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1

Characterization of Two Olive Mill Wastewater and Its Effect on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Germination and Seedling Growth

El Kafz Ghizlane, Cherkaoui Essediya, Khamar Mohamed, Benradi Fatima, Nounah Abderrahman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

207--217

EN

In Morocco, the olive industry produces a large quantity of olive mill wastewater (OMW) every year for a short period (November to February). The physicochemical properties and quantities of these effluents depend largely on the extraction system used. The aim of this study is to characterize these effluents for the purpose of evaluating their impact on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) germination and seedling growth. For this purpose, a germination experiment was conducted, wherein 25 Fenugreek seeds were positioned on filter paper within Petri dishes. Subsequently, these seeds were subjected to varying concentrations of water sourced from two olive crushing processes: the Continuous System (OMW-CS) and the Semi-Modern System (OMW-SM) (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The Petri dishes were then placed in an incubator set at 25 °C for a duration of 8 days. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that both types of water had an acid pH and were rich in organic matter. The 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) values were similar, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) values were quite different. Microbiological analysis revealed that yeasts and fungi were the main constituents of the flora of these wastewaters, with no significant difference between the two types of OMW. However, the total number of aerobic mesophilic flora was higher for OMW-CS than for OMW-SM. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between OMW-CS concentrations (F = 2998.667; p <0.000) and OMW-SM (F = 2839.778; p <0.000). A minimal germination rate (30%) was recorded for OMW-CS at a concentration of 10%. For OMW-CS, total inhibition of germination was observed at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, while for OMW-SM, this inhibition was recorded above a concentration of 2%.

2

Surface water contamination by mining wastes: Case of the Sidi Kambar region (Skikda North-East Algeria)

Fekrache Fadila, Boudeffa Khaled

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 1

49--61

EN

The objective of this work is to assess the contamination of the Essouk stream, under acid drainage from the Sidi Kambar mine (southwest of Skikda, Algeria), which has been widely exploited during the previous decades. The methodology was conducted to control the current state of water chemistry, its evolution in space and time according to the variation of water physicochemical parameters and the content of trace metals (Pb, Fe, and Zn). In general, Essouk stream are highly sulphated (reached 598.56 mg/L) and have an elevated salinity, resulting in a high conductivity (1925 μS/cm) and presented a low pH (3.01). In addition, Fe, Pb and Zn contents reached 5.17 mg/L, 2.05 mg/L and 4.05 mg/L, respectively. Such results were linked to the bedrock of Sidi Kambar that is composed of galena, pyrite and sphalerite.

3

Hydrochemical and ecotoxicological characterisation of water samples from Moldova Noua area, Romania

Vulpe Constantina Bianca, Boros Bianca Vanesa, Matica Mariana Adina, Menghiu Gheorghița, Roman Diana Larisa, Dascălu Daniela, Kovačević Renata, Ostafe Vasile

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 3

357--372

EN

The abandoned copper mine in the Moldova Noua area is still producing mining pollution today due to the drying of tailings ponds and the carrying of contaminated dust by the winds, leading to potential contamination of surface waters and groundwaters. The purpose of this study is the assessment of some surface waters and groundwaters potentially contaminated by mining pollutants from Moldova Noua area regarding their hydrochemical and ecotoxicological properties. The physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity) were determined in situ, with the concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) being determined in the laboratory. Inhibition of acid phosphatase enzymatic activity and yeast toxicity tests were the two ecotoxicological tests used for the evaluation of mining pollution effects on the quality of surface waters and groundwater. The results highlighted that most of the physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were within normal limits. With the exception of the surface water sample collected from the Bosneag River, upstream of Moldova Noua, all samples induced inhibition compared to the positive control in the ecotoxicological tests applied. Statistically significant correlations were observed, with the total concentration of iron ions presenting the most statistically significant correlations with other parameters. A grading scale was used to assess the state of the waters, highlighting the weak impact of mining pollutants on the analysed samples.

4

Assessing the environmental impact of roadway’s construction on adjacent water resources: a case study of the southern part of Albania

Beqaj Blerina

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 114

5--13

EN

Water is one of nature’s resources. As urbanisation grows, new roadways and highways are constructed for the transport sector and development. Due to roadway infrastructure, the development of the quality of surface water bodies in close proximity to roads is deteriorating and has become a major environmental challenge. Considered as one of the major nonpoint pollution sources, the construction of new roadways can have short and long-term effects on water quality conditions. This study revealed that road construction activities may be responsible for introducing pollutants in nearby water sources, leading to the deterioration of water quality. The roadway expansion activities affect both the surface and groundwater quality. Furthermore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of a road construction project situated in the southern part of Albania, on physic-chemical parameters of surface water by collecting water samples from Skotini stream. The analysed parameters included pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (ECw), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, nitrites (NO2-), ammonium (NH4+) and total phosphorus (Ptot). The results revealed that all physic-chemical parameters analysed in the laboratory are between the normal standards classifying these waters as very clean. Further surveillance for quality assessment of water sources near roadway’s construction activities is needed. Various best management practices have been developed and implemented to prevent negative environmental impacts in the transport sector and roadway construction activities. Results of the water quality help strengthen the theory that roadway construction projects in the transport sector, using appropriate best management practices, could yield minimal impact on the overall water quality of surrounding water bodies.

