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1

Testing and Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Waste from Desanding

Czop Monika, Petryk Agnieszka, Balcerzak Luzia, Jamry Agata, Kopiec Weronika, Nowak Katarzyna, Piwowarczyk Marta, Zackiewicz Weronika

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 2, vol. 2

129--134

EN

The study concerns evaluating the physical and chemical properties of sand from sand separators of wastewater treatment plants in terms of requirements for construction aggregates. Thus, an analysis of the physical properties of sand was carried out, i.e. its moisture content, bulk density, and grain density, as well as an analysis of the chemical composition of sand. The intention of the research is to find an alternative to the dwindling supply of this type of raw material, which is essential for the construction sector. It is currently estimated that within 20 years there will be a shortage of sand of suitable quality for use in construction. The article presents the results of physicochemical tests and leachability of selected harmful substances (P, F, N-NH4 +, Cl, SO4 2-) and heavy metals (Ba, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Ni) from waste from desanding

PL

W artykule dokonano oceny właściwości fizykochemicznych piasku z piaskowników oczyszczalni ścieków pod kątem wymagań stawianych kruszywom budowlanym. W związku z tym przeprowadzono analizę właściwości fizycznych piasku: wilgotność, gęstość nasypową, a także analizę składu chemicznego piasku i poziom wymywalności substancji szkodliwych oraz metali ciężkich. Celem badań było znalezienie alternatywy dla malejącej zasobów tego cennego surowca, niezbędnego dla sektora budowlanego. Obecnie szacuje się, że w ciągu 20 lat zabraknie piasku odpowiedniej jakości do wykorzystania w budownictwie. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań fizykochemicznych oraz wymywalności wybranych substancji szkodliwych (P, F, N-NH4 +, Cl, SO4 2-) i metali ciężkich (Ba, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Ni) z zawartości piaskownika.

2

Review of possibilities of using sandy waste obtained in wastewater treatment plants as an alternative raw material in construction

Kostrzewa Jacek, Popielski Paweł, Dąbska Agnieszka

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2023

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nr 3

25--37

EN

Sand is a globally mined natural resource. It is applied, among others, in construction, because sand is one of the main components of concrete mixtures and a material used in earthworks. The aim of the manuscript is to organize the state of knowledge regarding the management of sandy waste generated in wastewater treatment plants and to indicate the possibilities of using this waste as an alternative raw material in construction applications. The main thesis is the claim that sand recovered in wastewater treatment plants, perceived as waste, can be an alternative for the global economy to obtain a significant amount of raw material for various uses in construction and to replace natural raw materials extracted for industry. The paper presents data on natural sand resources and its use, the effects of uncontrolled exploitation of the worlds sand resources and the potential of the Polish sand resource base. Particular attention was paid to the review of the possibilities of using sandy waste generated in wastewater treatment plants as an alternative raw material for natural sand resources. The practical applications of sand obtained in the processes used in wastewater treatment plants were also presented.

PL

Piasek jest globalnie wydobywanym zasobem naturalnym. Stosuje się go m.in. w budownictwie, ponieważ piasek jest jednym z głównych składników mieszanek betonowych oraz materiałem wykorzystywanym w robotach ziemnych. Celem artykułu jest uporządkowanie stanu wiedzy dotyczącego zagospodarowania odpadów piaszczystych powstających w oczyszczalniach ścieków i wskazanie możliwości wykorzystania tych odpadów jako surowca alternatywnego w zastosowaniach budowlanych. Główną tezę stanowi twierdzenie, że piasek odzyskiwany w oczyszczalniach ścieków, postrzegany jako odpad, może być alternatywą dla światowej gospodarki na pozyskanie znacznej ilości surowca do różnych zastosowań w budownictwie i zastąpienia nim surowców naturalnych wydobywanych dla przemysłu. W pracy przedstawiono dane dotyczące zasobów piasku naturalnego i jego wykorzystania, skutki niekontrolowanej eksploatacji światowych zasobów piasku oraz potencjał polskiej bazy zasobowej piasku. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono przeglądowi możliwości wykorzystania odpadów piaszczystych powstających w oczyszczalniach ścieków jako alternatywnego surowca dla piasku naturalnego. Przedstawiono również dotychczasowe, praktyczne zastosowania piasku uzyskanego w procesach stosowanych w oczyszczalniach ścieków.

