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1
Content available Grawerowanie za pomocą lasera CO2 form gipsowych do odlewania ceramiki ozdobnej i specjalistycznej
Gebel R., Synowiec B., Antosik A.
Szkło i Ceramika
|
2018
|
R. 69, nr 6
12--16
PL
Zbadano możliwość uzyskania grawerowanych form gipsowych do odlewania ceramiki, przez wykorzystanie rozkładu termicznego dwuwodnego siarczanu wapnia za pomocą lasera CO2 model C firmy Coherent. Efektem zamierzonym miała być możliwość szybkiego uzyskania grawerowanych form gipsowych z komputerowych projektów przygotowanych programami grafiki wektorowej 2D lub 3D typu CAD, pozwalająca na natychmiastowe reagowanie na potrzebę szybkiego otrzymania wyrobów w zależności od potrzeb klienta. Wstępnie zakładano opracowanie przynajmniej jednego projektu 3D z rozłożeniem na warstwy względem osi Z i przynajmniej jednego projektu, w którym głębokość w osi Z będzie reprezentowana przez odcienie szarości obrazu. Jednak właściwości materiału pozwoliły na grawerowania tylko w jednym przebiegu lasera. W wyniku otrzymano reliefy jednowarstwowe. Opracowana metoda może być upowszechniana wśród producentów stosujących formy gipsowe w swoich technologiach. Dotyczy to np. producentów naczyń stołowych i producentów kafli piecowych.
EN
The paper presents results concerning the application of far infrared laser with a wavelength of 10600 nm to prepare the relief plaster molds for ceramic casting. The goal of the work was to obtain the relief plaster molds from 2D and 3D computer projects prepared in CAD allowing for immediately response to customer needs. Primary, the author assumed to prepare at least one 3D project with layers divided by the Z axis and at least one project in which the depth in the Z axis will be represented by shades of gray image. However, the properties of material allowed for relief in only one laser run. As a result, the one-layer reliefs were obtained. The developed method can be disseminated among the producers applying the plaster molds in their technologies e.g. producers of tableware and stove tiles.
2
Content available The Influence of the Mould Filling Conditions on the Quality of Castings Made of EN AC-44000 Alloy
Nadolski M., Konopka Z., Łągiewka M., Zyska A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2014
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Vol. 14, iss. 2
19--22
EN
The work deals with the influence of change in the filling conditions of the ceramic moulds with plaster binder on the presence of gaseous porosity and the microstructure of the achieved test castings with graded wall thickness. Castings made of EN AC-44000 alloy, produced either by gravity casting, or by gravity casting with negative pressure generated around the mould (according to the Vacumetal technology), or by counter-gravity casting were compared. The results of examinations concerning the density of the produced castings indicate that no significant change in porosity was found. The increased size of silicon crystals was found for the increased wall thicknesses due to the slower cooling and solidification of castings.
3
Content available The Influence of the Method of Mould Filling on the Quality of Castings Made of EN AC-44000 or EN AC-46200 Alloy
Nadolski M., Konopka Z., Łągiewka M., Zyska A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2014
|
Vol. 14, iss. 4
73--76
EN
The performed examinations concerning the process of filling the plaster ceramic moulds with aluminium alloys allowed to assess the influence of various methods of introducing the metal into the mould cavity on the macro- and microstructure of the obtained experimental castings. The comparison was performed for castings with graded wall thickness made either of EN AC-44000 alloy or of EN AC-46000 alloy, produced either by gravity casting, or by gravity casting with negative pressure generated around the mould (according to the Vacumetal technology), or by counter-gravity casting. It was found that the silicon crystals grow in size with an increase in wall thickness due to the slower cooling and solidification of castings.
4
Content available remote Analysis and optimization of using hemihydrates plaster (ß) for casting mould in sanitary ware industry
Sheikh Attar M., Nemati H. R., Sarjahan R.
Materiały Ceramiczne
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2011
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T. 63, nr 1
143-146
EN
Slip casting is a common method for producing sanitary ware, and it is just possible by plaster moulds. Therefore, in order to reach the best quality of sanitary ware, plaster moulds are playing an important role. Lifetime, water absorption and finished surface of Plaster moulds qualify the quality of final product significantly. Although, some characteristics of plaster mould depends on the plaster directly, others are affected by preparation process of moulds such as mixing time, plaster to water ratio, water temperature and drying process. In this investigation, hemihydrates plaster (ß) of different suppliers has been studied by XRD; also particle size distribution of plasters has been analyzed by sieve shaker. Afterward, the best one has been selected, and effects of parameters involved in process of mould making have been studied to make an efficient plaster mould.
