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1

Comparative Assessment of Gamma-Polyglutamic Acid and Bacillus subtilis cells as Biostimulants to Improve Rice Growth and Soil Quality

Ngearnpat Neti, Chunhachart Orawan, Kotabin Nuchnapa, Issakul Kritchaya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

46--59

EN

Chemical fertilizers have been widely used to improve rice production; however, their excessive use can have harmful environmental effects. Therefore, biostimulants are a sustainable option to promote rice yield and improve soil quality. This research focusses on the use of gamma-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) and Bacillus subtilis cells as biostimulants to improve rice growth and soil quality. The sand culture technique was performed to determine germination and growth of rice seedlings, and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of rice yields. The soil quality was investigated by measuring physical and chemical characteristics. The results demonstrated that γ-PGA and B. subtilis cells were efficient biostimulants for germination by significantly increasing the seedling vigor index. γ-PGA considerably improved the growth parameters of 21-day-old rice seedlings by significantly increasing dry weight, total sugar, total free amino acids and total chlorophyll content compared to the control. In greenhouse experiments, γ-PGA had a positive influence on all physical characteristics and rice grain yield indicators compared to B. subtilis cells and controls. Furthermore, γ-PGA and B. subtilis cells had a stronger impact than controls on improving soil quality, and γ-PGA had a notable effect on soil physical properties rather than on their chemical properties. Based on these findings, γ-PGA outperformed B. subtilis cells as a natural biostimulant to increase rice productivity and improve the quality of paddy soil.

2

Cultivation of soapwort plants (Saponaria officinalis L.) in in vitro cultures

Figas Anna, Lefelbajn Weronika

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2023

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nr I/1

59--69

EN

Saponaria officinalis L. is a medicinal plant from the family Caryophyllaceae. It occurs in most European countries, as well as in North Africa, America and Western Asia. The aim of the study was to find an optimal method of sterilization S. officinalis seeds in order to obtain sterile seedlings and to multiply axillary shoots from nodal explants isolated from them, on MS medium with the addition of growth regulators (RW). In this study, 4 variants of seed sterilization were compared using NaClO at the following concentrations: 1.5% (2), 2% (3) and 2.5% (4) for a period of 11 minutes. The control was a variant in which 70% C2H5OH was used for pre-sterilization for 1 minute (1). The highest percentage of sprouted, seeds and sterile seedlings and the lowest percentage of contamination were obtained in variant (4). As a result of micropropagation of soapwort in in vitro cultures, axillary shoots were formed from nodal explants from axillary buds. The highest percentage of explants with shoots (95%) and callus tissue (48%) and the highest number of shoots from one explant (5.95) were obtained in the second passage on MS medium with the addition of 4 mg.dm-3 BAP and 0.5 mg.dm-3 NAA. Due to the wide possibilities of using soapwort, it is advisable to continue research aimed at developing an optimal and efficient plant regeneration system of this species.

3

Influence of Chlormequatchloride on Morphogenesis and Productivity of Cruciferous Plants

Polyvanyi Stepan, Polyvana Alina, Sakalova Halyna, Shevchuk Oksana, Khodanitska Olena, Tkachuk Olesia, Matviichuk Oleksandr, Knyazuk Oleg, Stepanenko Inna, Zavalnyuk Oksana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

53--60

EN

At present, there are burning issues concerning waste utilization of the agro-industrial complex, rational usage of nature and transition to the use of environmentally friendly and low-waste technologies. One of the most forward-looking areas is the application of the principles of the so-called "green chemistry", in particular, the development of technological processes using renewable raw materials and chemicals, the chemicals with a short half-life and low cost while ensuring maximum efficiency. The article presents the results of antigiberrelic preparation effect, which is characterized by low dosage and half-life in soil from 3 to 43 days on productivity, growth processes, anatomical, morphological features and functioning of the leaf apparatus of white mustard plants and rapeseed. The research shows that CCC-750 reduced the height of mustard and rapeseed plants. Inhibition of growth processes of white mustard plants at the beginning of the flowering phase with an anti-gibberellic preparation led to increased stem branching, which, in its turn, resulted in an increase in the number and area of leaves throughout the growing season. Moreover, the use of quaternary ammonium salt on winter rape plants has led to a reduction in the number of leaves and leaf area in comparison to the control samples. The application of the retardant caused an increase in the productivity of the studied cultures due to the increase in the number of pods, the increase in the mass of thousands of seeds and the number of seeds in the pod.

