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1

Interaction of surface water and groundwater in Nida valley, Poland

Phan Cong Ngoc, Strużyński Andrzej, Kowalik Tomasz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

35--43

EN

The study area of the Nida valley was examined to investigate variations in groundwater and surface water levels, as well as the interaction between them. In the valley, there were three branches. The two actives were the Nida River itself and the Smuga Umianowicka branch while the Stara Nida branch was dry during the measurement session. Over a 12-month period from June 2021 to June 2022, 7 monitoring points were equipped with piezometers, comprising 5 groundwater points and 2 surface water points. The monitoring frequency was set to 30 minutes. The results of this research indicate that there are significant differences in the water level at the same observed point at different times. This study demonstrates seasonal changes in both surface water and groundwater levels with higher levels in autumn and winter and lower levels in spring and summer, which are closely tied to the changes in meteorological conditions during the research period, such as precipitation and air temperature. The study results also indicate that during summer and winter at the Nida River and its riparian area, losing stream is the primary process occurring in the studied reach. Conversely, during autumn and spring, the main process is gaining stream. At the human-maintained Smuga Umianowicka branch and in its riparian area, losing stream is the main process during summer and autumn, and gaining stream is the main process during spring. During winter, losing stream and gaining stream processes can occur simultaneously, and neither process takes place mainly.

2

Detection of outlier observations in piezometric measurements: a case study in the Southern Region of Poland

Lach Stanisław

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 16, no. 1

95--116

EN

One of the main modes of monitoring the geotechnical conditions of earth dams is piezometric measurement, which measures water levels in an open piezometer or water pressure in a closed piezometer. During piezometric measurements, various types of factors can cause disturbances in these measurements that take the form of systematic, accidental, or obvious mistakes. Before measurements from open or closed piezometers are analyzed, outliers due to coarse errors should be detected and rejected. Such observations may significantly influence the result of the analysis and cause erroneous assessment and interpretation of the phenomenon studied. To do this, statistical tests must be applied so that the doubtful measurement can be accepted or rejected at the assumed significance level. This paper uses five statistical tests for identifying and rejecting outliers: the Q-Dixon test, the Grubbs test, as well as the Hampel test, the Iglewicz and Hoaglin test, and the Rosner test. The aim of this article is to try to identify the most suitable test for periodic piezometric measurements. The scope of the study includes the analysis of piezometric measurements for the Czaniec Dam for the multi-year period 2017–2020.

3

Wykorzystanie systemów automatyki do obserwacji zmian środowiska wodnego i parametrów klimatycznych w rejonie KWB Bełchatów

Stobiecki Zbigniew

Przegląd Górniczy

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2020

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T. 76, nr 7

26--33

PL

W artykule przedstawiono praktyczne aspekty wykorzystania nowoczesnych systemów automatyki wdrożonych w Kopalni Bełchatów do kontroli zmian warunków hydrograficznych, hydrogeologicznych i czynników atmosferycznych w otoczeniu wyrobisk eksploatacyjnych. Omówiony został system nadzoru nad parametrami studni odwadniających i piezometrów, monitoring zrzutu wód do sieci hydrograficznej, a także pokazano w jaki obecnie sposób prowadzone są obserwacje w stacji meteorologicznej Chabielice. Dzięki wdrożeniu automatyki do monitoringu środowiska naturalnego pozyskiwane są obecnie ogromne ilości interesujących danych, które po odczytaniu są archiwizowane, a następnie poddawane obróbce w specjalistycznych programach, pozwalających na dokładniejszą ocenę i obserwację zjawisk zachodzących w środowisku naturalnym, a także ich zrozumienie. Wdrożenie do praktycznego użytkowania opisanych w artykule systemów poprawiło pracę kopalni Bełchatów poprzez podniesienie efektywności i sprawności użytkowanych dotychczas systemów nadzoru nad środowiskiem. Przełożyło się to z kolei na optymalizację procesu monitoringu środowiska, co w konsekwencji spowodowało zmniejszenie ilości zużytej energii elektrycznej w procesie odwadniania wyrobisk, a także zmniejszenie kosztów osobowo-sprzętowych związanych z obsługą starszego typu urządzeń.

EN

The article presents the practical aspects of using modern automation systems implemented in the Belchatow Mine to control changes in hydrographic, hydrogeological and atmospheric conditions in the vicinity of mining excavations. The system of supervision over the parameters of drainage wells and piezometers was discussed, as well as the monitoring of water discharge into the hydrographic network, and the current observations at the Chabielice meteorological station were shown. Thanks to the implementation of automation for environmental monitoring, huge amounts of interesting data are now obtained, which, after reading, are archived and then processed in specialized programs, allowing for a more accurate assessment and observation of phenomena occurring in the natural environment, as well as their understanding. The implementation for practical use of the systems described in the article improved the work of the Bełchatów mine by increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the environmental supervision systems used so far. This, in turn, translated into the optimization of the environmental monitoring process, which in turn resulted in a reduction in the amount of electricity used in the process of drainage of excavations, as well as a reduction in personnel and equipment costs related to the operation of older types of devices.