3

Graphite oxide coated sand composites for efficient removal of calcium ions from hard water: isotherm, kinetics, and adsorption mechanism

Perera W.P.R.T., Premasinghe Niroshan, Fernando W.S.K., Perera P.L.R.A., Sandaruwan Chanaka, Kumarasinghe A.R., Liyanage Janitha A.

Composites Theory and Practice

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2023

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R. 23, nr 4

209--219

EN

Even if granular media filtration effectively reduces the turbidity of water, its limited surface functionalities and physical properties may constrain its ability to effectively remove critical contaminants from water. In our research, we successfully synthesized a new type of porous material – multiple coated GO/sand (M-GO/S) by integrating ordinary river sand with graphite oxide (GO) for the adsorptive removal of calcium ions in terms of water softening. Prior investigations confirmed it could remove water turbidity and fluoride simultaneously. M-GO/S was characterized using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The results indicate the presence of an uneven coating of graphite oxide, and the nanocomposite contains oxygencontaining functional groups. Under given conditions, the M-GO/S nanocomposite demonstrated remarkable efficacy in removing 75% of calcium ions (a higher removal percentage than commercial coal powdered activated carbon) from simulated hard water: pH 8, 5.0 g dosage, 50 mg/L calcium ions, and 20 min contact time. The isotherm and kinetic data revealed that the adsorption mechanism primarily comprises multilayer adsorption by means of a chemical sorption process. The mechanism of the proposed M-GO/S nanocomposite for removing calcium ions from hard water is elucidated using (XPS) analysis. The presence of (-O-Ca-O-) chemical bonds on the surface of the nanocomposite after equilibration with calcium ions suggests the occurrence of chemical interactions between the calcium ions and oxygen-containing functional groups of the M-GO/S. Consequently, the synthesized M-GO/S nanocomposite can be identified as a promising candidate for hard water treatment.

4

Study on the anti-corrosion properties of hydrophobic cement mortar containing coral sand

Zhao Yayun, Wang Qing, Song Qingnan, Xu Shuangshuang

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e177, 2023

EN

The high porosity and strong water absorption of coral sand (CS) lead to the decline of the corrosion resistance of CS cement mortar. In this study, an environmentally friendly method of preparing hydrophobic concrete with water-repellent and anti-corrosion properties using CS is proposed. CS was modified by stearic acid to reduce the excessive water absorption caused by its high porosity. The prepared modified CS (M-CS) was used to partially replace the sand in the cement mortar to fabricate hydrophobic cement mortar, the water contact angle of which was found to be 115.9°. The cumulative water absorption, compressive strength, and anti-corrosion properties of hydrophobic cement mortar were explored. The cumulative water absorption of the hydrophobic mortar was found to be 49.75% lower than that of ordinary cement mortar. The compression test results show that a 10% content of M-CS can improve the compressive strength of cement mortar. Moreover, the corrosion resistance was found to be enhanced with the increase of the M-CS content. The hydrophobic cement mortar developed in this study is expected to strengthen the corrosion resistance of cement mortar used for coastal engineering.

5

Effect of substituting white cement with ceramic waste powders (CWP) on the performance of a mortar based on crushed sand

Mezidi Amar, Merabti Salem, Benyamina Smain, Sadouki Mustapha

Advances in Materials Science

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2023

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Vol. 23, nr 4(78)

123--133

EN

The enormous quantities of ceramic waste lead us to its use in the construction field to solve both an environmental and an economic problem. The present study aims to recycle ceramic waste powders (CWP) to produce mortars. To this end, five crushed sand (CS) based mortar mixes with prismatic dimensions of 4x4x16 cm³ were prepared by partially replacing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% white cement with CWP. Tests were carried out to assess bulk density, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The results obtained showed that increasing the proportion of ceramic waste powder (CWP) in mortar mixes led to a decrease in bulk density, compressive strength, and UPV in the different mortars. In addition, linear correlations were observed between the different variables studied.

