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Benefits and Risks of Liquid Sewage Sludge Recycling in Agricultural Spreading – A Case Study of WWTP of Skhirat, Morocco

Achkir Abdelmajid, Aouragh Abdelhakim, El Mahi Mohammed, Lotfi El Mostapha, Kabriti Mohamed, Abid Abdesalam, El Moussaoui Tawfik, Yagoubi Maâmar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

277--288

EN

The sewage sludge recycling as an agricultural land resource has received a great deal of attention worldwide. This practice has highly increased because of ever-increasing municipal wastewater production and the awareness of its fertilizing potential as amendment resources. However, there is a concern about land spreading linked mainly to health associated risks due to the presence of diverse pollutants. Thus, sewage spreading management is a key factor the guarantees benefits and avoids risks. The present work aimed to investigate the benefits and risks of sewage sludge (SS) application on agricultural land. To this end, physicochemical main parameters and bacteriological indicators, fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS), of the sewage sludge generated form WWTP of Skhirat, Morocco, were performed during the period 2018–2019. The obtained results of physicochemical parameters reveal high concentration of organic matter in SS, which reach 96.3 mg/l, and in nutrients. Indeed, total Kjeldahl nitrogen TKN reaches a maximum of 3791 mg/l, potassium K+ reaches 58.71 mg/l. In addition, the average content of FC and FS are around 5.40 CFU/ml and 5.85 CFU/ml, respectively, whereas total phosphorus reaches 508.25 mg/l. In addition, concentrations of micronutrients such as Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ were high, which is interesting and could benefit for both soils and plant. Furthermore, this sewage sludge contains high concentration of heavy metals, mainly zinc and copper which could limit reuse in land spreading. The obtained results were compared to the applied standards and directives established within the framework of the agricultural spreading.

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Drinking Water Quality Assessment in the Suhareka Municipality

Kryeziu Fadil, Abdushi Sejran, Kryeziu Violeta, Mazreku Feim, Bytyqi Ariana, Gashi Sami

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

195--201

EN

Reliable access to safe drinking water is one necessity for humans to live without concern for major health risks. The overall goal of this research is to analyze some physic-chemical and bacteriological parameters aspects of the quality of water for human consumption. In this study, water samples were collected from January to May month of 2022 from 25 stations throughout at Suhareka Region. Considering the results of the analysis, in terms of physic-chemical the water is within the required standards, while bacteriologically it found samples with the presence of bacteria, which are the result of carelessness, old installations, or even irresponsible disinfection. Officials of Suhareka Municipality must increase the monitoring of the work in the water disinfection or chlorination process.

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Content of the Label Paper and the Variation of Physico-Chemical Parameters in Bottled Water in Kosovo

Çadraku Hazir

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

122--131

EN

Water is a vital resource for the existence of mankind and all ecosystems on Earth. Before using it, it must be ensured that water is of good quality, within the hygienic-sanitary norms for human consumption. In recent decades, the supply of drinking water has been supplemented with the water bottled in glass and plastic bottles, which is found everywhere in the market of the Republic of Kosovo. This paper deals with the content of the label paper and the variation of physico-chemical parameters of bottled water which is extracted, analyzed, processed, filled, packaged and distributed on the market of the Republic of Kosovo and beyond as a product for consumption. i.e. In this paper 20 brands of groundwater (types of water) produced and packaged in the territory of Kosovo.

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Evolution of the Physico-Chemical and Biological Quality of the Waters of Soueir River (Morocco)

Hbaiz El Mahdi, Fath-Allah Rachid, Rezouki Sanae, Lebkiri Mustapha, Fadli Mohamed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

202--211

EN

As part of the monitoring of water quality of Soueir river, two sampling companions were conducted from April to February during the two periods 2016/2017 and 2018/2019. The study consists of measuring 14 physico-chemical parameters and establishing the inventory of benthic macroinvertebrates upstream and downstream of Soueir river. The physico-chemical parameters were used to calculate the water quality index (WQI) and the exploitation of the results of the fauna inventory allowed us to determine the Shannon - Weiner diversity index (H’) and the Belgian biological index (BBI). The comparative study of the results of the two periods shows that during the two sampling periods, the recorded values of the physico-chemical parameters are lower than the admitted standards, except for nitrates and ammonium which present high levels during certain periods of the year, sometimes exceeding the Moroccan standards. These high concentrations can be explained by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in the activity and the decrease of the water flow. The calculation of the water quality index (WQI) reveals that the water quality varies with a tendency towards degradation from upstream to downstream, the water becomes of poor quality or even non-drinkable. The values of the BBI indicate that the water of Soueir river is not very polluted, and that the quality of the water decreases during the winter period due to the erosion of the substrate and the increase of the matter in suspension. The diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates is greater downstream, due to the diversity of habitats and substrates.The second sampling period reveals a slight improvement in the physico-chemical and biological qualities of the waters of Soueir river, which can be attributed to climatic conditions that were more favorable to the development cycles of benthic macro-invertebrates.

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Application of Water Quality Index for the Assessment the Water Quality in River Lepenci

Rizani Smajl, Feka Fidan, Fetoshi Osman, Durmishi Bujar, Shala Shkumbin, Çadraku Hazir, Bytyçi Pajtim

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

189--201

EN

The physicochemical parameters of water play an important role in determining aquatic life and its development. In this study, the water quality index is used in order to assess the water quality in river Lepenci River. For the calculations of this index, eighteen physicochemical parameters were analysed, which were measured in 3 years during the years 2009, 2010 and 2014 in three stations of the main flow of river Lepenci during all months of the years. From the results, it is concluded that the better quality of water was in station SP1- Brezovica with a WQI value of 83 and it belongs to the Good category, lower quality of water has been shown in station SP3- Hani Elezit with a WQI value of 53 belonging to the marginal category. The average value for all measurement periods resulted in 70.44 which has shown that the water quality of the river Lepenci, based on the physicochemical parameters, belongs to the Fair category. Based on these results, we conclude Water quality impairment is mainly associated with an increase in population, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural production, among others, and the development of ecotourism and hospitality in high areas near the source areas.

