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PL
Realizacja inwestycji tramwajowych jest niezwykle skomplikowana nie tylko ze względu na liniowość obiektu, ale przede wszystkim z uwagi na prowadzenie robót w zwartej zabudowie miejskiej. Intensywność ruchu pojazdów oraz pieszych powoduje zwiększenie prawdopodobieństwa udziału osób trzecich w zdarzeniach niebezpiecznych na terenie budowy. Artykuł przedstawia analizę wybranych zagadnień oraz zdarzeń z udziałem osób trzecich, które wystąpiły podczas realizowania inwestycji tramwajowych na terenie Wrocławia. Zwrócono uwagę na utrudnienia wprowadzone dla pieszych na czas realizowanych inwestycji w ramach zastępczej organizacji ruchu. Uznano je za główną przyczynę powstawania wskazanych zdarzeń.
EN
The implementation of tram investments is extremely complicated not only due to the linearity of the facility, but above all due to the execution of works in a compact urban tissue. The intensity of vehicle and pedestrian traffic increases the likelihood of third party involvement. The article presents an analysis of selected issues and events involving third parties that occurred during the implementation of tram investments in Wrocław. Attention was drawn to the difficulties introduced for pedestrians for the duration of the investments under replacement traffic organization. They were considered the main cause of the occurrence of the indicated events.
2
Content available Pierwszeństwo pieszego na przejściu dla pieszych
PL
Artykuł niniejszy stanowi kontynuację i rozwinięcie analizy przepisów ustawy Prawo o ruchu drogowym, dotyczących pierwszeństwa pieszego na przejściu dla pieszych. Analizę oparto w szczególności na podstawowych zasadach interpretacji prawa, takich jak zasada pierwszeństwa, wykładni językowej i subsydiarności wykładni celowościowej. Artykuł obejmuje także analizę relacji pojęć pieszego „wchodzącego na przejście” i „znajdującego się na przejściu”, jak również porównanie rozwiązania przyjętego w polskim Prawie o ruchu drogowym z uregulowaniami Konwencji o ruchu drogowym oraz przepisami obowiązującymi w niektórych innych państwach europejskich.
EN
The paper is a continuation and an extension of the analysis of Act on Road Traffic regulations regarding pedestrians’ right of way on a pedestrian crossing. The analysis focuses most notably on the basic principles of interpretation of the provisions of the Act such as the right of way, linguistic interpretation and subsidiarity of purposive interpretation. The author also analyses the relation between the terms of a pedestrian “entering the crossing” and one “on the crossing”, both included in the regulation. A comparison between the solution adopted in the Polish Act on Road Traffic and the corresponding regulations provided in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic as well as respective regulations valid in some other European countries is also presented.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy aktualnych przepisów ustawy z dnia 20 czerwca 1997 r. - Prawo o ruchu drogowym, odnoszących się do kwestii bezpieczeństwa osób przekraczających jezdnię w miejscu oznakowanym jako przejście dla pieszych. Autor prowadzi rozważania z punktu widzenia praktycznego stosowania prawa, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem możliwości realizacji omawianych norm postępowania z perspektywy poszczególnych uczestników ruchu drogowego, akcentując problematykę wykładni w odniesieniu do szeroko ujętych zasad bezpieczeństwa. Dla zrealizowania celów pracy wykorzystano tradycyjnie stosowaną w naukowych badaniach nad prawem metodę - analizę lingwistyczną, wzbogacając ją elementami badań empirycznych.
EN
An analysis of the current provisions of the Act on Road Traffic of 20 June 1997 concerning the issue of the safety of persons crossing the pedestrian crossing is presented. The author concentrates on the practical application of the law, focusing on the implementability of the discussed standards of conduct from the perspective of individual traffic participants, emphasizing the problem of interpretation referred to broadly defined safety principles. To achieve the objective of the paper, the method traditionally used in the scientific study of law, i.e. a linguistic analysis was used, enriching it with elements of empirical studies.
