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1
Content available remote Perspective assumptions of pilot training on multi-role combat aircraft in Poland
EN
The article deals with the subject of diagnosing the current system of pilot training on multi-role aircraft in Poland. The authors pay particular attention to changes in its organization, arising from the compromise between technology, needs and funds on the part of the organizers. The recommended perspective changes in its organization in Poland result from the past three years of research in the Air Force University and institutions engaged in the discussed issues. The issues continue the research process handled in the dissertation [5], resulting from analyses and comparisons with world trends in this respect. The obtained findings suggest that it is essential to achieve the planned outcomes of training pilots on multi-role aircraft, at the same time reducing time and costs. It is linked to the introduction of modern aircraft or equipment supporting the process of pilot training.
PL
Tematem publikacji jest diagnoza aktualnego systemu szkolenia lotniczego pilotów wielozadaniowych samolotów bojowych (WSB) w Polsce. W artykule szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zmiany w jego organizacji wynikające z kompromisu między techniką, potrzebami, czy finansami jego organizatorów. Sugerowane perspektywiczne zmiany w jego organizacji w Polsce są wynikiem prowadzonych w ostatnich trzech latach badań w Lotniczej Akademii Wojskowej oraz instytucjach lotniczych zajmujących się poruszaną problematyką. Zawarte kwestie są kontynuacją procesu badawczego zawartego w dysertacji [5] oraz wynikiem analiz i porównań ze światowymi trendami w tym zakresie. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, że należy dążyć do osiągnięcia zakładanych efektów szkoleniowych pilotów WSB przy redukcji czasu i kosztów. Wiąże się to z wprowadzeniem nowoczesnych statków powietrznych oraz urządzeń wspomagających proces szkolenia lotniczego.
EN
In most NATO countries, pilots are prepared in accordance with a modern system of three-stage training: selection, basic and advanced. For each phase, the purpose and scope of the training shall be defined and the aviation equipment together with training support systems should be appropriate selected. The practical training in the air is performed according to the parallelism of the training, which describes the technological relationships between the individual exercises. The purpose of this contribution is to propose a mathematical model which would enable the selection of exercises for each pilot, the appropriate selection of the aircraft and the moment of beginning of each exercise, so that all required exercises are carried out in the shortest possible time. Additionally, in this paper the concept of pilot’s habits and skills improvements is presented.
3
Content available remote Szkolenie pilotów wojskowych. Stan aktualny i przyszłość
PL
W artykule przedstawiono opis aktualnych systemów szkolenia pilotów wojskowych statków powietrznych. Szczególna uwagę zwrócono na tendencje zmian których celem jest redukcja kosztów zakupu samolotów szkolnych i obciążeń całego systemu szkolenia i eksploatacji statków powietrznych. Przez ostatnie 3 lata na corocznej konferencji Military Pilot Training w Londynie dominowała problematyka zwiększania efektywności szkolenia pilotów samolotów bojowych i operatorów bezzałogowych statków powietrznych. Na konferencji zaprezentowano wyniki eksperymentów szkoleniowych, które polegały na rezygnacji z samolotów pośrednich procesie szkolenia pilotów wojskowych. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, że na dobrze zaprojektowanym samolocie szkolnym, takim jak Pilatus PC-21, można realizować zarówno szkolenie podstawowe jak również zaawansowane i następnie przeszkalać pilotów bezpośrednio na docelowy samolot bojowy. Oczywiście należy intensywnie cały ten proces szkolenia wspierać nowoczesnym symulatorem misji 5-tej generacji. Pozwala to postawić tezę, że jest to przyszłościowy innowacyjny system szkolenia, który w sposób znaczący redukuje koszty wyszkolenia pilota samolotu bojowego bez wpływu na jakość szkolenia.
EN
The article presents the description of the current systems of training military aircraft pilots. Particular attention has been paid to the trends of change aimed at reducing the cost of purchasing school aircraft and the burden on the entire training and aircraft operation system. Over the past 3 years, the annual Pilot Training Conference in London has dominated the issue of increasing the effectiveness of training pilots of combat aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicle operators. The results of training experiments were presented on this conference, which presented the abandonment of intermediate airplanes training process of military pilots. The results of different researches allowed to state, that on a welldesigned school airplane, such as the Pilatus PC-21, one can train both basic and advanced trainings and then train pilots directly to the combat aircraft. Of course, all this training process should be intensively supported by the modern mission simulator of the 5th generation. This allows the thesis to be a future, innovative training system that significantly reduces the training costs of a combat aircraft pilot without affecting the quality of the training.