4

Effects of environmental and anthropogenic determinants on changes in groundwater levels in selected peat bogs of Slowinski National Park, northern Poland

Chlost I., Cieśliński R.

Geologos

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2018

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Vol. 24, No. 1

13--28

EN

The present study focuses on two Baltic-type peat bogs in Slowinski National Park, namely that at Żarnowskie and at Kluki, located in the Lake Łebsko catchment and both characterised by a centrally located dome with a very marshy fringe area featuring an emerging marshy coniferous forest (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum). The Żarnowskie bog is under active protection. A total of 24 flow barriers were installed in drainage ditches during the years 2006 and 2007. The purpose of these barriers was to put a halt to water outflow. In addition, 30 hectares of young pine forest were cleared in order to decrease loss of water via evapotranspiration. Kluki peat bog is only partially protected by Polish law. The lack of efforts to prevent outflow via the canal is due to the fact that the canal is utilised to drain meadows in the vicinity of the village of Łokciowe outside of the national park. Peat formation no longer occurs in this peat bog. The hydrological condition of the bog is catastrophic as a result of its main canal, referred to as Canal C9, which is 2.5 to 3.0 m deep and 10 m wide in places. Both peat bogs are monitored for fluctuations in groundwater. Research has shown that changes in water levels fluctuate based on season of the year and geographical location, which is illustrated quite well using the two studied peat bogs. The water retention rate of the Żarnowskie peat bog may be considered fairly high and is likely to improve due to protective measures enabled by Polish environmental laws. The water retention rate of the bog is consistently improving thanks to these measures, fluctuations in water level are small and the water level does not drop under 0.5 m below ground level even under extreme hydrometeorological conditions. This yields optimum conditions for renewed peat formation in this area. One potential threat is the Krakulice peat extraction facility, which is located in the southern part of the bog close to the boundary with the national park.

5

Wpływ lokalizacji składowisk odpadów na jakość wód podziemnych

Wysocka M. E.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 2

1074--1093

EN

Since recently localization, building, and exploitation of landfill sites in Poland have been taking place without any guidelines and legal regulations. As a result Poland, in comparison to other European Union countries, does not score well in this respect. Unfortunately landfills, particularly from the rural area, quite often have been stored directly on the natural grounds without any protection in excavation after the exploitation of aggregate. The aim of this article is to indicate the elements that should be taken into account during structure design, or expansion of the landfills, by focusing particularly on the groundwater quality of the terrain. In order to stress the significance of this subject, three examples of the municipal landfills that have been located in the sites of adverse geological conditions are presented, and the effect of it on the groundwater quality was carried out. Tested landfills have been located mainly within the limits of the non-cohesive soils with high filtration coefficients without any protection. In every case, a subsurface water-bearing layer is deposited directly under the stored landfills. Observation for analyzed landfills were made just before their closing but still during the exploitation. Therefore, the analysis regards the period from the formation of the landfill monitoring wells till today when the landfills are already closed and reclaimed. In the water samples, which were collected according to the guidelines, the following indicators were taken into account and analyzed: reaction pH, proper electrolytic conductivity, total organic carbon, heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg), total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In all the tested landfills was found higher concentrations of groundwater’s pollution indicators in landfill monitoring wells located on the outlet of these waters than in the landfill monitoring wells located on their supply. An increased total organic carbon content and higher electrolytic conductivity and content of heavy metals such as copper and zinc was specifically observed. Increased contents of these indicators prove a negative impact of landfills on the water environment. Consequently, the order to close these landfills was justified, as further storage of these landfills would have a bad impact on the groundwater quality, as a result of which a complete degradation of the water-bearing level would take place. As a consequence of the cessation of the exploitation, the quality of water has improved within the limits of the landfills where the geological conditions were the best, namely, even a discountinuous layer of the poorly permeable formations stored above the water-bearing layer had a positive impact and stopped the pollution, disallowing their further migration into the highly permeable formations. In the case of the landfills situated directly on the soils of high filtration coefficients, the indicators of negative influence of deposited landfills increase even after the closing of the researched landfill sites. In this case, a further analysis of monitoring research is needed in order to see after how many years after the shutdown the landfills would cease to be damaging for the waters of the subsurface water-bearing layer.

6

Zastosowanie metody georadarowej do określania położenia swobodnego zwierciadła wód podziemnych w trakcie próbnego pompowania

Gańko M., Mieszkowski R., Gańko A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 10/1

721--726

EN

In this paper were verify the possibilities of use the ground penetrating radar method to defining the range of depression cone during pumping test the first free aquifer. On the experimental area there were: pumping well with observation weels, geotechnical weels and cone penetration tests. This made possible the credible interpretation of the results with GPR investigations. GPR measurements were executed before pumping and after stabilizing the depression. On the echograms there were clearly appeared the free aquifer before and during of the pumping. On the basis of geophisical investigations it was successful to interpret the position of free aquifer and the range of depression cone.