5

Spatial variability of summer hydrography in the central Arabian Gulf

Elobaid Elnaiem Ali, Al-Ansari Ebrahim M.A.S., Yigiterhan Oguz, Aboobacker Valliyil Mohammed, Vethamony Ponnumony

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (1)

75--87

EN

The Arabian Gulf is a very significant ocean body, which hosts more than 55% of the oil reserves of the world and produces about 30% of the total production, and thus, it is likely to face high risk and adverse problems by the intensified environmental stressors and severe climatic changes. Therefore, understanding the hydrography of the Gulf is very essential to identify various marine environmental issues and subsequently, developing marine protection and management plans. In this study, hydrography data collected at 11 stations along 3 linear transects in the early summer of 2016 were analyzed. The physicochemical parameters exhibited apparent variations along each transect, both laterally and vertically, connected to stratification, formation of different water masses and excessive heating. The temperature and salinity decreased laterally from nearshore to offshore, while layered density structures were identified in the offshore regions. The pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo) exhibited distinct horizontal and vertical variations. The observed pH is within the normal ranges, indicating that seawater acidification may not be a threat. The highest DO (6.13–8.37 mg/l) was observed in a layer of 24—36 m water depth in the deeper regions of the central transect.

6

Performance of pozzolan in trickling filter for secondary treatment of urban wastewater in Tlemcen, Algeria

Hamidi Amina, Belarbi Fadila, Bouchelkia Hamid, Bouchenak Khelladi Racha M.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

166--177

EN

The research aims to study the purification performance of a local and natural material as an input or as a biological filter for treating urban domestic wastewater. For this purpose, pozzolan was used as the biofiltration support that was provided from Beni Saf located in the North-West of Algeria. Tests were carried out with a specially modified pilot unit (TE900) for wastewater treatment over a period of four months. To assess the efficiency of the treatment, two main parameters have been focused on - the height of the sprinkler filter (40 cm and 80 cm) and the flow rate (10, 16, and 25 dm3∙h-1). Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were carried out on raw wastewater and treated water. The obtained results show that the Beni Saf pozzolan-filled trickling filter eliminates a large fraction of the studied pollutants. The purification yields obtained are fairly encouraging; 98% for turbidity, 88% for suspended solids (SS), 94% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 98% for biological oxygen demand (BOD5 ). As for bacterial indicators, the formation of biofilms has significantly reduced bacterial activity with a percentage of over 80%. It can be concluded that the reduction of pollutant parameters clearly indicates the effectiveness of the treatment by this ecological process. Therefore, the use of local and natural materials for wastewater treatment can be a promising alternative based on sustainable environmental technologies and development.

7

Ground water quality in Wadi Shati (Libya): Physicochemical analysis and environmental implications

Ahmad Omar Asad, Gazzaz Nabeel M., Alshebani Amnah Khair

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

128--137

EN

This study aimed at evaluating water quality of groundwater wells (GWWs) in Wadi Shati, Libya, and assessing its suitability for drinking. Water samples were collected from 17 GWWs and subjected to laboratory testing for 24 physical and chemical water quality parameters (WQPs). Analysis uncovered that the recorded values of 11 WQPs were consistent with the Libyan drinking water quality standard (DWQS). These parameters were pH, temperature (T), acidity, alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and cadmium. However, values of colour and turbidity exceeded the maximum levels set by the Libyan DWQS at five out of the 17 study wells. Likewise, concentrations of chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO4 2-), and ammonia (NH3) violated the local DWQS in three locations, each. Additionally, concentrations of phosphate (PO43-), iron, manganese, chromium, and nickel exceeded their maximum allowable concentrations according to the Libyan DWQS. The levels of these five parameters are alarming. Overall, the 17 studied GWWs suffer from varying levels of pollution that, mostly, arise from domestic and agricultural sources, e.g., septic tank seepage and agricultural drainage of agro-chemicals like fertilisers and pesticides. The results of this study emphasise that routine monitoring of groundwater resources plays a vital role in their sustainable management and stresses that water quality data are critical for characterisation of pollution, if any, and for protection of human health and ecosystem safety. Our results serve as guideline for sustainable management of water quality in the Wadi Shati District.