6

Potential alkaline reactivity of sands from domestic deposits

Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka Daria, Antolik Aneta, Dziedzic Kinga, Lisowski Paweł

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2022

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Vol. 21, no. 3

253--271

EN

Sand used as fine aggregate in concrete may, under unfavorable environmental conditions, cause alkali-silica reaction and the consequent deterioration of durability and functional properties of concrete. The aim of this work is to compare alkali-silica reactivity of 18 natural sands of various origin. The potential reactivity of sands was tested according to the procedures PB/1/18 and PB/3/18 established in the Technical Guidelines issued by the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways. Mineral composition of aggregate was analyzed in order to identify reactive minerals. Mortar bar expansion tests and microscopic analyses of the products of alkali-silica reaction were performed. The research indicated that 6 (33%) out of 18 tested aggregates should be classified as “moderately reactive” and 12 (67%) aggregates should be classified as “non-reactive”. It was demonstrated that the origin of sand affects its susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction.

PL

Piasek stosowany jako kruszywo drobne w betonie w niekorzystnych warunkach środowiska może spowodować reakcję alkaliczno-krzemionkową, a w konsekwencji – pogorszenie właściwości użytkowych i trwałości betonu. Celem pracy jest porównanie reaktywności alkaliczno-krzemionkowej 18 piasków naturalnych o różnym pochodzeniu. Wykonano badania potencjalnej reaktywności piasku zgodnie z procedurami PB/1/18 i PB/3/18 przedstawionymi w Wytycznych Technicznych GDDKiA. Przeprowadzono analizę składu mineralnego kruszywa pod kątem zawartości reaktywnych minerałów, badanie wydłużenia próbek zapraw oraz analizę mikroskopową produktów reakcji alkalia-krzemionka. W toku badań dowiedziono, że 6 kruszyw (33%) spośród 18 przebadanych należy zaklasyfikować do kategorii „umiarkowanie reaktywne”, natomiast 12 kruszyw (67%) należy przypisać do kategorii „niereaktywne”. Wykazano wpływ pochodzenia piasku na jego podatność na wystąpienie reakcji alkalicznej.

7

Piasek – (nie)policzone złoto

Moszniński Sławomir

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2022

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Nr 2

28--30

PL

W artykule omówiono kwestie związane z piaskiem wykorzystywanym w budownictwie – jego występowanie, zapotrzebowanie, pozyskiwanie, koncesje, wykorzystanie i prognozy.

8

Sustainable deployment of crushed concrete aggregates strengthened with cement and sand

Sharma V., Kumar A., Kaur A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 113, nr 1

19--34

EN

Purpose: Paper assessed the feasibility of crushed concrete aggregates (CCA), a subsidiary of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, blended with cement and sand to form a composite for civil engineering field applications. Design/methodology/approach: The compaction and strength characteristics of CCA were observed by conducting Proctor compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Different proportions of CCA, sand and cement were used. Moreover, the effect of curing period (0, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days) was also studied. In addition, regression analyses were performed to develop empirical expressions to predict the compaction and strength characteristics of the CCA composite. Findings: Increasing the CCA content up to 50% increases the maximum dry unit weight (MDUW) and decreases the optimum moisture content (OMC). However, on further increasing its content the MDUW decreases and OMC increases. Percent increase in the CBR value can go up to 412% if the CCA content is increased up to 50%. However, the percent reduction in CBR of about 20% can take place if 100% CCA content is used. Moreover, multiple regression shows that the experimental results are in good agreement with the predicted values. Research limitations/implications: The results obtained are purely dependent on the type of material. However, they are in favour of the used material as a probable option for road sub-base layer, and also for reducing burden on available natural resources. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct some initial tests to confirm the feasibility of the material. Practical implications: The proposed study will guide the design Engineers to choose CCA as one of the potential materials for road construction. Originality/value: It was observed that there is a need to maximize the utilization of C&D waste without making any compromise with its mechanical properties. So keeping that in view, the present study was conducted.