EN
Walking is a basic form of activity for every human being and has many advantages, including health, economic and environmental benefits. Every journey made using various means of transport begins and ends on foot. As is well known, the group of road users particularly exposed to the risk of serious injury in road accidents, apart from cyclists, also includes pedestrians. These are the so-called vulnerable road users. Pedestrians are a group of road users that is often deprecated by many drivers of motor vehicles, but very important in road traffic. Pedestrian injuries and pedestrian fatalities have enormous social and economic consequences. The problem of high pedestrian risk on Polish roads is well known and has been widely described in the scientific literature last few years. However, the reasons for this state of affairs have not been fully explained, as evidenced by the statistics of road traffic incidents. Despite many studies in this area, the causes indicated in the research often differ depending on the area of analysis, the environment in which the incident took place, location, participants of the incident, environmental conditions, behaviorism and many other features. Therefore, the main goal of the article was to determine the factors influencing the formation of fatalities in road traffic accidents among pedestrians in accidents involving pedestrians and motor vehicles in the Silesian Voivodeship (Poland) in 2016-2021. The logit model presented in the article allowed for the conclusion that the main attributes influencing the increasing the risk of pedestrian death in road accidents involving a pedestrian with a motor vehicle include such features as driving under the influence of alcohol by the driver, exceeding the speed limit by the vehicle driver, when the road incident involves a heavy vehicle (truck, bus), a pedestrian is a male, pedestrian is over 60 years old, is under the influence of alcohol, the incident took place outside built-up area, at night, i.e. from 10:00 p.m. up to 6:00 a.m, in other than good weather conditions. The obtained results can be used in various activities, campaigns aimed at improving the safety of pedestrian traffic in the area of the analysis.
EN
The subject of pedestrian safety is particularly important in Poland, where the risk of mortality is very high compared to other European Union (EU) countries. In Poland, 60% of all killed pedestrians lost their lives at night, mostly away from urban areas. The current article focuses on pedestrians’ compliance with the law requirements of the mandatory use of reflective elements at night in non-urban areas since its introduction in Poland in 2014 based on a data analysis and survey on pedestrians’ attitudes and behaviours. An analysis of pedestrian accidents, fatalities, and serious injuries at night five years before and five years after 2014 showed an improvement in pedestrian safety more in non-urban areas (where the law on reflective elements is obligatory) than in urban areas. This study is the first published work to present comprehensive results from an in-depth national survey about people’s attitudes and behaviours regarding the use of reflective elements. The data were obtained from 600 observed and 400 questioned pedestrians in 2018. Observations from 2018 showed that only 21% of pedestrians respected the obligation to wear reflective elements at night outside urban, even though 46% of respondents declared in questionnaires that they wore such elements. Pedestrians who used reflective devices in non-urban areas at night were mainly young people aged 40 years old or younger. They used reflective clothing (shoes, trousers, backpacks); 79% of observed pedestrians did not wear reflective elements at night according to questionnaires from 2018. More pedestrians (60%) who didn’t use any reflective wore black clothing, which made them not visible to drivers and put them at risk of being killed. A comparison of the data showed a positive change in pedestrians’ attitudes due to this obligation. In 2015 only 35% of respondents knew that the use of reflective elements was obligatory in some situations; in 2018, almost half of them (46%) did. The analysis carried out in the present study indicated that the preventive action of introducing the mandatory use of reflective elements at night by pedestrians outside urban areas has slowly improved the safety of pedestrians and decreased the numbers of accidents, serious injuries, and fatalities. Changes introduced into Polish traffic rules have improved pedestrians’ safety on roads since 2014; however, there is still an immense need to carry on social actions and campaigns promoting the use of reflective elements to educate road users to change pedestrians’ behaviours.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza zmian dotyczących przechodzenia pieszego po przejściu dla pieszych, wprowadzonych ustawą z dnia z dnia 25 lutego 2021 r. o zmianie ustawy Prawo o ruchu drogowym. Jego celem jest wykładnia użytego w art. 13 ust. 1a ustawy Prawo o ruchu drogowym (dalej p.r.d.) pojęcia pieszy wchodzący na przejście dla pieszych, a także jego obowiązków w postaci zachowania szczególnej ostrożności, niewchodzenia na jezdnię bezpośrednio przed jadący pojazd oraz niekorzystania z telefonu lub innego urządzenia elektronicznego. Rozważania zmierzały także do wyjaśnienia pozostających w związku z uprawnieniem pieszego obowiązków kierującego pojazdem zbliżającego się do przejścia dla pieszych polegających na zmniejszeniu prędkości tak, aby nie narazić na niebezpieczeństwo pieszego znajdującego się na tym przejściu albo na nie wchodzącego oraz ustąpieniu pierwszeństwa pieszemu wchodzącemu na to przejście. Dla osiągnięcia tych celów zostały wykorzystane takie metody badawcze jak analiza tekstu normatywnego, metoda językowa i logiczna. Artykuł ma znaczenie - ze względu na wyjaśnienie kontrowersji jakie rodzi art. 13 ust. 1a p.r.d. - przede wszystkim dla biegłych z zakresu ruchu drogowego oraz kierowców i pieszych.