PL
Odlewanie z gęstw stanowi powszechną metodę wytwarzania ceramiki sanitarnej i jest możliwe dzięki formom gipsowym. Zatem, w osiąganiu najlepszej jakości ceramiki sanitarnej ważną rolę odgrywają formy gipsowe. Trwałość, nasiąkliwość i gotowa powierzchnia form gipsowych warunkują znacząco jakość końcowego wyrobu. Chociaż, niektóre charakterystyki formy gipsowej zależą bezpośrednio od gipsu, inne są związane z parametrami procesu przygotowania form takimi jak: czas mieszania, stosunek gipsu do wody, temperatura wody i proces suszenia. W prezentowanej pracy, półhydraty (ß) gipsu od różnych dostawców zostały zbadane za pomocą metody XRD; zanalizowano również rozkłady wielkości cząstek gipsów za pomocą wstrząsarki do sit. Następnie, najlepszy gips został wybrany i użyty do zbadania wpływu parametrów procesu przygotowania form w celu wytworzenia wydajnej formy gipsowej.
5
Content available remote The dimensional and shape accuracy of vacuum castings prepared in plaster moulds
Pawlak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2011
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Vol. 11, iss. 3
143-148
EN
The results of laboratory test on the dimensional and shape accuracy of bronze plaster castings CuSn10, CuSn5Zn5Pb5and AlSi11 silumin are presented in this paper. The test castings were made in form of rods of length 100mm and diameters 4 mm, 7 mm and 10mm. The temperatures of molten alloys were 1120, 1160 and 1200 C for bronzes and 700, 750 and 800 C for silumins. Mould temperatures 500 and 600 C and 250 and 300 C respectively. The relative dimension change in given technological conditions by relating to the wax model. Analogical researches were made for plate-like CuSn10 bronze castings by calculating the relative dimension change in two perpendicular axis. Obtained results allowed to state that temperature of cast alloy influences the relative dimensional change, next the mould temperature and type of material (CuSn5Zn5Pb5, CuSn10, AlSi11 relatively). The transverse dimension of the mould does not influence the dimensions of test castings. Temperature of the mould as well as casting temperature do not influence the shape accuracy of the castings.
6
Content available remote Temperature of vacuum cast knock out from plaster mould
Pawlak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2011
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Vol. 11, iss. 4
97-102
EN
The results of investigations on knocking out temperature of CuSn10, CuSn5Zn5Pb5 and AlSi11 castings vacuum prepared in gypsum moulds. The experimental castings were p rep ared in form of rings of diameters [...] 30, 20 and 10 mm, width 10mm and wall thickness g= 0,6; 0,8; 1,0 and 2,0 mm respectively. Casting temperatures were 1120 and 1200 for bronzes and 700 and 800 C for silumin. The crack sensitivity of the rings was evaluated. It can be stated, on the base of the tests, that casting should be knocked out as soon as possible after pouring basin crystallizes. In case of tested castings the limiting dimensions of the rings are diameter [...] 30 mm and and thickness g=0,8 for CuSn10. Castings made of CuSn5Zn5Pb5 and AlSi11 do not reveal the crack sensitivity.
7
Content available Roughness of surface of vacuum castings prepared in plaster moulds
Pawlak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
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Vol. 11, iss. 3 spec.
157--162
EN
The results of researches on surface roughness of CuSn10 and CuSn5Zn5Pb5 bronzes and aluminum AlSi11 alloy vacuum castings prepared in plaster moulds are presented in this paper. Test samples were cut from stripe castings of dimensions 100x15x1 mm. Surfaces were carefully cleaned with use of soft brush than in ultrasonic washer and dried. Experimental castings were prepared in moulds made of two types of plaster. Cast temperatures were 1120 and 1200°C for bronzes and 700 and 800°C for silumin. Temperatures of the mould were 500 and 600°C for bronzes and 200 and 300°C for aluminum alloy. The roughness measurements were carried out with use of Hommelwerke Tester T1000. The average arithmetic deviation of roughness profile Ra, the ten-point height of irregularities Rz and maximum peak to valley height Rm, were measured. It can be stated, on the base of obtained results, that technology of casting in plaster moulds allows preparation of castings of very low roughness, average Ra=0,88÷1,74μm for bronzes and Ra=0,59÷0,83μm for aluminum alloys. Roughness of the surface depends in fact on the cast material. Type of plaster and casting parameters have negligible influence on it.