8

Aquatic Invertebrates and Their Correlation with Environmental Parameters in Coastal of Tien Giang Province, Mekong Delta in Vietnam

Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, Dang Thi Cam Tu, Nguyen Thi Ha, Nguyen Binh An, Pham Anh-Duc, Huynh Phuc Lo

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2022

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no. 2

99--106

EN

The Tien Giang province is located in the tropical climate zone of the Mekong delta. The climate here is clearly divided into two main seasons, namely wet season and dry season and the average temperature is about 27°C. The coastline is 32 kilometers (20 mi) long with thousands of coastal warp, which is an advantage for aquatic breeding such as crab and sea-based economy development. Aquatic invertebrates are a diverse group of organisms that inhabit coastal area throughout the world, in regions spanning alpine, arid, Mediterranean, polar, temperate, and tropical climates. Estuarine coastal invertebrates include benthic, planktonic, and stygobitic taxa and range from widespread taxa to water quality assessment. Classified by size as either macroinvertebrates or smaller meiofauna, macroinvertebrates are more widely studied, although meiofauna can also be diverse and abundant in aquatic communities. The influence of environmental factors on the diversity of invertebrates was studied in the Tien Giang Coastal Area, Southern Vietnam. The study was done between March 2019 and September 2021, encompassing both dry and rainy seasons. Data from 10 sites were used as a representative example for the Tien Giang Coastal Area to conduct a qualitative study. To implement this evaluation, the analyses were based on MRC methods and classifications these improved by the scientific group. The biological and environmental variables were examined to test the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Pearson correlation among all the parameters using R statistical software. Significant or highly significant positive or negative correlations were assumed when the p-calculated value was < 0.05 or 0.01, respectively. The results of the assessment showed that 32 species of zooplankton and 18 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were found in the study area. The density of zooplankton at each site ranged from 6 to 85 individuals/sample, while the density of benthic macroinvertebrates at each site fluctuated from 4 to 15 individuals/sample. The calculated values for the diversity index (H’) of both zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates fluctuated at the average level (H’ ≈ 1.00 ÷ 1.72). The results also show that several environmental variables, including total suspended solid, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonium were correlated with species richness and density of aquatic invertebrates. The obtained results will be useful for the monitoring of pollution status at the study area in particular the sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates to changes of environmental characteristics.

PL

Prowincja Tien Giang położona jest w strefie klimatu zwrotnikowego delty Mekongu. Klimat jest tutaj wyraźnie podzielony na dwie główne pory roku, a mianowicie porę deszczową i porę suchą, a średnia temperatura wynosi około 27°C. Linia brzegowa ma 32 kilometry (20 mil) długości i bardzo urozmaiconą linię brzegową, co jest zaletą dla hodowli wodnych, takich jak kraby i rozwój gospodarki morskiej. Bezkręgowce wodne to zróżnicowana grupa organizmów zamieszkujących obszary przybrzeżne na całym świecie, w regionach obejmujących klimat alpejski, suchy, śródziemnomorski, polarny, umiarkowany i tropikalny. Bezkręgowce przybrzeżne ujść rzek obejmują taksony bentosowe, planktonowe i stygobitowe, od szeroko rozpowszechnionych taksonów do oceny jakości wody. Klasyfikowane według wielkości jako makrobezkręgowce lub mniejsza meiofauna, makrobezkręgowce są szerzej badane, chociaż meiofauna może być również różnorodna i obfita w społecznościach wodnych. Wpływ czynników środowiskowych na różnorodność bezkręgowców badano na obszarze przybrzeżnym Tien Giang w południowym Wietnamie. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone w okresie od marca 2019 do września 2021, obejmując zarówno porę suchą, jak i deszczową. Dane z 10 miejsc wykorzystano jako reprezentatywny przykład dla obszaru przybrzeżnego Tien Giang do przeprowadzenia badania jakościowego. Aby przeprowadzić tę ocenę, analizy oparto na metodach MRC i klasyfikacjach, które zostały udoskonalone przez grupę naukową realizującą badania. Badano zmienne biologiczne i środowiskowe w celu przetestowania analizy wariancji (ANOVA) i korelacji Pearsona R między wszystkimi parametrami przy użyciu oprogramowania statystycznego. Przyjęto znaczące lub bardzo istotne dodatnie lub ujemne korelacje, gdy obliczona wartość p wynosiła odpowiednio <0,05 lub 0,01. Wyniki oceny wykazały, że na badanym obszarze stwierdzono występowanie 32 gatunków zooplanktonu i 18 gatunków makrobezkręgowców bentosowych. Zagęszczenie zooplanktonu na każdym stanowisku wahało się od 6 do 85 osobników/próbę, podczas gdy zagęszczenie makrobezkręgowców bentosowych na każdym stanowisku wahało się od 4 do 15 osobników/próbę. Obliczone wartości wskaźnika różnorodności (H’) zarówno zooplanktonu, jak i makrobezkręgowców bentosowych oscylowały na średnim poziomie (H’ ≈ 1,00 ÷ 1,72). Wyniki pokazują również, że kilka zmiennych środowiskowych, w tym całkowita zawiesina, chemiczne zapotrzebowanie tlenu i amon, było skorelowanych z bogactwem gatunkowym i gęstością bezkręgowców wodnych. Uzyskane wyniki będą przydatne do monitorowania stanu zanieczyszczenia badanego obszaru, w szczególności wrażliwości bezkręgowców wodnych na zmiany cech środowiska.