9

Research on sand resistance performance of comprehensive protection facilities for desert hinterland highways under strong wind environment

Yin Wenhua, Wang Xu, Wu Yongxiang, Wang Fang

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 68, nr 4

683--698

EN

Based on the test and observation of the desert hinterland wind field, combined with the numerical simulation of Fluent wind-sand two-phase flow, the sand resistance performances of comprehensive protection in the desert hinterland under strong wind environment are researched. The transient wind speed and wind direction around the comprehensive protection facility are measured by two 3D ultrasonic anemometers on the highway in the desert hinterland, and the initial wind speed of the sand flow is provided for the numerical simulation boundary. The sedimentary sand particles around the comprehensive protection facility are collected for particle size analysis, and the particle size distributions of sedimentary sand particles at different locations are obtained. Numerical models of high vertical sand barriers, grass checkered sand barriers and roadbeds are established by Fluent, the wind-sand flow structures around the comprehensive protection facilities and desert hinterland highway under the strong wind environment are obtained, and the influence laws of the comprehensive protection facilities on the movement of wind-sand flow and sand deposition characteristics are obtained. The study found that the comprehensive protection facilities disturbed the wind and sand flow, and there are significant airflow partitions around the comprehensive protection facilities. The wind speed decreases rapidly after the wind-sand flows through the high vertical sand barrier; the wind-sand flow rises at the end of the high vertical sand barrier. When the wind-sand flow moves around the grass checkered sand barrier, the wind speed has dropped to the range of 0-3 m/s, and the wind speed near the ground by the grass checkered sand barrier is further reduced. Due to the existence of the concave surface of the grass grid, there are small vortices inside the grass grid sand barrier. Large sand particles are mainly deposited on the windward side and inside of high vertical sand barriers. The grass checkered sand barrier forms a stable concave surface to generate backflow, which can ensure that the sand surface does not sand itself in a strong wind environment, and can also make a small amount of sand carried in the airflow accumulate around the groove of the grass checkered sand barrier. The numerical simulation results are consistent with the measured results, and the comprehensive protection measures have achieved good sand control effects.

10

Z piaskiem po drodze

Skoneczny Andrzej

Surowce i Maszyny Budowlane

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2020

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nr 1

12--14

PL

Surowce mineralne, których nie można zastąpić żadnym substytutem, a wśród nich piaski i żwiry, są jednym z podstawowych dóbr, które decydują o egzystencji człowieka.

11

Piasek na wagę złota

Moszniński Sławomir

Surowce i Maszyny Budowlane

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2020

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nr 1

10--11

PL

Czy alarmowany przez ekologów brak piasku i jego wpływ na rujnowanie środowiska naturalnego to kolejny rozdmuchany, sztuczny problem, czy rzeczywiście coś jest na rzeczy? Czy grozi nam niedobór materiału, który stanowi podstawę branży budownictwa i jest odpowiedzialny za rozwój infrastruktury i urbanistyki? Wg naukowców piasek jest najbardziej zapomnianym surowcem naturalnym na świecie...

12

Nowoczesne metody produkcji piasku w kruszywa SKSM S.A.

Ogórek Jacek

Surowce i Maszyny Budowlane

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2020

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Nr 4

18--24

PL

Żyjemy w czasach, w których rządzi nie tylko cena. Coraz częściej to jakość odgrywa największą rolę w handlu towarami, stąd też Szczecińskie Kopalnie Surowców Mineralnych S.A. wychodzą naprzeciw oczekiwaniom klientów, wprowadzając nowe technologie przy produkcji piasku O/2.

13

Wydobycie kruszyw piaskowo-żwirowych w Polsce Środkowo-Zachodniej

Kowalska Anna

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2020

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Nr 1

20--25

PL

Żwiry i piaski są podstawową kopaliną stosowaną w budownictwie do produkcji betonów, prefabrykatów betonowych, dróg i w wielu innych gałęziach gospodarki. Z analizy bazy geologicznej wynika, że w ostatnich latach pomimo eksploatacji przybywa nam udokumentowanych zasobów. Wzrost ten dotyczy jednak głównie zasobów złóż piaskowych. W artykule do strefy środkowo-zachodniej wydobycia kruszyw żwirowo-piaskowych zaliczono województwa: lubuskie, wielkopolskie i kujawsko-pomorskie. Analizowana strefa jest zróżnicowana pod względem występowania i eksploatacji złóż piaskowo-żwirowych.

