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1
Content available remote Plasma furnace for smelting and casting metal up to 3000 K
EN
Purpose: The aim of our investigation was a development of plasma furnace for preparing castings of titanium alloy Ti64 ELI by remolding in laboratory at our research workplace. The reason of this paper writing was publishing of innovative information to the technical society. Design/methodology/approach: The objectives were achieved by solution of much research and development works in the very long time interval. The main methods used for our research was study of physic-chemical interaction between a liquid metal and surrounding atmosphere. The approach to the topic of our research was the elimination of interactions between the C, O, N and H and Ti, Al, V, Y, Zr in liquid metal. Contemporary we have solved also the acute ceramic mould for casting of perfect castings from metal of very high affinity to C, O, N and H. The main subject scope of the paper is assignee of very clean materials and much application from that. We are oriented particularly on the preparing parts of cementless total hip joint replacement (THR) and instruments for implantation. Findings: We have created the new original design of the plasma furnace for smelting and castings of high reaction of metal up to 3000 K. temperature. The main conclusion of our result was a practical using for research on very high level and for production of metal and castings from special metal in the final shape. Practical implications: It has been found that the quality of castings from Ti and Nb alloys is very good. The quality of casting was tested by metallographic analysis and by notch specimens. We have been finding out that the mass of casting can be approximately 1.00 kg. This is true statement in the first approximation if the new plasma furnace is arranged as smelting - cleaning - casting system. If the new plasma furnace is arranged as continual smelting system, than we can obtain ingot with the mass two or more kilograms. Originality/value: The design of new plasma furnace is original and also the castings from Ti, Ta and Nb alloys are in our laboratory original resultants and the metallographic analysis as well. In the case, when the castings with a good biocompatibility plays important role, this new plasma furnace can be very useful for preparing implants for body skeleton and spatial casting of material of very high affinity to elements as C, O, H, and N.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono budowę prototypowego stanowiska do topienia metali i stopów reaktywnych oraz wyniki badań eksperymentalnych procesu recyklingu złomu stopu tytanu T1A16V4. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy składu chemicznego i zawartości gazów (przed i po procesie recyklingu) wykazano, że zastosowanie prototypowego stanowiska pozwala na prowadzenie efektywnego procesu recyklingu tego złomu. Zastosowanie do generowania plazmy gazów obojętnych powoduje, że we wnętrzu komory roboczej powstaje atmosfera o bardzo niskim ciśnieniu cząstkowym tlenu, azotu oraz wodoru.
EN
A scheme of prototype stand for melting reactive metals and alloys and results of experimental investigation on recycling process of titanium alloy grade T1A16V4 is presented in the paper. On the basis of chemical composition analysis and gases content in alloy (before and after remelting process), it was shown that application of prototype stand is a very effective way of recycling process of titanium alloys. Application of plasma jet generated from inert gas as a heat source inside the melting chamber enables one to create the atmosphere with low partial pressure of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.
3
Content available remote Metamorphosis quality preparing of alloy Ti64 in laboratory conditions
EN
Purpose: The aim of our research was the developing of the method for preparing titanium alloy (Ti64 ELI) by remold in laboratory conditions on our research workplace. As a reason for writting the paper is to inform the technical society. Design/methodology/approach: The objectives were achieved by using differently sources heating of remolded titanium alloy Ti64 ELI, by using of differently conditions by vacuum melting and pouring in to ceramics or copper moulds. As main method used for our research was remolding, purification, casting in the vacuum and then special heat treating by HIP processes. The quality of microstructure was investigated by electron microscopy and tested by Charpy impact test. The mean aim was to get microcastings of very intricate shapes and with very high quality of casting material. Through application four differently conditions of remolding we have found that in our workplace we have good ability to prepare the microcastings with very good quality, which is the main conclusion. Findings: For expectation it is possible by using such a process for production special microcastings from Ti64 ELI alloy. The mean idea of this paper will have practical implications. Research limitations/implications: In this time as a limitation is a little small capacity of plasma burner. Practical implications: The result of this paper should be made some changes in practice e.g. as savings of turning and lastly the using of Rapid Prototyping method. Originality/value: The original value of our paper is the testimony above quality of alloy Ti64 ELI as cast. The quality of alloy Ti64 ELI as cast is comparable with certified Ti64 ELI from abroad. The reach a destination of outcome in our laboratory conditions is a perspective method for production of microcastings from alloy Ti64.
EN
The article deals with possibilities of preparation of titanium alloys based on intermetallic phases from the system Ti-Al. Production of the TiAl alloys is difficult because of the reactivity of titanium. Therefore the alloys were prepared in plasma furnace and vacuum furnace. The preparation by these two various furnaces resulted in two different types of microstructures. The differences in microstructures of alloys were observed. Obtained microstructures were described and analysed. Measurement of hardnesses alloys and particular phases were performed.
5
Content available remote Topienie plazmowe stopów tytanu
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych uzyskane podczas przetapiania złomu stopu tytanu TiA16V4 w prototypowym piecu plazmowym do topienia metali reaktywnych w warunkach obniżonego ciśnienia. Podano także parametry technologiczne realizacji wytopów próbnych w tym piecu oraz analizę zmian składu chemicznego i zawartości gazów podczas przetapiania. Stwierdzono pełną przydatność tego stanowiska do wytopów odzyskowych stopów tytanu.