9

Assessment of Lower Zab river water quality using both Canadian Water Quality Index Method and NSF Water Quality Index Method

Ahmed Sarah M., Taha Omer M.E., Najemalden Mohamed A., Ahmed Rehab T., Abedulwahab Ali A.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2020

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Vol. 29, No. 2

155--171

EN

Rivers are considered the most important sources of surface water on Earth. They are play a significant role in all human activities and the quality of river water is needed. Therefore, the importance of the water quality index is arising through providing data base about quality of the water source, and explain the change in the water quality over a period of time continually. This study involved determination of physicochemical and biological parameters of Lower Zab river in Kirkuk city at two different points. The objectives of the study are to assess the present water quality, through analysis of some selected water quality parameters like pH, TDS, BOD, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, EC, alkalinity, and salinity etc. and to compare the results with the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment and National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Indices. Raw water samples were collected from the Lower Zab river twice a month by one sample every 15 days from each station. The water quality data include 16 different parameters. Tests were carried out following the American Public Health Association standard methods. The results show that all parameters values were within the standards of drinking water proposed by the CCME standards and Iraqi standards or the World Health Organization standards for drinking purpose, except turbidity, DO, nitrate, calcium, which were mostly higher than the standards and sometimes BOD and potassium. The results of WQI showed that the water quality at LZ3 station is lower than LZ2 station due to the polluting activity of the Lower Zab river. Furthermore, for the years 2014, 2015, and 2016, the water quality was degraded due to the ISIS war. Also, it was noted in the 2013 year that the water quality degraded more in fall and winter seasons due to that the earth has exposed to the long-dried season and then suddenly exposed to a high rainfall season which in turns leads to increase some parameters very high (i.e. turbidity). Finally, the Lower Zab river water cannot be use for drinking directly. However, a pretreatment is needed before the drinking use.

10

River water quality assessment in East Java, Indonesia

Novita Elida, Pradana Hendra A., Purnomo Bambang H., Puspitasari Amelia I.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 47

135--141

EN

This study aims to assess the water quality and determine the pollution index of the Bedadung River in the urban-area segment of Jember Regency, East Java. The sampling in the urban segment of Jember was conducted in May 2019 at five different locations, namely Slamet Riyadi Street, Mastrip Street, Bengawan Solo Street, Sumatra Street, and Imam Bonjol Street. The pollution index assessment refers to the Decree of the State Minister for the Environment of Indonesia Republic number 115 of 2003. The analysis showed that the parameters of TDS, TSS, pH, COD, BOD, NH3-N, Co, Cd, Cu, Zn, H2S, Cl–, SO4, oil and fats, MBAS, NO2-N, Fe, Pb, F, Cl2, NO3-N, phenol, and As did not exceed the quality standards. The parameters PO4, CN, total coliform, and faecal coliform were found to breach the quality standards at the 5 water sampling points. Total coliform and faecal coliform were the dominant pollutants in this segment. Therefore, the parameters of PO4, total coliform, and faecal coliform were considered as indicators of pollution arising from domestic and agricultural activities. The pollution index values for the five sampling locations ranged from 7.21 to 8.23. These scores indicate that the Bedadung River section that passes through the urban segment in Jember is classified as being in the moderately polluted category. This preliminary rapid assessment is therefore one of the considerations for the management of water quality in the Bedadung River section that passes through the urban area of Jember.

11

Analiza zmian składu chemicznego oleju z orzechów włoskich tłoczonego na zimno w trakcie przechowywania w różnych temperaturach

Banaś Joanna

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 12

1978--1982

PL

Tłoczony na zimno olej z orzechów włoskich, przechowywano w 2 ± 1°C, 20 ± 1°C i 40 ± 1°C przez 8 tygodni bez dostępu światła. Co dwa tygodnie określano zmiany składu chemicznego spowodowane hydrolizą (liczba kwasowa) i utlenianiem (liczba nadtlenkowa, anizydynowa, TBARS) tłuszczów. Obliczano także wskaźnik TOTOX jako miarę całkowitego utlenienia lipidów. Stwierdzono, że próbki przechowywane w 2°C wykazywały niewielkie zmiany analizowanych parametrów fizykochemicznych. Próbki oleju przechowywane w 20°C różniły się istotnie od pozostałych, a zakres obserwowa- nych zmian hydrolitycznych i oksydacyjnych był znaczny. W temp. 40°C nastąpiło przyspieszenie reakcji utleniania, które prowadziło do powstawania dialdehydu malonowego. Analiza zarejestrowanych widm fluorymetrycznych pomogła w bardziej szczegółowym wyjaśnieniu obserwowanych zmian w badanych próbkach wywołanych temperaturą.

