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Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) Invasion in a Scots Pine Forest : Relationships between Soil Properties and Vegetation

Halarewicz A., Pruchniewicz D., Kawałko D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 2

295--302

EN

Prunus serotina Ehrh. is a rapidly expanding invasive in European temperate forests, threatening native species biodiversity. Three alternative models, ‘the passenger’, ‘the driver’, and ‘the opportunist’ were used to determine the interactions between the invasive species, the native community, and features of the habitat. To assess the relationships between soil properties and species composition of a Scots pine forest invaded by P. serotina, we randomly selected twelve research plots in each of four stands in the south-western part of Poland. We used the phytosociological relevé method and determined selected soil properties (total nitrogen, organic carbon, and pH value) in the organic and humus horizons. Based on redundancy analysis, we determined that selected soil properties explained 38% of the total variation in species composition of the Scots pine forest with P. serotina, indicating that community interactions followed the ‘passenger’ model. At the same time, we found that P. serotina invaded via the ‘driver’ model, since the decrease in soil C:N ratio correlated with black cherry presence, and showed a significant impact on the floristic diversity in the invaded phytocenoses. We conclude that soil parameters seem to facilitate the invasion of P. serotina, and comprise the consequences of this process.

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Efekt brzegowy drogi a występowanie krzewinek z rodziny Ericaceae i zmienność pH gleb w Puszczy Noteckiej

Mizera P., Grajewski S. M.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr III/2

867--881

PL

W dotychczasowych badaniach wiele uwagi poświęcano wpływowi ciągów komunikacyjnych m.in. na zanieczyszczenie gleb metalami ciężkimi, utrudnioną migrację zwierząt, hałas czy synantropizację szaty roślinnej. W niniejszej pracy zbadano oddziaływanie drogi o bardzo małym natężeniu ruchu na roślinność zielną, a w szczególności na występowanie 3 gatunków roślin z rodziny wrzosowatych: wrzosu zwyczajnego, borówki czarnej i borówki brusznicy, oraz zmienność pH gleb. Obserwacje prowadzono w drzewostanach sosnowych w siedlisku boru świeżego i boru mieszanego świeżego na terenie Puszczy Noteckiej. Założono dwanaście prostopadłych do osi drogi prostokątnych powierzchni doświadczalnych – transektów. Na każdym z nich wyznaczono 3-4 działki badawcze zlokalizowane w różnej odległości od krawędzi jezdni. Na działkach przeprowadzono obserwacje roślinności i pomiary pH gleb. Uzyskane z transektów wyniki uśredniono w obrębie działek ulokowanych w tej samej odległości od drogi i porównano z innymi stosując metody statystyczne. Przy drodze próchnica leśna okazała się istotnie mniej kwaśna niż w głębi drzewostanu, obficiej występowała roślinność zielna, w tym wrzos zwyczajny, rzadziej natomiast pojawiały się borówka czarna i brusznica, których to częstość występowania istotnie rosła wraz ze zwiększaniem odległości od drogi.

EN

The development of the transportation network brings both benefits and threats. Much attention is paid to soil contamination with trace elements, difficulties in animal migration, noise propagation or synanthropisation of the vegetation cover. This paper deals with the effect of provincial very low-volume road No. 150 on the herbaceous vegetation cover, especially on the occurrence of 3 species of the heather family: Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea. Observations were conducted in pine stands in fresh coniferous forest and fresh mixed coniferous forest sites in the Puszcza Notecka Forest, Poland - one of the larger forest complexes in Europe. Twelve rectangular experimental sites were established perpendicular to the road axis, called belt transects. Each of them consisted of 3-4 plots located at different distances from the pavement edge. Measurements and estimations of herbaceous vegetation cover and pH soils were recorded for the each plots. Values from all belt transects were approximated within plots at the same distance from the road and then compared using statistical methods. By the road humus was a less acidic than in the depth of the tree stand, there was more abundant herbaceous vegetation, including Calluna vulgaris, but rarely appeared Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea whose incidence is increased with increasing distance from the road edge.