4

Technological Improvement of Echinacea purpurea Cultivation

Makukha Olha

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 5

89--96

EN

Echinacea purpurea is a unique plant of the North American flora. One of the reasons for the popularity of the herb is the possibility of its use to treat a multitude of diseases caused by a weakened immune system. The purpose of the research was to improve the technological support of Echinacea cultivation under irrigated conditions of the south of Ukraine. The scheme of three-factor field experiment was presented by the options of technological measures listed below: moldboard and non-moldboard methods of basic tillage to a depth of 20-22 cm; seeds processing with Ahrostymulin plant growth regulator compared to the untreated control; three sowing periods, including 3rd decade of March, as well as 1st and 2nd decades of April. Among the various combinations of the basic tillage methods and the sowing module elements, the yield of rhizomes and roots of Echinacea was maximal (2.58 t/ha) in the variant of plowing at the depth of 20-22 cm, seeds treatment with Ahrostymulin, sowing in the 3rd decade of March. The combination of such gradations of investigated factors provided the highest content of extractives in the Echinacea roots at the level of 30.2% and their conditional output of 779 kg/ha. In this option, the maturation of roots was observed at the earliest time, which is important in the technological context for both Echinacea harvesting and soil preparation for the next crop cultivation. Introduction of the best options for each of the studied factors in the technology of Echinacea cultivation will ensure a combination of their positive effects and creation of a favorable agronomic background for the formation of rhizomes and roots with a high content of extractives.

5

Productivity of Spring Triticale under Conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Gamayunova Valentina V., Sydiakina Olena V., Dvoretskyi Volodymyr F., Markovska Olena Y.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 2

104--112

EN

Triticale is a valuable grain forage and food crop. Application of fertilizers enables to both increase the grain yield and improve its quality indicators. Triticale responds positively to fertilization, foliar top dressing, and the action of growth-regulating drugs. The presented field experiments were carried out in 2014–2016 in the educational-scientific-practical center of the Mykolaiv national agrarian university on the southern chernozem, typical for the southern Steppe of Ukraine. Pre-sowing seed treatment, application of mineral fertilizers and foliar nitrogen fertilization had a positive effect on the length of the ear, the number of grains in it, the mass of grain from the ear of the main stem and the level of the formed yield of spring triticale grain. Among the studied fertilizer options, the introduction of N30P30 before sowing and top dressing with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N30 against the background of pre-sowing seed treatment with Escort-Bio was advantageous. In this variant, the yield was 3.61 t/ha, the length of the ear was 10.4 cm, the number of grains in the ear was 30.2 PCs, the weight of grain from the ear of the main stem was 1.43 g. Creating an optimal nutrition background for plants improved the quality indicators of the spring triticale grain. The most favorable conditions for the formation of grain nature were provided by applying N60P30 before sowing and N30P30 before sowing with top dressing in a dose of N30 in the form of ammonium nitrate, urea or double top dressing with D2. The maximum protein content in the grain of the spring triticale was ensured by the introduction of N30P30 into the sowing with feeding with carbamide at a dose of N30. Due to the higher yield, the highest conditional protein yield per hectare of spring triticale sowing was provided by the introduction of N60P30 before sowing and N30P30 before sowing with top dressing with ammonium nitrate in the phase of stooling at a dose of N30. Improving the background of plant nutrition in cultivation technology is a promising measure to increase the productivity of spring triticale.

6

Opracowanie procedury izolacji elektrostatycznie stabilizowanych silanatów z próbek pszenicy

Jabłońska Joanna, Kluska Mariusz, Erchak Nikolai

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 4

605--608

PL

Zastosowano metodę ekstrakcji wybranych pochodnych elektrostatycznie stabilizowanych silanatów (ES-silanatów) z materiału biologicznego z udziałem trzech różnych wypełnień kolumn ekstrakcyjnych, w celu określenia efektywności sorpcji przez poszczególne części roślin. Przeprowadzono analizę ilościową pochodnych ES-silanatów metodą izotachoforezy kapilarnej. Największe wartości odzysku, wynoszące blisko 90%, uzyskano w kolumnie fenylopropylowej. Z kolei największe stężenie ES-silanatów zaadsorbowanych w poszczególnych gatunkach pszenicy zidentyfikowano w ziarnie pszenicy Banti (36,23 ± 1,21 μg/kg s.m.) dla związku 1 oraz w ziarnie pszenicy Daria (39,26 ± 1,82 μg/kg s.m.) dla związku 3.

EN

The title silanates were extd. from grains, roots and stalks of 3 wheat species (Banti, Daria and Munk) in a Soxhlet app. with MeOH for 8 h. The silanates were adsorbed on a column filled with a phenylpropyl group-contg. stationary phase and eluted with MeOH. Content of the silanates was detd. in the eluents by capillary electrophoresis. The highest content of the silanates was detd. in wheat grains of Banti and Daria type (36.23 ± 1.21 and 39.26 ± 1.82 μg/kg dry matter, resp.).