EN

Cold pressed walnut oil was stored at 2 ± 1°C, 20 ± 1°C and 40 ± 1°C for 8 weeks in the absence of light. Every 2 weeks, the range of fat changes caused by its hydrolysis (acid value) and oxidn. (peroxide value, anisidine value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was detd. The total oxidn. index was also calcd. as a measure of total lipid oxidn. The oil samples stored at 2°C showed small range of changes of their properties. The oil samples stored at 20°C were substantially changed by hydrolytic and oxidative reactions. At 40°C, an acceleration of oxidn. and a malondialdehyde formation were obsd.

12

Physicochemical and isotopical characterization of groundwater in the basin of Guelma, North-East of Algeria

Benmarce Kaddour, Khanchoul Kamel

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

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no. 42

33--41

EN

Water quality is an important criterion for evaluating the suitability of water for drinking and domestic purpose. The main objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characterization of groundwater for drinking water consumption. Ten captured sources were selected from three aquifers including the Guelma Mio-Plio-Quaternary alluvial basin; the Senonian Heliopolis Neritic limestone aquifer, and the Eocene limestones of Ras El Agba-Sellaoua aquifer. The analyses concerned the periods of high water in May 2017 and low water in August 2017. Twelve parameters were determined for the water samples: pH, T (°C), EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, HCO3 –, SO4 2–, NO3 –, TH (hydrotimetric degree), TAT (total alkalinity titration). The interpretation of the various analytical results allowed the determination of the chemical facies and the classification of the groundwater aquifers as follows: (i) in the alluvial layer, the gypsiferous marl substratum and the clays of the three terraces (high, medium and low) have given the water a chlorinated calcium chemical facies in the east part of the study area and travertines feeding partly alluvial layer, and have given a bicarbonated calcium water facies in the west, (ii) in the Senonian of Heliopolis limestone and Eocene carbonate formations of Ras El Agba- -Sellaoua, the chemical facies are calcium bicarbonate. Water isotopes (δ18O and δD) helped to determine the origin of groundwater. Overall, the groundwater in the area is hard and has significant to excessive mineralization. It is progressively degraded in the direction of flow, especially in the Guelma alluvial aquifer.

PL

Jakość wody jest ważnym kryterium oceny jej przydatności do picia i potrzeb domowych. Celem pracy było zbadanie fizycznych i chemicznych właściwości wody przeznaczonej do konsumpcji. Do badań wybrano dziesięć ujęć wody zlokalizowanych w trzech poziomach wodonośnych: aluwialny basen mioceńsko-plioceńsko-czwartorzędowy Guelma, wapienny poziom z okresu późnej kredy i poziom eoceńskich wapieni w Ras El Agba-Sellaoua. Analizy prowadzono w okresie wysokiej wody w maju 2017 r. i niskiej wody w sierpniu 2017 r. W próbkach wody oznaczono 12 parametrów: pH, T (°C), EC (przewodnictwo), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–3 –, SO4 2–, NO3 –, TH (całkowita twardość), TAC (całkowita alkaliczność). Interpretacja uzyskanych wyników umożliwiła wydzielenie grup chemicznych i klasyfikację poziomów wodonośnych w następujący sposób: (i) strefa aluwialna, gipsowo-wapienne podłoże i iły trzech tarasów (wysoki, średni i niski) – wody grupy chlorkowo-wapniowej we wschodniej części badanego obszaru i wody wodorowęglanowo-wapniowe w zachodniej części, (ii) wapienie późnej kredy i eoceńskie utwory węglanowe w Ras El Agba-Sellaoua – wody o charakterze wodorowęglanowo-wapniowym. Analiza izotopowa (δO18 i δD) pozwoliła ustalić pochodzenie wód gruntowych. Generalnie wody gruntowe badanego obszaru są twarde i charakteryzują się wysoką bądź nadmierną mineralizacją. Wody ulegają stopniowej degradacji w kierunku przepływu, szczególnie w aluwialnym poziomie wodonośnym Guelma.

13

Physicochemical Analysis of the Water Wells in the Area of Kosovo Energetic Corporation (Obiliq, Kosovo)

Demaku Skender, Bajraktari Naser

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 7

155--160

EN

The authors analyzed the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals characterizing the wells at three different sites (nearby villages) in the area of KEC (Kosovo Energetic Corporation). The KEC power plants are the only ones in Kosovo that use fossil-fueled energy (lignite) for the production of the electricity. This process may pollute the environment through the release of airborne aerosols (contaminated with metals), ash (a part of its content that leaches in the underground waters), etc. This pollutes air, surface water, groundwater and soil. In addition, the coal exploitation activity as raw material for power plants, excavating from mining basins, conveyor belt transport, separation before combustion and other processes involving the formation of dust sources and coal particles in the air also contribute to the pollution. Thus, it is of utmost importance to evaluate the water quality of the wells that are used as drinkable water sources by the people that live in this industrial area.