EN

Gravel and sand are basic minerals used in construction for the production of concretes, concrete prefabricated elements and roads as well as in many other economic sectors. An analysis of the geological database has shown that the amount of documented resources has grown in recent years despite their mining. However this increase relates mainly to sand resources. In the article, the following voivodeships have been included in the central and western zone of mining sand and gravel aggregates: Lubusz, Greater Poland and Kuyavian-Pomeranian.

14

Piaski do zapraw klejących – cz. I

Naziemiec Zdzisław

Inżynier Budownictwa

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2020

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nr 2

71--75

PL

W artykule przedstawiono ogólne informacje dotyczące produkcji i jakości eksploatowanych w kraju kruszyw drobnych, głównie piasków. Podano podstawowe wymagania stawiane kruszywom drobnym stosowanym w budownictwie do zapraw i do klejów w systemach ociepleń. Wśród eksploatowanych w kraju piasków występuje duże ich zróżnicowanie zarówno pod względem składu mineralnego, jak i ziarnowego. Przedstawiono wyniki badań klejów cementowych z udziałem różnych kruszyw drobnych. Zwrócono uwagę na nowe metody badań, których wyniki mogą być pomocne w specyficznych zastosowaniach zapraw klejących.

EN

The article presents general information on the production and quality of fine aggregate mined in Poland, mainly sands. It provides basic requirements for fine aggregate used in construction for mortars and adhesives in thermal insulation systems. Sands mined in the country differ from each other significantly in terms of their mineral and grain composition. The results of research on the influence of various fine aggregates on cement-based adhesives have been presented. Attention has been also paid to new research methods, the results of which might be helpful in specific applications of adhesive mortars.

15

Changes of sand density impact on water filter backwashing

Dąbrowski Wojciech, Plata Monika

Instal

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2020

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nr 1

45--48

EN

Media of rapid filters is the subject of abrasion and coverage by biofilm which partially is not removed during backwashing. The empirical tests done for predicting the optimal backwash intensity as a function of water temperature proved that in computing the sand expansion it is necessary to take into consideration not only changes of the grains’ shape but also the density of sand grains as the result of growing biofilm.

PL

Złoża pospiesznych filtrów piaskowych ścierają się i pokrywają z czasem biofilmem, który nie jest w całości usuwany w czasie płukania. Empiryczne testy wykonane w celu doboru optymalnej wielkości intensywności płukania w funkcji temperatury wody płucznej wykazały, że w obliczeniach wielkości ekspansji złoża należy uwzględnić nie tylko zmianę w czasie eksploatacji kształtu ziaren ale również ich gęstości, która wynika z obrastania ich biofilmem.

16

Formulation of a Concrete Based on Grinded Seashells as Partial Substitution for Sand

Boudjellal Khaled, Bouabaz Mohamed, Bensebti Salah Eddine

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2020

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Vol. 30, no. 4

56--71

EN

This paper examines the partial substitution of concrete components by grinded sea mussel shells collected from the coastal region of eastern Algeria. The study proposes the recycling of this waste to reduce the excessive and increasing accumulation of these shells to relieve the marine environment. The problem lies in establishing a perfect integration of the aggregates obtained from the grinded shells of sea mussels in the formulation of various types of concrete. These substitutions significantly affect the rheology of fresh cementitious materials, which is directly related to the development of strength, modulus of elasticity, and the durability of the hardened material. The objective is to partially replace the mineral sand used in the manufacture of ordinary concrete with shell sand from grinded sea mussels, with different substitution percentages of 20%, 25%, 35%, 40%, and 50% of sand volume. The results obtained indicate a marked improvement in the characteristics of fresh concrete with minimum loss in mechanical performance.

