowych tworzyw tucznych w procesie produkcji płyt drogowych

Papacz W., Stec M., Wandzel J.

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

|

2018

|

R.21, Nr 12 (242)

13--16

20

Prawne i organizacyjne aspekty gospodarowania odpadami z tworzyw sztucznych w Polsce

Markiewicz-Patalon M.

Postępy w Inżynierii Mechanicznej

|

2018

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nr 11(6)

45--51

PL

Problem segregacji odpadów szczególnie w aspekcie wymogów Unii Europejskiej nabiera szczególnego znaczenia. W ostatnich latach w Polsce powstało szereg aktów prawnych dotyczących segregacji, utylizacji oraz recyklingu odpadów. W pracy omówiono sposoby katalogowania odpadów oraz plan gospodarowania odpadmi.

EN

The problem of waste segregation, in particular the aspect of requirements of the European Union, is important. Last years in Poland there have been drawn up many legal acts concerning segregation and recycling of waste. In order to facilitate presentation of the process of recovery, utilization and segregation of waste in accordance with the law, there was conducted the analysis on the basis of a small enterprise dealing with secondary raw materials’ recycling, such as waste paper, LDPE and PE foil, and PP and PS plastic company.