7

Comparing nozzles with different wear rate and working with the same application rate of different plant protection products in aspect of plants condition

Parafiniuk Stanisław, Subr Alaa Kamel, Milanowski Marek, Krawczuk Anna

Agricultural Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 23, No. 2

49--56

EN

Three different types of nozzles (different wear rate) were used in this study. They are classified depending on the severity of their wear to three groups: new, worn and damaged nozzles. Those nozzles were spraying with the same application rate (303 l/ha) on two-year field trials; this was achieved by changing the spraying pressure for each group of nozzles in order to get the same application rate. This practice is usually done by operators of sprayers, who calibrate the sprayers on the same application rate every year without changing the nozzles, so they tend to reduce the spraying pressure in order to compensate the flow rate increase due to the nozzles yearly wear. Two types of plant growth regulators (PGR) agents were used in this study, namely: Moddus and Kelpak, they were applied to wheat plants field to reduce lodging. The results showed that applying PGR in the year 2015 produced an increase in the wheat yield and reduction in the plant height regardlessthe nozzle type, although there was not any occurrence of wheat lodging. In the year 2016, the new nozzles produced higher values of wheat yield than other two types of nozzles.

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań polowych, w których wykorzystywano trzy różne rozpylacze sklasyfikowane w zależności od stopnia ich zużycia w trzech grupach: dysze nowe, zużyte i uszkodzone. Podczas dwuletnich badań polowych rozpylacze pracowały z zachowaniem takiej samej dawki aplikacji (303 l/ha), którą uzyskano przez zmianę ciśnienia rozpylania dla każdej grupy rozpylaczy. Praktyka ta jest zwykle wykonywana przez operatorów opryskiwaczy, którzy corocznie kalibrują opryskiwacze przy tej samej dawce bez zmiany rozpylaczy, więc mają tendencję do zmniejszania ci- śnienia rozpylania w celu skompensowania wzrostu natężenia przepływu z powodu zużycia rozpylaczy. W badaniu wykorzystano dwa rodzaje środków regulujących wzrost roślin (PGR): Moddus i Kelpak. Zastosowano je na polu pszenicy w celu zmniejszenia wylegania. Wyniki pokazały, że zastosowanie PGR w 2015 r. spowodowało wzrost plonu pszenicy i zmniejszenie wysokości roślin bez względu na rodzaj stopień zużycia rozpylacza, chociaż nie wystąpiło wyleganie pszenicy. W roku 2016 wykorzystanie rozpylaczy nowych przyczyniło się do uzyskania większego plonu, niż stosując pozostałe dwa rodzaje rozpylaczy.

8

The impact of agronomic factors on the content of selected microelements in naked oat (Avena sativa var. nuda) grain

Witkowicz R., Antonkiewicz J., Pisulewska E., Bogocz D.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2015

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Vol. 22, nr 2

239--250

EN

The components crucial for fulfilling plant nutrient needs are, beside macroelements, also microelements. Microelement content in plant raw materials is often modified by various agronomic measures, therefore it does not always meet the requirements for this element. The research was conducted to determine the effect of agronomic factors on the content of zinc, copper, iron, cobalt and manganese in oat grain. Three field experiments were set up acc. to fractional factorial designs (25–1 and 34–1) in two localities (Wierzbica and Prusy) in 2003. Akt cv. revealed a lower content of zinc, copper, iron and manganese in comparison with STH 7000 and STH 4770 strains. Microelement concentrations in oat grain were determined by the selection of oat cultivar/strain and growth regulator dose. Zinc content in oat grain fulfilled the requirements for plants designed for human consumption and animal feeds. Optimal iron content but deficient contents of manganese, copper and cobalt were registered in oat grain treated as fodder.

PL

Składnikami niezbędnymi do pokrycia potrzeb pokarmowych roślin, obok makroskładników, są również mikroelementy. Zawartość mikroelementów w surowcach roślinach jest często modyfikowana różnymi zabiegami agrotechnicznymi, dlatego też nie zawsze odpowiada zapotrzebowaniu na ten składnik. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu czynników agrotechnicznych na zawartość cynku, miedzi, żelaza, kobaltu i manganu w ziarnie owsa. Trzy eksperymenty polowe założono według planów frakcyjnych (25–1 i 34–1) w dwóch miejscowościach (Wierzbica i Prusy) w 2003 r. Odmiana Akt cechowała się niższą zawartością cynku, miedzi, żelaza i manganu w porównaniu do rodów STH 7000 i STH 4770. Zawartość mikropierwiastków w ziarnie owsa była determinowana doborem odmiany/rodu owsa oraz dawką regulatora wzrostu. Zawartość cynku w ziarnie owsa spełniała wymogi stawiane roślinom przeznaczonym na cele konsumpcyjne i paszowe. Stwierdzono optymalną zawartość żelaza, a niedoborową manganu, miedzi i kobaltu w ziarnie owsa traktowanego jako pasza.