14

Optimization of the Operation of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant with Hydrocotyle ranunculoides

Quispe Rebeca, Soto Mishel, Ingaruca Ever, Bulege Wilfredo, Custodio María

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 9

228--236

EN

The objective of the study was to optimize the operation of the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the Sicaya district with Hydrocotyle ranunculoides. The relative growth rate of the macrophyte was determined, in addition to the relationship between the population growth area and the final weight according to the number of days elapsed. Medium fences were implemented and the tributary and effluent of the WWTP were characterized physicochemically and microbiologically. The results of the characterization corresponding to the tributary were as follows: 616 mg of TSS/L, 109.2 mg of BOD5/L, 305.4 mg of COD/L, 30.3 mg of oils and fats/L and 3 500 000 NMP of thermotolerant coliforms/100 ml. Owing to the implementation of two medium grids, large suspended solids were retained. The highest efficiency of COD removal with respect to the growth area of H. ranunculoides (2 226.96 m2) was 81.53%. While the efficiency of removal of thermotolerant coliforms was 79.2% at a water temperature of 12.32°C . Using the operational optimization model in the WWTP with H. ranunculoides, an area of 3 291.67 m2 of macrophyte population growth was achieved with a removal efficiency of 93.71% COD and an area of 3 591.67m2 to remove 79.95% of the thermotolerant coliforms at a temperature of 13°C.

15

Assessment of Water Quality and Pollution Index in Coastal Waters of Mimika, Indonesia

Tanjung Rosye Hefmi Rechnelty, Hamuna Baigo, Alianto

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

87--94

EN

A good water quality is essential to sustaining the life of the organisms. The determination of water quality is needed as a direction to monitoring the water pollution. The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of the water and to determine the water pollution index based on the physicochemical parameters in Mimika waters, Indonesia. The sampling of water quality was carried out in October 2016 at six stations (Moga, Puriri, Inaoga, Keakwa, Atuka and Pomako waters). Then, the results were compared with the standard of sea water quality for biota marine based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 51 year 2004. This study showed that the physicochemical parameters of the waters, such as water turbidity, BOD, NH3 and heavy metals (Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr), are still appropriate to the biota marine in all study stations. However, there is a parameter for which the quality standards were exceed in all locations, including water salinity for coral and seagrass, NO3, PO4 and H2S. The result of pollution index calculation at coastal waters Mimika are classified as lightly polluted (Keakwa and Pomako waters), and moderately polluted (Moga, Puriri, Inaoga and Atuka waters) with the pollution index values o f 3.51 to 6.95. It is important to notice that the parameters of quality standards which had been exceed such as NO3, PO4 and H2S are the environmental parameter for nutrient elements and can trigger eutrophication in the waters.

16

Benthic diatoms as valuable indicators of anthropogenic eutrophication in biomonitoring of ribbon lake

Messyasz Beata, Treska Ewa

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 4

709--726

EN

In Europe the monitoring of lakes with regard to benthic diatoms is still conducted in line with the European Water Framework Directive. Ribbon lakes are a special case as extremely steep slopes of the lake basin cause their littoral zone to be narrow. The Durowskie ribbon lake was chosen as a model for the assessment of the ecological status of waters based on its Diatom Index. Given its use in recreation, it is under heavy anthropogenic pressure. Physicochemical and biological parameters were monitored in the peak of the vegetational season (July, August) between 2010 and 2018 at 12 varied littoral sites across the full length of the shoreline. This long-term analysis of the Diatom Index, despite showing an improvement in the quality of water, demonstrated the ecological state of Lake Durowskie to be weak (southern, deep part) to moderate (north, shallow part). The taxonomic structure of diatoms (referral and indicator taxa) in phytobenthos communities allowed to show the changes in physicochemical parameters of the environment such as pH, oxygen dissolved in water and its trophic status. Research results are shown in relation to the anthropogenic changes to the lake’s direct catchment area and the results of the physicochemical monitoring of waters.

17

Ocena mikrobiologiczna niepasteryzowanych soków owocowych i warzywnych

Nabrdalik M., Świsłowski P.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2017

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Vol. 11, No. 2

541--551

PL

Celem pracy była ocena parametrów fizykochemicznych oraz mikrobiologicznych niepasteryzowanych soków owocowych i warzywnych podczas próby przechowalniczej. Analizie poddano takie parametry fizykochemiczne, jak: pH, kwasowość ogólną, gęstość względną oraz zawartość ekstraktu. W badaniach mikrobiologicznych określono ilość mikroorganizmów oraz przeprowadzono ocenę jakościową badanych soków. Przetrzymywanie otwartych soków przez jedną godzinę w temperaturze pokojowej nie wpłynęło istotnie na zmianę parametrów fizykochemicznych. W trakcie badań odnotowano wzrost ogólnej liczby drobnoustrojów, stwierdzono obecność bakterii grupy coli oraz bakterii rodzaju Pseudomonas. Nie stwierdzono obecności Salmonella spp. oraz Staphylococcus aureus.