EN
This paper concerns the issue of management and assessment of the aviation training process, which takes into account the elements changing over time: the state of training, its level, quality and mechanisms rationalising the organisational activities and costs. The elements of the complex management system of the aviation training process, which includes probabilistic models for projecting the reliable, safe and effective aviation training, taking into account the requirements imposed by rules, standards and regulations of civil and military aviation, were discussed. In general, its structure, internal modules and exemplary tables of the analysis and assessment of the aviation personnel updates and the validity of permissible breaks during flight by aviation personnel. A schematic diagram of introducing the input data, main parameters, statistical data and expected results in the form of the training schedule, the schedule of the aircraft necessary moving, indicators of the training analysis and assessment, safety and reliability, were mentioned. The mathematical notations of input data and examples of the offered training indicator of aviation personnel were presented. The criterion global function, which exposes the maximisation of the aviation personnel training, as well as the maximisation of the performed flying time of a given type of aircraft, and the minimisation of operating costs of the specific aviation training, was determined. The paper was completed with a conclusion that shows the advantages of the proposed complex management system of the aviation training process.
PL
Szkolenie symulatorowe jest praktycznym i bezpiecznym, sprawdzonym w liniach lotniczych na całym świecie, sposobem zdobywania doświadczenia lotniczego oraz szkoleń wznawiających. Pozwala nie tylko zaoszczędzić czas szkolenia, ale również zredukować koszty oraz negatywny wpływ szkolenia na środowisko, a przede wszystkim ryzyko wystąpienia zdarzeń niepożądanych. W niniejszym artykule omówiono możliwości wykorzystania symulatora lotu FNPT II do szkolenia pilotów lotnictwa cywilnego. Omówiono prawne możliwości i ograniczenia wykorzystania symulatorów do szkoleń na poszczególne stopnie licencji. Wymieniono europejskie przepisy regulujące certyfikacją urządzeń do szkolenia lotniczego (symulatorów) oraz licencjonowanie personelu lotniczego Przedstawiono główne wymagania konstrukcyjne stawiane tego typu symulatorom. Poddano analizie aspekty ekonomiczne – obniżenie kosztów oraz czasu szkolenia jak również psychologiczne – możliwość trenowania reakcji na występowanie stanów awaryjnych.
EN
The training simulator is a practical and safe , proven in the airlines around the world , a way of gaining experience and training resuming air . This allows not only save training time , but also reduce costs and the negative impact of training on the environment, and above all, the risk of adverse events. This article discusses the possibility of using a flight simulator FNPT II to train pilots of civil aviation. Discusses the legal possibilities and limitations of the use of simulators for training for different levels of licenses. Mentioned European rules governing the certification of aviation training devices ( simulators ) and flight crew licensing presents the main design requirements placed on these types of simulations. Analyzed the economic aspects - reducing costs and training time as well as psychological - the opportunity to train reaction to the presence of faults.
PL
Szkolenie personelu latającego dla polskiego lotnictwa wojskowego rozpoczęło się od listopada 1918 r. Przeszkalano Polaków, pilotów wyszkolonych w rosyjskich szkołach lotniczych (na samolotach francuskich) w pilotażu bojowym na samolotach niemieckich i austriackich, które stanowiły większość naszego zdobycznego sprzętu lotniczego. W 1920 r. francuscy żołnierze - specjaliści szkolenia personelu latającego - zapoczątkowali w polskim lotnictwie nowy system przygotowania kadr lotniczych. Nową jakość szkolenia pilotów zainaugurowały: Francuska Szkoła Pilotów w Warszawie i w Dęblinie, a później w Bydgoszczy i Francuska Szkoła Transformacji w Poznaniu. W programach szkolenia pilotów uwzględniano wówczas poziom wiedzy i umiejętności lotnicze uczniów oraz typy statków powietrznych eksploatowane w szkołach pilotażu. Ww. czynniki wpływały na zmianę: programów zajęć teoretycznych, organizacji lotów, programów szkolenia lotniczego. Sprzeczne decyzje dowódców lotniczych w latach 1923-1925 w sprawie rozbudowy polskiego lotnictwa wojskowego i jego wykorzystania w przyszłej wojnie nie sprzyjały powstaniu dojrzałej doktryny szkolenia personelu latającego. Nie doceniono potrzeby jakościowego przygotowania pilotów w korpusie oficerskim.
EN
Polish flying personnel for the Air Force started training since November 1918. The Polish pilots, trained in Russian air schools (on French aircraft) were trained in combat flying on German and Austrian aircraft, which made the bulk of our captured air equipment. In 1920, French soldiers, who were specialists in training flying personnel, initiated a new system of preparing air staff in the Polish aviation. The new quality of training was inaugurated in the French Pilot School in Warsaw and Dęblin, and later in Bydgoszcz and the French School of Transformation in Poznań. The students’ level of knowledge and skills as well as types of aircraft used in air schools were included in the training program. The factors mentioned above influenced the changes in the programs of theoretical classes, organization of flights, programs of air training. However, inconsistent decisions taken by air commanders in the years 1923-1925 referring to the development of the Polish Air Force and its use in the future conflict did not foster the emergence of a mature doctrine of air crews’ training. Definitely, the need for maintaining the quality in the process of pilots’ preparation in officer corps was underestimated.