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Fate of Air Pollutants from Konin Industrial Complex in Pine Forest Ecosystems

Staszewski T., Kubiesa P., Błocka A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 4

441-449

EN

In agricultural area of Konin where previously no industrial activity was performed the complex of power stations combusting brown coal was built in the end of the fifties followed by the aluminium smelter which was put into operation in 1965. Both these industrial works emit considerable amounts of phytotoxic gases (F2, SO2, NO2). Aluminium smelter emits vast amount of fluorine as aluminum is produced by thermoelectrolysis of aluminum oxide in electrolyte consisting of cryolite and aluminum fluoride as well as it is a major emitter of PAHs due to carbon electrode "combustion". Because these plants did not meet technology parameters and production was poorly controlled in first period of activity harmful effects of their emission in the natural environment were observed. Beginning from the nineties intensive proecological efforts were made and intensive modernization of the plants was performed. All these activities resulted in a significant reduction of air pollutants emission. The paper presents the results of investigation carried out in the monitoring net established in Konin area. The fate of air pollutants currently emitted and deposited to the soil within a long period of the plants activity was determined. The vacuum ceramic cup lysimeters were used to assess the concentration and hazard of inorganic and organic chemicals for water - soil environment. On the basis of differences in concentration of cations and anions the rate of nitrification and acidification processes in the soil was also analysed.

PL

W otoczeniu Konina na obszarze typowo rolniczym, gdzie uprzednio nie prowadzono działalności przemysłowej, na początku lat pięćdziesiątych, wykorzystując węgiel brunatny z kopalni odkrywkowych uruchomiono kompleks elektrowni PAK (Pątnów, Adamów, Konin), a w roku 1966 oddano do eksploatacji Hutę Aluminium "Konin". Zakłady te emitowały znaczne ilości gazów fitotoksycznych (F2, SO2, NO2). Huta aluminium emituje duże ilości fluoru, ponieważ aluminium produkowane jest w procesie termoelektrolizy tlenku glinu w elektrolicie zawierającym kriolit i fluorek glinu, jak również jest znaczącym emiterem WWA (PAHs) powstających w wyniku "spalania" elektrod węglowych. Ze względu na to, że zakłady przemysłowe w początku swej działalności nie spełniały wymaganych parametrów technologicznych, a emisje do atmosfery gazów odlotowych były niewystarczająco kontrolowane w środowisku przyrodniczym występowały wyraźnie szkodliwe efekty. W latach dziewięćdziesiątych podjęto intensywne działania proekologiczne i modernizacyjne zakładów, które doprowadziły do znacznej redukcji emisji zanieczyszczeń powietrza. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w lasach sosnowych znajdujących się w sieci monitoringowej ustanowionej na obszarze Konina. Przedstawiono poziom depozycji zanieczyszczeń do ekosystemów leśnych oraz migrację aktualnie emitowanych zanieczyszczeń i zdeponowanych w glebie w okresie długoletniej działalności zakładów. Do oceny stężeń i zagrożenia środowiska wodno-glebowego związkami organicznymi i nieorganicznymi zastosowane ceramiczne lizymetry próżniowe. Na podstawie różnic w stężeniach kationów i anionów w różnych przedziałach ekosystemu leśnego określono także natężenie procesów nitryfikacyjnych w glebie.

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Species richness and abundance of insects during post-fire succession of Pinus brutia forest in Mediterranean region

Kaynas B., Gurkan B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 1

165-172

EN

In the Marmaris National Park (located on the Mediterranean coast of SW Turkey) mostly covered with Pinus brutia forests, four sites were selected to study the postfire successional trends in vegetation and insect communities. The sites represented: 1, 5, and 21 years after fire as well as control site (more than 45 years after fire). On the study plots (0.5 ha) the insects were collected with the sweep net swung along three transects each of 100 m length, in monthly intervals between August 2000 and September 2001. The number of plant species decreased from 41 to 32 along succession, as well as the number of stage-specific species but the mean height of vegetation increased with successional stage. The abundance and species richness of herbivorous insects decreased along succession as well as two main herbivore groups - xylophagous id sap-feeders. However, no major changes were found between the sites in terms of abundance or species richness of predators. This decrease in : herbivorous forms may be a result of changes in the plant architecture and vegetation structure between post-fire successional stages.