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of unpasteurized fruit and vegetable juices during the storage. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, total acidity, relative density and extract content were analyzed. In microbiological studies microorganisms content was determined and quality of the juices were evaluated. Juices kept in open container for one hour at room temperature did not significantly alter the physicochemical parameters. During the study, an increase in the total number of microorganisms was observed, presence of coli forms and Pseudomonas bacteria was confirmed. No Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were found.

18

Water quality index assessment of Koudiat Medouar Reservoir, northeast Algeria using weighted arithmetic index method

Bouslah S., Lakhdar D., Larbi H.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 35

221--228

EN

Water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical tool used to transform large quantities of water quality data into a single number which present water quality level. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the quality of Koudiat Medouar Dam in Batna (Algeria) to assess its suitability for drinking purposes. Samples were assessed for ten (10) physicochemical settings namely pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, nitrate, sulphate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. The calculation of WQI was done via weighted arithmetic index method. The WQI values ranged from 99.097 to 174.92 during 2015. It reflected that the water samples were in February in the range of very poor quality and ranged to be in unsuitable for drinking rang in the all other months. The WQI of the present study reveals dam water is contaminated and not suitable for drinking purpose without giving treatment.

PL

Indeks jakości wody (WQI) jest matematycznym narzędziem używanym do transformacji dużej liczby danych o jakości wody w jedną liczbę, która charakteryzuje poziom jakości wody. Celem przedstawionych badań było określenie jakości wody w zbiorniku zaporowym Koudiat Medouar w Batna (Algieria), aby ustalić jej przydatność do celów spożywczych. W próbkach oceniano 10 parametrów fizycznych i chemicznych: pH, przewodność elektrolityczną, całkowitą twardość, stężenie azotanów, siarczanów, chlorków, wapnia, magnezu, rozpuszczonego tlenu i mętność. Obliczenia indeksu WQI wykonano metodą ważonego indeksu arytmetycznego. Wartości WQI zmieniały się od 99,097 do 174,92 w 2015 r. W lutym próbki wody cechowała bardzo zła jakość, a w pozostałych miesiącach woda nie nadawała się do picia. Indeks ustalony w niniejszych badaniach dowodzi, że woda w zbiorniku zaporowym jest zanieczyszczona i nie nadaje się do celów spożywczych bez uprzedniego uzdatniania.

19

Physicochemical quality of Wadi Bounamoussa surface waters (Northeast of Algeria)

Ramdani H., Laifa A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 35

185--191

EN

Nitrogen is a nutrient that causes inland waters and marine environements’ eutrophication. The latter has become a worldwide environmental concern that considerably lessens the aquatic environments’ quality. This study has focused on physicochemical aspect of Wadi Bounamoussa water, by the diagnosis of the watercourse eutrophication. The river drains a watershed mainly characterized by agricultural activities based on irrigated crops and livestock of sheep and cattle. Fertilizers being Nitrogen inputs and livestock waste are potential pollution source. Nitrogen can get into the watershed's hydro-system in the form of minerals or organic. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, NH4 +, NO3 –, NO2 – were monitored in water samples taken in September and in December 2013 corresponding to the low season, and also in March and June 2014 corresponding to water high season. These samples were obtained from ten stations located along the river downstream sequence between El Cheffia dam and El Batah River mouth. Few observations have been made based on results obtained from the physicochemical analysis. Temperature, pH level, electrical conductivity as well as silica were significantly higher during low water periods comparing to high ones. It has been noticed from the analysis of various water sampling stations the presence of chloride ions with an increasing gradient from upstream to downstream, where it’s content has fluctuated between 30.52 mg·dm–3 and 9964.6 mg·dm–3. In conclusion, the presence of inorganic nitrogen is not considered as an eutrophication risk on the watercourse and its receiving environment.

PL

Azot jest pierwiastkiem biogennym, który powoduje eutrofizację wód śródlądowych i morskich. Eutrofizacja stała się przedmiotem zainteresowania w skali światowej, ponieważ znacząco pogarsza jakość środowiska wodnego. W badaniach prezentowanych w niniejszej pracy skupiono się na fizycznych i chemicznych parametrach jakości wody rzeki Bounamoussa celem zdiagnozowania eutrofizacji tego cieku. Rzeka drenuje zlewnię zdominowaną przez nawadniane uprawy roślin oraz chów owiec i bydła. Nawozy azotowe i odchody zwierzęce stanowią potencjalne źródło zanieczyszczeń. Azot dociera do systemu wodnego zarówno w postaci nieorganicznej, jak i organicznej. Monitorowano temperaturę, pH, stężenie rozpuszczonego tlenu, NH4 +, NO3 – i NO2 – w próbkach wody pobranych we wrześniu i grudniu 2013 r. (stan niskiej wody) oraz w marcu i czerwcu 2014 (stan wysokiej wody). Próbki pobrano w 10 stanowiskach usytuowanych w dół biegu rzeki od zapory El Cheffa do ujścia rzeki Batah. Uzyskane wyniki dowodzą, że temperatura, pH, przewodność elektrolityczna i zawartość krzemu miały znacząco większe wartości w okresie niskich stanów wody niż w okresie wysokich stanów wody. Zanotowano rosnący gradient stężenia chlorków z biegiem rzeki – od 30,52 mg·dm–3 w górze rzeki do 9964,6 mg·dm–3 w dolnych odcinkach rzeki. We wnioskach stwierdzono, że obecność nieorganicznych form azotu nie stwarza ryzyka eutrofizacji rzeki i jej odbiornika.