EN
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of video-game experience and flight-stick position on flying performance. The study divided participants into 2 groups; center- and side-stick groups, which were further divided into high and low level of video-game experience subgroups. The experiment consisted of 7 sessions of simulated flying, and in the last session, the flight stick controller was switched to the other position. Flight performance was measured in terms of the deviation of heading, altitude, and airspeed from their respective requirements. Participants with high experience in video games performed significantly better (p < .001) than the low-experienced group. Also, participants performed significantly better (p < .001) with the center-stick than the side-stick. When the side-stick controller was switched to the center-stick position, performance scores continued to increase (0.78 %). However, after switching from a center- to a side-stick controller, performance scores decreased (4.8%).
PL
W referacie przedstawiono metodykę szkolenia szybowcowego młodzieży stosowaną przez instruktorów pracujących z młodzieżą w rejonie jeleniogórskim. Omówiona została koncepcja stworzenia na bazie: istniejących historycznych obiektów, doświadczonej kadry instruktorów, działających ośrodków dydaktycznych centrum dydaktyczno-szkoleniowego, przeznaczonego do uczenia i szkolenia młodzieży Euroregionu Nysa w dziedzinie techniki lotniczej i szybownictwa oraz kształcenia na poziomie wyższym w specjalnościach lotniczych.
EN
The paper presents a methodology for training glider used by the instructors working with youth people in the region of Jelenia Góra. Discusses the concept of creation educational and training center based on: existing historical facilities, experienced staff of instructors, existing learning centers, dedicated to learning and training of youth people in the area of the Euroregion Neisse in gliding aviation and providing hirer education in the specialties of aviation.
EN
Modern air training of military pilots is a very complex, time-consuming and expensive process. Therefore the economic factor becomes more and more important among viarious conditions to determine the training course. One of the most effective methods to reduce the costs is to use modern flight simulators. The cost analysis showed that one hour of Su-22 flight costs 76638 zlotys. In comparison, the costs of flight on the simulator Izolda are insignificant, amounting to 839 zl. Thus as the cost of conducting the flight in the simulator is one per cent of the aircraft fight, there have appeared excellent conditions to carry out at least a part of the military pilots' training simulation equipment. Taking into consideration such favourable economic conditions, the training in flight simulators should be conducted in Poland more than at present.
EN
Characteristic features necessary to perform military pilot’s job have been discussed in the article. Flying abilities have been defined as a whole set of quite stable mental individual characteristics of personality that decide on the airman’s efficiency and work. The best method to examine flying abilities is to compare the data received from pedagogical, clinical, experimental and psychological tests of the candidate with the data gained from objective assessment of his flights in practical training. The methods of candidates’ selection for military pilots in practical air training have been presented in the article in a historical approach.
12
Content available remote Rekrutacja kandydatów do sił powietrznych : dawniej i dziś
EN
The article deals with the candidates recruitment for the Air Force both at present and in the past. The first part describes pre-war years when the French aviation experiences and the search to find our own criteria to select candidates for the Air Force were the basis of the pilot’s training system in Poland. This led to define conditions to be fulfilled by a candidate for a military pilot. Much attention was focused on physical and mental health of the candidate and also on his education, motivation and so called the spirit of flying (i.e. courage, patriotism, honour and so on). Apart from collecting our own experiences, also methods applied by our closest neighbours were taken into account. The second part of the article concerns the present times. Admitting candidates to the Air Force Academy is conducted through Recruitment Centres which carry out the introductory selection consisting in the evaluation of formal criteria (age, citizenship, marital status), the state of health and the candidate’s serviceableness to the air service. Then the candidate takes entrance examination (Mathematics, Physics, Foreign Language, Physical Education). The Examination Board makes, in agreement with the qualification procedure, an official record which is the basis for admitting the candidates to the academy. Their number is conditioned by a limit. The number of candidates taking the entrance examination varies.
EN
In the article there has been carried out an analysis of currently functioning training of WSOSP cadets in systemic approach and basing on conducted research. In this analysis it has been suggested to take use of values analysis as a systems rationalisation method, technical and organisational systems in particular, including various military systems. This approach to specialist training in WSOSP resulted, according to the author, in a number of new possibilities to point out the most important factors of direct or indirect influence on this process realisation effectiveness in the school’s air units and to describe dependencies between them. The analysis of values seems to be an interesting instrument to diagnose various systems and then to forecast their further development.
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