EN
The subject of the article is an analysis of the amendments regarding a pedestrian walking across pedestrian crossing, introduced by the Act of February 25, 2021 amending the Act on Road Traffic. Its aim is to interpret the concept, provided in Article 13 (1a) of the Act on Road Traffic, of a pedestrian entering a pedestrian crossing as well as his/her duty to exercise special care, not to enter the road directly in front of a moving vehicle and not to use a telephone or other electric devices. The considerations were also aimed at clarifying the obligations, related to pedestrians rights, of the driver of the vehicle approaching the pedestrian crossing, consisting in reducing the speed so as not to endanger the pedestrian on this crossing or entering it, and giving way to a pedestrian entering the zebra crossing. To achieve these goals, research methods such as the analysis of the normative text together with linguistic and logical methods were used. The article is important as it clarifies the controversy arising from Art. 13 (1a) of the Act on Road Traffic primarily to road traffic experts, drivers and pedestrians.
EN
Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of plastic waste as fine aggregates to partial replacement of sand reinforced with inorganic pigment from red stone to manufacture paving block for pedestrian application. This is an effort not only to reduce plastic waste in the environment but also as an innovative way to find out an alternative eco-friendly paving block material for public walkways with an attractive appearance while ensuring pedestrian comfort. Design/methodology/approach: Approaches were converted the plastic waste to plastic powder which is then used as fine particles to sand partial replacement. The red stone powder is used to give red color to the paving block surface. The paving block materials were completely mixed in a pan mixer and added water as much as 12% of the total mass of the materials used. The paving block was cast in a mold dimension size of 20 cm × 10 cm × 6 cm and pressed with a load of 6 tons using a pressing machine. The effect of natural river sand to plastic powder ratio and curing time on the compressive strength and water absorption were investigated. Findings: The study results confirmed that the replacement of sand with plastic powder decreased the compressive strength of paving block. By partial replacement of sand with plastic powder in the range of 10% to 50% by weight, the compressive strength and water absorption value of pavement after 30 days agitation were at range of 18.06-12.78 MPa and 4.28-3.25%, respectively. This value was still met the minimum requirement for pedestrian applications according to Indonesian National Standard. Research limitations/implications: Replacing sand up to 50% by weight with plastic waste produces paving blocks with compressive strength and water absorption suitable for sidewalks and pedestrians. It is needed to continue research in terms of durability tests in order to be comfortable with the practical use of the material. Practical implications: The use of plastic waste reinforced with red stone powder as fine aggregate makes it one of the alternative ways to reduce plastic waste in the environment and obtain eco-friendly paving blocks with an attractive appearance. Originality/value: It has been experimentally proven that replacing sand up to 50% by weight with plastic powder produces paving blocks that are suitable for pedestrians application. The addition of red stone powder pigment makes the color of paving block surface become more attractive appearance.
EN
The article presents analysis of pedestrian safety in the national road traffic. Factors influencing the safety of pedestrians in the road traffic are discussed. In terms of the regulations governing the relations of drivers and pedestrians, we significantly differ from the countries of Western Europe or Scandinavia, where the level of road safety is much higher than in our country. The situation in this country has probably matured to change it, give it the proper rank and improve the unfavourable statistics of pedestrian safety in the road traffic.
PL
W artykule przestawiono analizę bezpieczeństwa pieszych w krajowym ruchu drogowym. Omówiono czynniki wpływające na bezpieczeństwo pieszych w ruchu drogowym. Pod względem przepisów regulujących stosunek kierowców i pieszych, znacznie odbiegamy od krajów Europy Zachodniej czy Skandynawii, gdzie poziom bezpieczeństwa drogowego jest znacznie wyższy niż u nas. Sytuacja w kraju chyba już dojrzała do tego, aby ją zmienić, nadać jej właściwą rangę i poprawić niekorzystne statystyki bezpieczeństwa pieszych w ruchu drogowym.
PL
Analizując cele zrównoważonego rozwoju wyróżniono trzy kluczowe aspekty kształtowania ulic przyjaznych dla pieszych: funkcjonalny, społeczny i środowiskowy. Zgodnie z nimi przedstawiono główne zagrożenia dla tej grupy użytkowników występujące w przestrzeni polskich ulic. Na podstawie analizy treści standardów i dobrych praktyk projektowania z ostatnich lat dla wybranych polskich miast, wskazano główne kierunki podejmowanych działań i rozwiązania służące eliminacji zagrożeń, składające się na współczesne tendencje kształtowania ulic miejskich.