9

Effect of Agronomic Factors on Protein Yield and Content of Nitrogen in Grain of Naked Oat (Avena sativa)

Witkowicz R., Antonkiewicz J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 6

699-708

EN

Mineral fertilization, particularly with nitrogen is a factor visibly modifying the quantity and quality of oat grain yield. The range of changes in protein yield and the element contents depend not only on the level of mineral fertilization but also on the genotype and growth regulators. Because of high dependence of agronomic measures efficiency on the genotype, it is necessary to investigate this interaction. Field experiments were conducted in Wierzbica on typical brown soil, where protein yield ranged from 75 to 88 g o m-2, whereas in the experiment conducted in Prusy on degraded chernozem, protein yield fell within the range of 540 to 740 kg o ha-1. The field experiment conducted in Wierzbica demonstrated that protein yield in naked oat was stimulated by the genotype and phosphorus-potassium fertilization and apparently limited by the application of Moddus growth regulator. Under conditions of a better site in Prusy only genotype statistically significant effect was registered, with persisting influence of the other factors. An apparent difference was noticed in the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization effect on the protein yield, because under site conditions in Prusy the increase in yield by 0.3 of standard deviation unit was demonstrated in comparison with very slight growth in its yield in Wierzbica. Because protein yield is the resultant of grain yield and its nitrogen content, a less significant effect of the tested factor on its content was observed. The main factor which statistically significantly determined nitrogen content was the choice of oat cultivar/strain. Both in Wierzbica and Prusy both oat strains (STH 4770 and STH 7000) contained bigger nitrogen quantities than Akt cv. The other tested agronomic factors caused changes in nitrogen content but they were not statistically significant.

PL

Nawożenie mineralne, zwłaszcza azotem jest czynnikiem modyfikującym w wyraźny sposób ilość i jakość ziarna owsa. Zakres zmian w plonie białka oraz zawartości składników uzależniony jest nie tylko od poziomu nawożenia mineralnego, ale również genotypu i regulatorów wzrostu. Z uwagi na dużą zależność skuteczności zabiegów agrotechnicznych od genotypu zachodzi konieczność badania tej interakcji. Doświadczenia polowe przeprowadzano w Wierzbicy na glebie brunatnej typowej właściwej i uzyskany plon białka wahał się od 75 do 88 g o m-2. Natomiast w eksperymencie przeprowadzonym w Prusach, na czarnoziemie zdegradowanym, plon białka zawierał się w zakresie od 540 do 740 kg o ha-1. Z przeprowadzonych doświadczeń polowych w Wierzbicy wynika, że plon białka owsa nagoziarnistego był stymulowany przez genotyp oraz nawożenie fosforowo-potasowe i wyraźnie ograniczany przez zastosowanie regulatora wzrostu Moddus. W Prusach stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wpływ tylko genotypu, przy zachowaniu tendencji wpływu pozostałych badanych czynników. Zaobserwowano wyraźną różnicę w skuteczności oddziaływania nawożenia azotem na plon białka, bowiem w warunkach siedliskowych Prus wykazano zwiększenie jego plonu aż o 0,3 jednostki odchylenia standardowego przy bardzo niewielkim zwiększeniu jego plonu w Wierzbicy.

10

Studies on granulation and biological properties of granulated cereal protective formulations

Al Amin I., Krawczyk M., Biń A.

Polish Journal of Applied Chemistry

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2003

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Vol. 47, nr 3

169-173

EN

The experimental granulated product containing chlormequat and carbendazim on mineral carrier was elaborated to increase lodging resistance and to protect against stem base diseases. Bioefficacy of several different formulations was evaluated in the growth chamber and under field condition. It was shown that chlormequat formulated as granular product revealed better dynamics of activity than that of the liquid formulation SL on spring and winter wheat. Preparation successfully limited wheat infection by eyespot.

PL

Opracowano eksperymentalny granulowany preparat zawierający dwie substancje aktywne: chloromekwat oraz karbendazym osadzone na nośniku mineralnym. Środek przeznaczony jest do ochrony upraw pszenicy przed wyleganiem i chorobami podstawy źdźbła. Oceniono skuteczność biologiczną preparatu w warunkach kontrolowanych oraz mikropoletkowych w ochronie pszenicy ozimej i jarej. Stwierdzono lepszą dynamikę działania retardacyjnego w trakcie wegetacji granulowanego preparatu (SG) w porównaniu ze środkiem konwencjonalnym w postaci koncentratu rozpuszczalnego w wodzie (SL) w analogicznych dawkach. Wykazano również znaczne ograniczenie porażenia roślin przez grzyby, wywołujące choroby podstawy źdźbła (m.in. przez sprawców łamliwości źdźbła).