EN
In this paper the results of experimental investigation on remelting process of titanium alloy grade TiA16V4 in prototype plasma furnace for melting reactive metals have been presented. The analysis of chemical compositions and gasses contents in the alloy after remelting process has been carried out as well. It was shown that application of prototype plasma furnace for melting reactive metals is an effective way for recycling of titanium scrap.
PL
W pracy opisano podstawowe założenia struktury dwuwarstwowej łuku elektrycznego. Na jej podstawie określono współczynniki przejmowania ciepła łuku w różnych urządzeniach elektrotechnologicznych (piecach łukowych prądu stałego i przemiennego, piecach plazmowych, plazmotronach strugowych i palnikach plazmowych do cięcia). Opierając się na warunkach granicznych trzeciego rodzaju podano związki miedzy charakterystykami elektrycznymi i cieplnymi łuku. Wykazano uniwersalność charakterystyk cieplnych. Ich zaletą jest możliwość uogólnienia stanów pracy urządzeń i przeliczania ich charakterystyk na inne podobne urządzenia z zastosowaniem różnych gazów plazmotwórczych.
EN
Fundamental assumptions on the two-layer structure of elektric arc are described in the paper. On that basis heve been determined coefficient of the arc heat transfer in various electric technological devices (DC and AC arc furnaces, plasma arc furnaces, stream plasmotrons and plasma jet of cutting). Relationships between electrical and thermal characteristics are given, based on the boundary condition of the third kind. Universality of the arc thermal characteristics is shown. Their adventage is a possibility of generalisation pf the working regimes of devices and adjustment of the characteristics to other similar devices, operating with defferent plasmagenic gases.
PL
W pracy opisano znaczenie metod analitycznych w modelowaniu stanów pracy urządzeń elektrotechnologicznych z nagrzewaniem łukowym i plazmowym. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na istniejące trudności w wystarczająco dokładnym obliczaniu parametrów tych urządzeń. Wykazano, że brak odpowiedniego modelu łuku utrudnia uzyskanie informacji o jego średnicy i długości. Przedstawiono charakterystyki gradientu napięcia łuku pieców łukowych prądu zmiennego i stałego, pieców plazmowych, plazmotronów strugowych i palników plazmowych. Wskazano na ich ograniczoną użyteczność w projektowaniu stanów pracy urządzeń elektrotechnologicznych z nagrzewaniem łukowym i plazmowym.
EN
Signifficance of analytical methods in modelling the working regimes of electric technological devices with arc and plasma heating is described in the paper. Particular consideration is given to the difficulties in sufficiently accurate calculating parameters of those devices. It has been shown that if an appropriate model of the arc is unavailable, information on the arc diameter and its length is restricted. Characteristics of the arc voltage gradient for DC and AC arc furnaces, plasma arc furnaces, stream plasmatrons, and plasma jet for cutting are presented. Theirrestricted usability for design of the working regimes of electric technological devices is pointed out in the paper.
8
Content available remote Piec plazmowy do topienia metali reaktywnych
PL
W artykule przedstawiono budowę i charakterystykę elementów prototypowego pieca do to-pienia metali z wykorzystaniem jako źródła ciepła plazmy niskotemperaturowej generowanej w warunkach obniżonego ciśnienia. Podano wyniki wstępnych badań parametrów pracy pieca uzyskane podczas topienia czystej miedzi i niklu. Prezentowany piec docelowo jest przeznaczony do topienia tytanu i jego stopów w tyglu "garnisażowym".
EN
The characteristic elements of structure and the construction of prototype stand for vacuum melting of metals with application of low temperature plasma have been described in this paper. Parameters of testing melts of pure cupper and nickel have been presented, too. This stand will be using by authors for skull melting titanium and titanium alloys in a next stage.
9
Content available remote Choice of technical conditions for melting Ni and Ni-alloys in a plasma furnace
EN
Special conditions in plasma furnace enable to receive Ni and Ni-alloys with low concentrations of undesirable elements and inclusions. This paper presents the influence of thermodynamical parameters in melting chamber on decreasing its contents in Ni and Ni-alloys. Theoretical analysis of the metallurgical processes in the system has shown that melting process in plasma furnace permits to obtain Ni and Ni-alloys with low concentration of harmful elements and inclusions.
PL
Stworzenie w piecu metalurgicznym warunków sprzyjających zmniejszeniu koncentracji niepożądanych pierwiastków i wtrąceń jest jedną z metod prowadzących do obniżenia ich ilości i poprawy jakości wytwarzanych odlewów. W artykule określono warunki termodynamiczne realizacji procesu topienia tych stopów mające na celu ograniczenie zawartości pierwiastków szkodliwych i zanieczyszczeń gazowych w topionym metalu. Wykazano, że zastosowanie topienia plazmowego przy ciśnieniu w komorze roboczej około 133 Pa pozwala na uzyskanie założonego celu. Praca została zrealizowana w ramach projektu badawczego KBN-7 TOBB 02015
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