EN
An analysis of sustainable development goals made it possible to distinguish three key aspects of shaping pedestrian-friendly streets: the functional, social, and environmental ones. Focusing on these selected aspects, the main threats to this group of users in the Polish streets were presented. Based on the analysis of the standards and good practices in street design from the recent years for selected Polish cites, the main directions of activities and solutions aimed at eliminating threats making up the contemporary trends in shaping urban streets were identified.
PL
Godzinowy upływ czasu z czterech kamer internetowych HD w Krakowie (Polska) jest wykorzystywany w tym badaniu do oszacowania, jak zmieniła się aktywność pieszych podczas blokady COVID-19 w różnych strefach miasta. W oparciu o metodę wykrywania obiektów głębokiego uczenia się (YOLO), zaproponowano i pomyślnie zweryfikowano ulepszoną metodę liczenia pieszych o nazwie YOLO-tiled. Za pomocą tej metody przeanalizowano dane z czterech kamer w Krakowie w latach 2016-2021. W strefie turystycznej liczba pieszych zmniejszyła się w porównaniu z okresem przed pandemią, o 70% w 2020 r. i 56% w 2021 r. W strefie turystyczno-mieszkaniowej nastąpił spadek o 30% w 2020 r., Ale w 2021 r. był to już wzrost o 9%. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na bardzo zróżnicowany charakter zmian aktywności pieszych w zależności od rodzaju strefy. Wszystkie wyniki dostępne są w postaci przetworzonych plików tekstowych (CSV) z liczbą pieszych z lat 2016-2021.
EN
The hourly time-lapse from four HD webcams in Cracow (Poland) are used in this study to estimate how pedestrian activity changed during COVID-19 lockdown in different zones of the town. Based on deep learning object detection method (YOLO), improved method for pedestrian counting, named YOLO-tiled was proposed and successfully verified. Using this method data from four cameras in Cracow during years 2016-2021 were analyzed. In the tourist zone, the number of pedestrians decreased compared to the period before the pandemic, by 70% in 2020 and 56% in 2021. In the tourist/residential zone, there was a decrease of 30% in 2020, but in 2021 it was already an increase of 9%. The obtained results indicate a very diverse nature of changes in pedestrian activity depending on the type of zone. All results are available as processed text files (CSV) with the number of pedestrians from years 2016-2021.
11
Content available remote Pierwszeństwu w ruchu drogowym musi towarzyszyć uprawnienie
PL
Wprawdzie od wielu lat podstawowe zasady bezpieczeństwa w ruchu drogowym nie uległy radykalnym zmianom, to jednak nadal odczuwalny jest wśród uczestników tego ruchu brak zrozumienia szczególnie granic obowiązków w ścisłej korelacji z uprawnieniami. Z tego głównie powodu autor - na przykładzie zdarzenia polegającego na zderzeniu samochodu osobowego z rowerem - przypomina, że kierujący samochodem wyjeżdżając z posesji włącza się do ruchu, a tym samym ma obowiązek ustąpienia pierwszeństwa innemu pojazdowi lub uczestnikowi ruchu, jednakże z tym zastrzeżeniem, że temu pierwszeństwu musi towarzyszyć uprawnienie.
EN
The essential rules of road traffic safety have not changed radically for years but traffic participants fail to understand especially the limits of responsibilities in close correlation with entitlements. This is the main reason why the author, illustrating his arguments with an accident in which a car collided with a bicycle, reminds drivers that leaving a property they enter the traffic, so they have to yield the right of way to another vehicle or a road traffic participant provided, however, that this right of way is legally supported by an entitlement.
PL
Kładki dla pieszych są w obecnych czasach podstawowym elementem infrastrukturalnym służącym do przemieszczania się ludzi. Stanowią pomost dla ruchu pieszego i pieszo-rowerowego nad przeszkodami terenowymi, drogami lub liniami kolejowymi. Przykładem takich obiektów są kładki dla pieszych zbudowane przez firmę Optem w Białej Podlaskiej.