20

Dynamics of physicochemical parameter concentrations in the Graniczna Woda stream water

Żarnowiec W., Policht-Latawiec A., Pytlik A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 35

281--289

EN

The paper presents variability of physicochemical parameter concentrations and determined the potential and chemical status of water in the Graniczna Woda stream, the right bank tributary to the Stoła River. The stream catchment area of 41.5 km2 is covered mainly by forests. A lowland stream flows through part of the Upper Silesia Industrial Region through three districts. A biological-mechanical municipal sewage treatment plant operates in the area of Miasteczko Śląskie, as well as a factory sewage treatment plant of Zinc Plant. The data base used in the papers consisted of the results obtained from the Provincial Inspectorate of the Environmental Protection in Katowice, monthly analyses of water samples collected in the years 2009–2013 in the control-measurement points located by the mouth of the Stoła River. 34 physicochemical indices were analyzed in the paper. Statistically significant upward trends were determined over the period of investigations for values of electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids, Cl, SO4, NO2-N and Zn in the stream water. Statistically significant downward trend was noted for total hardness. It was stated that both the potential and chemical status o the stream water were below good. Exceeded limit values for quality class II determined for oxygen and organic indices (chemical oxygen demand COD-Mn, total organic carbon TOC), salinity (EC, SO4, Cl, Ca, hardness) and biogenic indices and substances particularly harmful for aquatic environment (Zn, Tl) as well as exceeded allowable heavy metal concentrations may evidence a constant inflow of heavy metals to the aquatic environment of the Graniczna Woda stream from municipal and industrial sewage.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zmienność wartości wybranych parametrów fizykochemicznych oraz określono potencjał i stan chemiczny wody potoku Graniczna Woda, prawostronnego dopływu rzeki Stoły. Obszar zlewni potoku, o powierzchni 41,5 km2, zajmują głównie tereny leśne oraz w mniejszym stopniu tereny zurbanizowane, przemysłowe i użytki rolne. Potok nizinny żwirowy (typ abiotyczny 18) przepływa przez północną część Górnośląskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego oraz gminy Tworóg, Tarnowskie Góry i Miasteczko Śląskie. Na terenie Miasteczka Śląskiego funkcjonuje biologiczno-mechaniczna oczyszczalnia ścieków komunalnych i zakładowa oczyszczalnia ścieków Huty Cynku „Miasteczko Śląskie”. Bazę danych wykorzystanych w pracy stanowiły wyniki, pozyskane z Wojewódzkiego Inspektoratu Ochrony Środowiska w Katowicach, comiesięcznych analiz próbek wody pobranej z potoku w latach 2009–2013 w punkcie pomiarowo-kontrolnym usytuowanym w miejscowości Hanusek, przy odcinku ujściowym do rzeki Stoły. W pracy przeanalizowano, zgodnie z obowiązującym rozporządzeniem MŚ z 2016 r., 34 wskaźniki fizykochemiczne. W okresie badań ustalono istotnie statystycznie trendy rosnące wartości przewodności elektrycznej (EC) i stężenia zawiesiny ogólnej, chlorków (Cl), siarczanów (SO4), azotu azotanowego (III) (N-NO2) oraz cynku (Zn) w wodzie potoku. Statystycznie istotny trend malejący stwierdzono w odniesieniu tylko do jednego parametru – twardości ogólnej. Stwierdzono, że potencjał i stan chemiczny wody potoku były poniżej dobrego. Przekroczone wartości graniczne dla II klasy jakości stwierdzone w przypadku wskaźników tlenowych i organicznych (chemiczne zapotrzebowanie na tlen – ChZT-Mn, ogólny węgiel organiczny – OWO, zasolenia (EC, SO4, Cl, wapń – Ca, twardość ogólna), biogennych (azot amonowy – N-NH4, azot Kjeldahla, azot azotanowy (V) – N-NO3, azot azotanowy (III) – N-NO2, azot ogólny – N, fosfor fosforanowy (V) – P-PO4) i substancji szczególnie szkodliwych dla środowiska wodnego (cynk – Zn, tal – Tl) oraz przekroczone dopuszczalne wartości stężenia metali ciężkich (ołów – Pb, kadm – Cd), mogą świadczyć o ciągłym dopływie zanieczyszczeń do środowiska wodnego potoku Graniczna Woda ze ścieków komunalnych oraz przemysłowych.