8
Content available remote Dilatometric examination of moulds with plaster binder
Nadolski M., Konopka Z., Łągiewka M., Zyska A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 11, iss. 1
83-86
EN
Investigations concerning thermal expansion of moulding materials with plaster binder have been performed for two mixture compositions of Authors' own design, as well as for the material used in jewellery industry under the Prima-Cast trade name, and for ThermoMold 1200 moulding material. The results of dilatometric examinations of these materials, carried out within the temperature range from about 20oC to 650oC by means of the DA-3 automatic dilatometer, have been compared. An analysis of this comparison has revealed that it is the matrix composition which is decisive for the magnitude of dimensional changes of moulds, and that applying components which do not exhibit polymorphic transformations reduces dimensional changes of a mould during its thermal treatment.
9
Content available remote Computer aided process of dimensional distortion determination of bounded plaster sandmix Part II
Pawlak M., Niedźwiedzki Z.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 1
105-108
EN
A computer program allowing calculation of dimensional changes of mould made of cristobalite-gypsum composition in process of its heat treatment and preparation for molten metal casting is presented in this paper. The composition of the mixture and casting temperature to obtain cast of predetermined dimensions can be calculated using presented software. The base for program elaboration were the results of dilatometric test of bounded plaster sandmix composed of half hydrate [alpha]-CaSO_4 x 0,5H_2O of various cristobalite ratio. Approximation was carried out in the range of temperatures 100 - 700°C.
10
Content available remote Ability of the CuSn10 and CuSn5Zn5Pb5 brasses fulfillment of plaster mould cavity during underpressure casting
Pawlak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 10, iss. 4
163--168
EN
Results of research on ability of a plaster mould cavity to be filled up on casting with alloy CuSn10 and CuSn5Zn5Pb5 are presented in this paper. The cylindrical plaster mould ø110x290 was casting using underpressure in the Vacuum Pressure Casting Machine VC500D of Indutherm. The size of mould cavity was ø15x200 mm and gauge: 2,0; 1,0; 0,8 and 0,6 mm, the temperature of pouring alloy was 1120, 1140, 1160, 1180 and 1200°C, temperature of plaster mould in the casting moment was 400, 500 and 600°C. The effectiveness of a mould cavity to be filled up on the difference distance from the centre of the mould was assesmented too used to mould cavity 10x200 mm and gauge: 2,0; 1,0; 0,8 and 0,6 mm. On the base of the results of the investigation its possible to reach a conclusion, that the best temperature of casting and temperature of the plaster mould tf=500÷600°C. The distance of mould cavity from the mould centre doesn’t have a practical meaning for its ability to be filled up.
11
Content available remote The thermal analysis and derivative bronzes cast to plaster moulds
Pisarek B., Pawlak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 3
159-168
EN
It plaster moulds gets casted the alloys of following metals: Al, Cu, Ag, Au in precise and artistic founding. The investigation of the crystallization of bronzes in hot plaster moulds the method of the thermal analysis and derivative (TDA) was not realized out so far. Probe TDAg and tripod enabling the execution of measurements on inductive casting machine INDUTHERM-VC 500D were designed for this technology especially. It was confirmed that one the method TDA can identify the crystallization process of the bronze in hot plaster moulds. The investigations of the superficial distribution of the concentration of elements in the microstructure of the studied grades of the bronze on X-ray microanalizer were conducted. It results that they be subject to in bronze CuSn10-C (B10) and the CuSn5Zn5Pb5-C (B555) of strong microsegregation from conducted investigations: Pb, Sn and Sb. The single separates of intermetallic phase \kappa was identified in the bronze B10 rich first of all in Zn, Sn, Sb and Fe, and two intermetallic phase, one rich were identified in the bronze B555 first of all in Zn, Sb, (Nor, Fe) and second rich in Sn, Sb, (Nor, Fe). The most homogeneous microstructure from the bronze CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C (BA1055) is characterizes among the studied grades of the bronze in the cast state.