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability of a detailed FE human body lower limb mode, called HALL (Human Active Lower Limb) model, in predicting real world pedestrian injuries and to investigate injury mechanism of pedestrian lower limb in vehicle collisions. Methods: Two real world vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes with detailed information were selected. Then, a pedestrian model combining the HALL model and the upper body of the 50th% Chinese dummy model and vehicle front models were developed to reconstruct the selected real world crashes, and the predictions of the simulations were analyzed together with observations from the accident data. Results: The results show that the predictions of the HALL model for pedestrian lower limb long bone fractures match well with the observation from hospital data of the real world accidents, and the predicted thresholds of bending moment for tibia and femur fracture are close to the average values calculated from cadaver test data. Analysis of injury mechanism of pedestrian lower limb in collisions indicates that the relatively sharper bumper of minivan type vehicles can produce concentrated loading to the lower leg and a high risk of tibia/fibula fracture, while the relatively sharper and lower bonnet leading edge may cause concentrate loading to the thigh and high femur fracture risk. Conclusions: The findings imply that the HALL model could be used as an effective tool for predicting pedestrian lower limb injuries in vehicle collisions and improvements to the minivan bumper and sedan bonnet leading edge should be concerned further in vehicle design.
EN
The article presents a general description of the state of road safety in Poland in the years 2010-2019, taking into account the safety of pedestrians, who belong to the most vulnerable road users. The analyses were based on data obtained from the Road Traffic Bureau of the General Police Headquarters and the National Road Safety Council. The second part describes a proposition of methodology for ex post evaluation of the impact of a new road projecton road safety, including the necessary research tools. Both the proposed methodology and the presented research tools were verified in practical application during the works on the report “Impact of projects implemented under the III and IV priority axes of the Operational Program Infrastructure and Environment 2014-2020 on improvement of road accessibility and traffic load in cities” commissioned by the Centre for European Union Transport Projects.
PL
W artykule scharakteryzowano ogólny stan bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego w Polsce w latach 2010-2019, uwzględniając bezpieczeństwo niechronionych uczestników ruchu, jakimi są piesi. W przeprowadzonych analizach wykorzystano dane Biura Ruchu Drogowego Komendy Głównej Policji i Krajowej Rady Bezpieczeństwa Ruchu Drogowego. W drugiej części pracy opisana została propozycja metodologii, w tym narzędzia badawcze służące do przeprowadzenia ewaluacji ex post wpływu nowej inwestycji drogowej na stan bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego. Zarówno zaproponowana metodologia, jak i przedstawione w artykule narzędzia badawcze sprawdziły się w praktyce przy realizacji opracowania zleconego przez Centrum Unijnych Projektów Transportowych pt. „Wpływ działań podejmowanych w ramach III i IV osi Programu Operacyjnego Infrastruktura i Środowisko 2014-2020 na poprawę dostępności drogowej i obciążenie ruchem w miastach”.
PL
Podano informacje dotyczące bezpieczeństwa uczestników ruchu drogowego, szczególnie pieszych. Przedstawiono przykłady kładek zaprojektowanych w celu poprawy bezpieczeństwa i komfortu pieszych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem bezpieczeństwa dzieci.
EN
Due to the increasing road traffic, a proper protection of all road users, particularly pedestrians has become an important issue. This paper presents examples of footbridges designed to improve comfort and safety of pedestrians, especially children.
EN
Purpose: Etiology of hallux valgus (HV) remains unclear and effective treatments and prophylaxis for this condition are lacking and conclusions of researches concerning HV are inconsistent. Recognition of the function-structure interrelation in foot at the early stage of valgus alignment of first metatarsophalangeus joint (1stMTPJ) would help explain the etiology of HV. Methods: The frequency of weight-shifting patterns during walking and the body mass index (BMI) were assessed relative to goniometric measurements of the 1stMTPJ angle in adolescents. Weight-shifting patterns were identified with a plantar pressure analysis, performed with the GaitlineMaxline Distance method. Results: As the 1stMTPJ angle widened, the frequency distributions of identified weight-shifting patterns became increasingly lopsided, due to the favoring or disfavoring of one pattern at the expense of the other. The two sexes showed opposite trends in the weight-shifting patterns that were favored/disfavored, relative to participants with a 0º 1stMTPJ angle. The clear predominance of a central-shift pattern, at the expense of a medial-shift, occurred with the largest (20º) 1stMTPJ angle among girls. Additionally, the BMI distributions associated with 1stMTPJ angle characteristics showed opposite trends between the sexes. Conclusions: Valgus alignment of 1stMTPJ among adolescents were associated with limitations in weight-shifting freedom of the foot during walking, that could be involved in maintaining balance. An 1stMTPJ angle of 20º, where distinct limitations were observed, might serve as a criterion of HV pathology.