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Pine ecosystem response to warming along North-South climatic transect in Europe : presentation of research project

Breymeyer A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 4

403-411

EN

An attempt was made to evaluate the response of the ecosystem to changes of climate in ten pine forest stands. It was assumed that the ecosystem response to environmental change can be evalued by examining differences in ecosystem structures and would be measured through the change in the rates of ecosystem processes. The changes of structures and rates are registered along the longest, N-S transect available on the European Continent above 50 stopni N. This transect in within the belt crossing Northern Scandinavia (Norvay and Finland up to 70 stopni N), the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Eastern Poland (from 50 stopni N). The transect covers 20 degrees oflatitude and is more than 2000 km long. The difference in average annual temperature (long-term measurements) between the two extreme sites exceeds 9 stopni C, and there is a regular soutward increase of average site temperature. Precipitation does not show any regular pattern of change along the transect. Average site elevation is 86 m a.s.l., and the average forest age 110 years. All sites are dominated by an overstory of Scots pine, and in the Braun-Blanquet classification they all belong to Vaccinio-Piceetea class of forests, which are common in Europe. During four years of study (1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000) four expeditions to the transect were organized. The Following studies were conducted on each site: the origin and structure as well as physical and chemical features of soils; tree stand age, height, basal area, biomass and carbon content; vertical and horizontal structure of ground vegetation, its diversity, biomass and carbon; litter fall, its decomposition and accumulation; and radial growth of trees.

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Effect of habitat conditions on biomass production and nutrient cycling in selected communities of coniferous forests

Banaszuk P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2001

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Vol. 49, nr 3

271-298

EN

The research on the functioning of coniferous forest ecosystems was conducted on a dune field in the southern part of the River Biebrza Valley (NE Poland; 53 stopnie 15 minut N, 22 stopnie 41 minut E). Two coniferous forest ecosystems investigated were distinguished by the occurrence of two types of phytocoenoses: the pine forest Vaccino myrtilli-Pinetum (Kobenza 1930) Br.-Bl. et Vlieg. 1939, and the pine forest Peucedano-Pinetum Mat (1962) 1974. Within the scope of the investigation were: the trophic condition of soils, the flat-lying level of ground waters, the biomass and production of the vegetation, organic fall, chemical composition of the stand and undergrowth, and the supply and losses of elements to and from the ecosystem. The aim of research was to estimate the effect of habitat conditions on the biomass production and the cycling of elements in two coniferous forest communities, and to balance the budget of elements for the separated fragments for the separated fragments of the ecosystem. Water relations belong to the most important factors of the ecological individual character of the investigated coniferous forest habitats. The humidity conditions effect the differentiation of chemical properties of soils expressed by the resources of nutrients accumulated in them. The greater humidity of the Vaccino myrtilli-Pinetum forest site effects a greater accumulation of elements bounded with organic matter in the soils of this plant association and also of such forms of these elements, which are water extractable and most easily assimilated. The soils of the bilberry coniferous forest contain greater resources of some nutrients and potentially create better conditions of plant development nevertheless the present study shows a much poorer tree cover in the Vaccino myrtilli-Pinetum than in the Peucedano-Pinetum forest. In the bilberry coniferous forest 226 trees per hectare and in red bilberry one 227 were recorded. The average height and breast-high diameter were similar in the two communities: 23 and 32-35 cm, respectively. These values affect the biomass and stand increment. The respective values were 190.4t ha^-1 and 13.3t ha^-1 year^-1 in the bilberry coniferous forest and 243.4t ha^-1 and 17.1t ha^-1 year^-1 in the red bilberry community. In the latter the organic fall is more intensive, exceding that in the bilberry forest by about 18%. The total biomass of the undergrowth distinctly varies at the stage of its maximum development. In the more humid and richer site of the bilberry coniferous forest it amounts to 16323 kg ha^-1 while in the red bilberry forest its value is smaller by 45%, reaching 8960 kg ha^-1. Irrespectively of the diversity of habitat conditions, biomass and plant production comparable amounts of nutrients are cycling in the bilberry Vaccino myrtilli-Pinetum and red bilberry Peucedano-Pinetum forests throughout the year i.e. about 70 kg of nitrogen, about 7 kg of phosphorus, 40 kg of calcium, 9 kg of magnesium, and 11 kg of potassium. In both forest associations the undergrowth plants play a significant role in the biochemical circulation of elements, especially with regard to nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. The equivalent quantity of elements is annually assimilated and returned by plants of the two coniferous forest associations, showing that the two types of forests are in the economical phase of development.