12
Content available remote Selection of the temperature of casting the bronzes to plaster moulds
Pisarek B., Pawlak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 4
203-208
EN
The results of the investigations of the process of solidification of the bronze CuSn5Zn5Pb5-C (B555) and CuSn10-C (B10) in the hot plaster mould show in the work. For four temperatures of casting: 1200 o C, 1180 o C, 1160 o C and 1140 o C was conducted the investi-gation: the size of contraction cavity, the fulfillment of the mould cavity formative the casts of test slats about the thickness: 4 mm, 0,8 mm and 0,5 mm. It was conducted the investigation the processes sets in the arrangement the cast-mould and X-ray analysis phase XRD of compound coming into being in indirect layer created among mould and cast in the result of the thermal decomposition of the anhydrite. It results that the temperature 1140 o C is the optimum temperature of casting the bronze to hot plaster mould from carried out investigations. The minimum thickness of the wall of the cast from the bronze B555 is 0.5 mm, and from the bronze B10 0.8 mm. The realization of casts about thinner walls is made difficult because of giving off formed gases in the result of the thermal decomposition of the anhydrite. The products of the decomposition of the anhydrite react with elements steps in the chemical composition of studied bronzes, create in the arrangement the cast-mould the indirect layer folded from: sulphites, sulphides, oxides and clean metals (Pb) or their compounds, especially Sn and Sb.
13
Content available remote Computer aided process of dimensional distortion determination of bounded plaster sandmix
Pawlak M., Niedźwiedzki Z.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 3
261-266
EN
A computer program allowing calculation of dimensional changes of mould made of silica-gypsum composition in process of its heat treatment and preparation for molten metal casting is presented in this paper. The composition of the mixture and casting temperature to obtain cast of predetermined dimensions can be calculated using presented software. The base for program elaboration were the results of dilatometric test of bounded plaster sandmix composed of half hydrate \alfa-CaSO4 0,5H2O of various silica SiO2 ratio (0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 98%). Approximation was carried out in the range of temperatures 100-800oC.
14
Content available remote Dilatometric studies of plaster sandmix in raw and heat treated state
Pawlak M., Niedźwiedzki Z.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
|
Vol. 8, iss. 3
145-148
EN
Results of dilatometric studies of bounded plaster sandmix applied in precision pressure below atmospheric casting, are presented in this paper. Sandmix composed of half-hydrate alpha-CaSO4ź2H2O with different parts of silica SiO2 was a subject of investigations. Silica is a factor weakening the influence of phase transformations on total distortion of the mould during heating and thus influences the accuracy of prepared cast. Experimental moulders of dimensions 735 made of plaster sandmix with silica fraction equal 30; 40; 50; 60 and 70% were used during studies. Sandmix was tested in raw state and after heat treatment changing the alpha-half hydrate into anhydrite II (CaSO4). It was demonstrated that addition of the silica at level about 50% influences most advantageously on dimension changes of heated sandmix by lowering dilatations 3 times in comparison with sandmix composed of pure alpha-half hydrate. The transformation of plaster structure into anhydrite II is also important - the shrinkability phase disappears and expansion similar to linear-like appears. It was determined that it is possible to obtain sandmix of small, stabile distortion on the way of appropriate selection of components and heat treatment parameters what improves dimensional and shape accuracy limits of the cast and significantly limits internal stresses in the mould eliminating risk of its cracking.
15
Content available remote Proces wysokotemperaturowego wygrzewania form gipsowych dla odlewnictwa artystycznego
Pawlak M.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
|
2006
|
R. 6, nr 19
213-220
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badań gipsowej formy blokowej stosowanej w odlewnictwie artystycznym. Badania obejmują rozkład temperatury w formie oraz ocenę zmian strukturalnych jej materiału w czasie wygrzewania wysokotemperaturowego dla formy wilgotnej i wstępnie suszonej w ciągu naturalnym.
EN
In this work the investigations of the gypsum block mould are presented. It showed the temperature profile and the structural changes of gypsum up to anhydrite II in the wet and dry test mould in firing process in the range of temperature 250-750 C.
16
Content available remote Proces wygrzewania wstępnego form gipsowych dla odlewnictwa artystycznego
Pawlak M.
Archiwum Odlewnictwa
|
2005
|
R. 5, nr 17
225--232
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badań gipsowej formy blokowej stosowanej w odlewnictwie artystycznym. Badania obejmują rozkład temperatury w formie w czasie wygrzewania wstępnego (do 200 ºC) oraz efektywność wytapiania wosku modelowego z kanałów Ø 3÷10 mm dla form wilgotnych i suszonych w ciągu naturalnym.
EN
In this work the investigations of preliminary baking the gypsum block mould are presented. It showed the temperature profile in the wet and dry test mould and efficiency of melting a wax model Ø 3÷10 mm).
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