17
Content available remote Wzajemne zderzenia pieszych w ruchu drogowym. Zagadnienia sporne i dyskusyjne
PL
Artykuł omawia problematykę zderzeń ze sobą pieszych w ruchu lądowym, akcentując perspektywę prawnokarną. Biegacz, łyżworolkarz, wrotkarz, a nawet zwykły spacerowicz, poruszając się, może doprowadzić do zdarzenia, w którym ucierpi inna osoba, będąca uczestnikiem ruchu. Na kanwie analizy zasad bezpieczeństwa obowiązujących w takich sytuacjach, autor stara się zakreślić pole potencjalnej odpowiedzialności karnej. Rozważania te mają charakter zarówno dogmatyczny, jak i praktyczny, dzięki części poświęconej omówieniu zdarzeń hipotetycznych. W pracy autor posłużył się metodą badawczą w postaci wtórnej analizy dawnych zdarzeń (orzecznictwa oraz literatury prawniczej), jak i studium przypadków.
EN
The article is devoted to a discussion of collisions between pedestrians in road traffic with an emphasis on the aspects of criminal law. A runner, a rollerblade skater, a roller skater, or even an ordinary person taking a stroll may cause an event in which another participant of the road traffic will be affected. On the basis of the analysis of traffic safety rules, the author makes an attempt to define the scope of possible criminal liability. His approach is both dogma and practice orientated, manifested in the section devoted to the discussion of hypothetical events. The author employs the research method of secondary analysis of past events (the case law and legal literature) as well as case studies.
18
Content available remote Bezpieczeństwo w ruchu drogowym
PL
Wprawdzie od wielu lat podstawowe zasady bezpieczeństwa w ruchu drogowym nie uległy radykalnym zmianom, to jednak nadal odczuwalny jest wśród uczestników tego ruchu brak zrozumienia zwłaszcza granic obowiązywania i relacji zachodzących między ostrożnością, szczególną ostrożnością i ograniczonym zaufaniem. Z tego głównie powodu autor przypomina wymienione zasady ze wskazaniem, jak należy je interpretować, aby pozostawać w zgodzie z przepisami i równocześnie zagwarantować sobie i innym uczestnikom pełne bezpieczeństwo na drodze.
EN
Although the basic road traffic rules have not undergone any drastic changes for many years, road traffic participants are still felt not to understand the limits and relationships between attention, special attention and limited trust. This is mainly why the author gives instruction on the interpretation of these rules for road traffic participants to be able to observe these rules, and thus guarantee complete safety on the road to themselves and all others.
EN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability of the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) – pedestrian model in predicting pedestrian injuries, and to investigate pedestrian injury mechanisms in minivan collisions via numerical reconstruction of a real world minivan-to-pedestrian impact case. Methods: A typical minivan-to-pedestrian collision case was selected from the In-depth Investigation of car Accidents in Changsha (IVAC) database. The THUMS middle-size adult male FE model and a minivan front FE model were then employed to represent the case participants and injuries to the pedestrian’s lower limb, thorax and head were reconstructed. Finally, the capability of the THUMS model in predicting pedestrian injuries and pedestrian injury mechanisms in minivan collisions were analyzed through comparisons between predictions and the accident data. Results: The results show that the THUMS has a good capability in predicting pedestrian thorax injuries, but a lower prediction of leg bending moment and brain strain. The extra bull bar concentrates crash load to pedestrian’s leg and raises tibia/fibula fracture risk, thorax injuries in the struck side are mainly from direct contact at the lower chest level, lung injury in the non-struck side could be caused by inertia force from the heart. Rotational acceleration shows good match with brain strain and could be the key mechanism for concussion. Conclusions: The results suggest that further improvement in biofidelity of the THUMS model is still needed. The findings also offer basic understanding on pedestrian injury mechanisms in minivan collisions.
EN
The article is dedicated to the concept of the walkable city as an alternative form of urban mobility. In the work, the authors present basic principles connected with the notion of walkability in the context of sustainable development and sustainable transport. The authors also discuss pro-pedestrian solutions implemented in the Polish cities of Łódź, Rybnik, Szczecin, Gdynia, Wrocław and Katowice, including examples of good practice regarding walkability and the “Walk Score” indicator. The article also introduces typical problems related to pedestrians’ movement around the city. The advantages of implementing the walkability concept and the factors related to making cities more “pedestrian-friendly” are mentioned as well. Overall, the aim of this work is to introduced the concept of walkability as an alternative form of smart mobility in the context of urban logistics.
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