7

Zastosowanie metody georadarowej i tomografii elektrooporowej do obserwacji położenia swobodnego zwierciadła wód pierwszego poziomu wodonośnego

Gańko M., Mieszkowski R., Gańko A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 456 Hydrogeologia z. 14/1

161--166

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano ocenę możliwości zastosowania metody georadarowej i tomografii elektrooporowej w rozpoznaniu hydrogeologicznym płytkich wód podziemnych. Podjęto próbę wydzielania warstw geologicznych, wyznaczania głębokości do zwierciadła wód podziemnych, oraz określono czynniki mające wpływ na dokładność rozpoznania.

EN

The paper presents the appraisal of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) tests and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) tests used in the hydrogeological exploration of shallow groundwater level. An attempt was made to identify geological layers and determine the distance downward to the groundwater level.

8

Zastosowanie metody Paramex do oceny stanu technicznego piezometrów w Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego "Bełchatów"

Stobiecki Z., Marciniak M.

Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria

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2011

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R. 35, z. 3/1

247-258

PL

W artykule podano założenia teoretyczne nowej metody oceny stanu technicznego piezometrów. Przedstawiono niezbędną aparaturę do jej przeprowadzenia oraz omówiono metodykę badań piezometrów. Przedstawiono wskaźniki oraz kryteria oceny stanu technicznego piezometrów. Nową metodę wdrożono do praktyki hydrogeologicznej Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego "Bełchatów". W artykule podano wyniki uzyskane w ciągu dwóch lat stosowania metody Paramex przez KWB "Bełchatów". W podsumowaniu zamieszczono wnioski z dotychczasowych zastosowań.

EN

The paper states theoretical assumptions of a new method of assessing the technical condition of piezometers. It presents the necessary instruments to carry out the assessment and discusses the research methodology of piezometers. The paper provides indicators and criteria for assessment of the technical condition of piezometers. The new method was introduced to hydrogeological practise in Bełchatów Lignite Mine. The paper presents the results obtained during the period of two years of application of the methods of the NSA Paramex Station. The summary contains the conclusions of existing applications.

9

Changes in water quality of zagreb water-pumping sites

Zelenika M., Soldo B., Durin B.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2009

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Vol. 35, no. 4

145-158

EN

The paper deals with changes of water quality of the aquifer in the valley of the Sava River at Zagreb, capital of Croatia, with respect to the depth of aquifer, laterally and temporally, during several years. The impact of water quality on the appearance of incrustation and corrosion in wells has also been analyzed. There are also presented procedures for preventing incrustation and corrosion. The basis for this paper are the results of analyses of the water samples taken from different wells, new piezometers and those previously carried out at water-pumping sites of different embedding depths.

10

System obserwacji wód podziemnych w Kopalni Odkrywkowej Węgla Brunatnego Bełchatów - prace doskonalące jakość systemu

Gasiński J., Kaczmarek T.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2008

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T. 25, z. 2

277-283

PL

Nieodzownym elementem systemu odwodnienia, pełniącym zarówno funkcję kontrolną jak rozpoznawczą jest system otworów obserwacyjnych. Sprawność oraz przydatność systemu obserwacji jest sumą sprawności poszczególnych jego elementów. Dlatego największy nacisk jest kładziony na zapewnienie jak najlepszego stanu technicznego piezometru. Poprzez odpowiedni dobór średnicy końcowej wiercenia, granulacji obsypki, rodzaju filtra oraz proces uaktywniania dąży się do osiągnięcia jak najlepszej sprawności hydraulicznej części czynnej filtra. Nieustannie ewoluujący system kontroli stanu technicznego pozwoli w niedalekiej przyszłości dokonywać pełnej oceny przydatności poszczególnych otworów obserwacyjnych dla całego systemu, co docelowo doprowadzi do podniesienia wartości przekazywanych przez niego informacji.

EN

A system of observation holes is an indispensable element of a dewatering system, which acts both as a tool of control and reconnaissance. The efficiency and the usefulness of the observation system are a sum of individual efficiencies of its elements. Therefore the greatest stress is laid on the assurance of the best possible technical state of the piezometer. Through the adequate selection of drilling diameter, the granulation of the cover, type of the filter and the process of activating, we want to achieve the best efficiency of the plumbing-active part of the filter. The continually evolving system of the technical state control will allow us, in the near future, to thoroughly assess the usefulness of the separate monitoring holes for the entire system. This, ultimately, will lead to a raise of information value.

11

The identification of pouring conditions of cast iron to sand moulds

Borowiecki B., Ignaszak Z.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 8, iss. 1

19-22

EN

The structure and properties of the castings in cast iron put on spheroidization depend especially on the pouring conditions. Decisive factor of local castings properties can be the flow ability of liquid metal in sand mould, which depends not only on chemical constitutions but also on temperature and velocity of pouring. The parameter, which take into consideration various factors is a substitute rheological parameter [...] proposed in early author's papers [1, 2]. The parameter determined in fluidity test can be used to calculation of thickness of rheological boundary layer metal in gating system channel and in casting. The identification a thermal properties of sand mould material has been require of investigation proposed in literature [3, 4]. In the article presented also the experimental of measurement results of metal levels in piezometers located on the horizontal cross gate.