17

Prediction of bearing capacity of H shaped skirted footings on sand using soft computing techniques

Gnananandarao, Khatri V. N., Dutta R. K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 103, nr 2

62--74

EN

Purpose: The present study aims to apply soft computing techniques, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and M5P model tree, to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of the H plan shaped skirted footing on the sand Design/methodology/approach: A total of 162 laboratory test data for the regular plan shaped (square, circular, rectangular, and strip (up to L/B = 2.5) skirted footing were collected from the literature to develop the soft computing-based models. These models were later modified for the H Plan shaped skirted footing with the introduction of the multiplication factor. The input variables chosen for the regular plan shaped footings were skirt depth to width of the footing ratio (Ds/B), friction angle of the sand (o), the ratio of the interface friction angle-to-friction angle of sand (5/o), and length-to-width (L/B) ratio of the footing. The output is the bearing capacity ratio (BCR, a ratio of the bearing capacity of the skirted footing to the bearing capacity of un-skirted footing). Findings: Sensitivity analysis was carried out to see the impact of the individual variable on the BCR). The sensitivity results reveal that the skirt depth to width of the footing ratio is the primary variable affecting the BCR. Finally, the performance of the developed soft computing models was assessed using six statistical parameters. The results from the statistical parameters reveal that model developed using ANN was performing superior to the one prepared using M5P model tree technique for the prediction of the ultimate bearing capacity of H plan shaped skirted footing on sand. Research limitations/implications: The model equations are developed with experimental laboratory data. Hence, these equations need further improvement by using field data. However, until now there no field data have been available to include in the present data set. Practical implications: These proposed model equations can be used to predict the bearing capacity of the H-shaped footing with the help of Ds/B, o, S/o and L/B without performing the laboratory experiments. Originality/value: There is no such model equation that was developed so far for the H-shaped skirted footings. Hence, an attempt was made in this article to predict the bearing capacity of the H-shaped footing by using available experimental data with the help of soft computing techniques.

18

Electromagnetic system for improving the adhesion of wheels to rails

Osenin Yurij, Antoshkina Lidiya, Sosnov Igor, Shapran Evgeniy, Chesnokov Aleksei

Transport Problems

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2019

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T. 14, z. 1

59--67

EN

The article describes the design of a system used for the improvement of the adhesion of locomotive wheels to rails; the principle of which is based on the electromagnetic feeding of the contact area with the bulk material that has magnetic properties and high hardness (iron scale Fe3O4 and magnetite FeO×Fe2O3). The experimental results of laboratory and bench tests confirming the effectiveness of the proposed system compared with the existing devices using quartz sand to improve the adhesion of wheels to rails are presented. It is concluded that the use of an electromagnetic system for improving the particle supply to the wheel/rail interface is promising.

19

Wydobycie kruszyw żwirowo-piaskowych w Polsce Północno-Zachodniej

Kozioł Wiesław

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2019

|

Nr 4

24--29

PL

Żwiry i piaski są podstawową kopaliną stosowaną w budownictwie do produkcji betonów, prefabrykatów betonowych i dróg, a także w wielu innych gałęziach gospodarki. Złoża żwirów i piasków zalegają na stosunkowo niedużych głębokościach na terenie całego kraju i są eksploatowane we wszystkich województwach oraz w Bałtyckim Obszarze Morskim. Z analizy bazy geologicznej wynika, że w ostatnich latach pomimo eksploatacji przybywa udokumentowanych zasobów.

EN

Gravel and sand are basic minerals used in construction for the production of concretes, concrete prefabricated elements and roads as well as in many economic sectors. The deposit of gravel and sand occur at relatively depths all over Poland and are mined in all voivodeships at the Baltic Sea area. An analysis of the geological database has shown that the amount of documented resources has grown in recent years despite their mining.

20

Effectiveness of indicator bacteria removal in vertical flow filters filled with natural materials

Wąsik Ewa, Chmielowski Krzysztof

Environment Protection Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 45, nr 2

83--93

EN

The effectiveness of removing indicator bacteria from domestic sewage using a vertical flow filter filled with natural materials has been analysed. The count of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria was measured in raw and treated sewage and effectiveness of their removal under variable conditions of hydraulic load and depending on the filter filling (type, size and filling proportions) was assessed. A single-layer sand or zeolite filter was the most effective in reducing bacterial contamination. The sand-filled filter allowed the removal of 99.993–99.997% of Escherichia coli and the one filled with fine zeolite of 99.995%. The principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the filter performance. Three principal components were identified and they were responsible for 81% of raw data variability. The effectiveness of indicator bacteria removal depended mainly on the filling grain size and did not on filling proportions or its type.