6

Anthropogenic Activities Impact on the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water in Dayat Roumi Lake, Morocco

Ihsane Ougrad, Zahra Elassassi, Imad Allali, Mohammed Elbouch, Abdeslam Abid, Mohamed Fadli

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

162--172

EN

Dayat Roumi Lake, a vast body of permanent and shallow water in Morocco, is exposed to urban, tourist, and agricultural constraints. This human intervention can lead to microbial pollution of the lake ecosystem, hence the need to assess this contamination. For this reason, we undertook in this study an evaluation of the microbiological quality of the lake’s water. Thus, seasonal water samples were taken at eight selected stations, taking into account the reception sites of the tributaries and anthropic activities. The parameters determined were: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, nitrates, orthophosphates, total phosphate, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The results reveal: (1) A high water conductivity exceeding the admissible value recommended by the Moroccan standard; (2) A significant presence of coliforms and fecal streptococci, in dry periods, exceeding the standards set by the WHO, which could be attributed to a summer temperature favorable to the development of coliforms. This fecal contamination leads to an increased consumption of dissolved oxygen (high BOD and low DO values) explaining the fish mortality in this period of the year; (3) The principal component analysis identified the sources of water quality degradation as domestic sewage, agricultural run-off, domestic waste, and human and animal excreta; (4) The hierarchical analysis divided the sampling stations into three different clusters. The results of the microbiological quality index classified the waters from not to highly polluted. Station 4 was classified as the most polluted site. The results of the COD/BOD ratio showed a spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the biodegradability of the oxidizable matter present in the lake waters.

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Impact of flow and damming on water quality of the mountain Raba River (southern Poland) : long-term studies

Szarek-Gwiazda Ewa, Gwiazda Robert

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 1

31--40

EN

Climate change, manifested by long term periods of drought to heavy rainfall, may remarkably modify river flow regimes. We hypothesize that flow prevailing in a given year determines water chemistry of the Carpathian Raba River above and below Dobczyce Reservoir (southern Poland), used for drinking purposes. Based on the mean annual river flow for years 1991-2017, hydrologically dry (HD), hydrologically average (HA) and hydrologically wet (HW) years were distinguished. We found significant differences in the values of most studied physicochemical parameters of river water above and below the reservoir between studied hydrological years (for a period of April‒November). In HD years, the water above the dam had significantly higher temperature and values of conductivity (point pollution source, groundwater inflow), while lower ones of nutrients NO3- and P-tot (diffuse pollution) compared to those in HA and/or HW years. The best GLM models for mean monthly flows above and below the dam include 3-5 factors among which conductivity and NO3 concentration were always present. The reservoir in different ways influences the water chemistry below the dam in HD, HA and HW years. The impact of flow on the water quality in hydrologically varied years is discussed. The obtained results are important for appropriate management in catchment basins of mountain rivers and the protection of dam reservoirs against the eutrophication processes in changing climate and flow regime.

PL

Zmiany klimatu, przejawiające się długotrwałymi okresami suszy lub obfitych opadów, mogą znacząco zmienić roczny reżim przepływów. Stawiamy hipotezę, że przepływ dominujący w danym roku determinuje chemizm wody rzeki górskiej. Celem pracy było określenie (1) różnic w chemizmie wody górskiej rzeki pomiędzy latami hydrologicznie suchymi (HD), przeciętnymi (HA) i mokrymi (HW), (2) wpływu zbiornika zaporowego na chemię wody odpływającej rzeki w różnych latach hydrologicznych, (3) parametrów fizyczno-chemicznych związanych ze średnim miesięcznym przepływem wody w latach HD, HA i HW. Badania prowadzono w karpackiej rzece Rabie powyżej i poniżej Zbiornika Dobczyckiego w południowej Polsce. W oparciu o średni roczny przepływ rzeki z wielolecia 1991–2017 wyróżniono lata HD, HA i HW. Przeanalizowano zmiany parametrów fizyczno- chemicznych wody (temperatura, przewodność elektrolityczna, pH, tlen rozpuszczony, nasycenie tlenem, BZT5, biogeny: NO3-, NH4+, P-tot) pobieranych co miesiąc w okresie kwiecień–listopad. Stwierdziliśmy istotne różnice w chemizmie wody rzeki między badanymi latami hydrologicznymi. W latach HD wody powyżej zbiornika miały istotnie wyższą temperaturę i wartości przewodności elektrolitycznej, natomiast niższe wartości biogenów NO3- i P-tot (zanieczyszczenie obszarowe) w porównaniu do lat HA i/lub HW. Zbiornik w różny sposób kształtował skład chemiczny wody rzeki poniżej zapory w latach HD, HA i HW. Najlepsze modele GLM dla średnich miesięcznych przepływów obejmowały 3–5 czynników, wśród których zawsze występowały przewodność elektrolityczna i stężenia NO3-. Uzyskane wyniki mają istotne znaczenie dla właściwego gospodarowania w zlewniach rzek górskich i ochrony zbiorników zaporowych przed procesami eutrofizacji.

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Study of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Treated Wastewater by the New Aourir Plant (Southwestern of Morocco) Using Activated Sludge Technology in a Semi-Arid Region

Hajji Sara, Ait Alla Aicha, Noureddine Slimani, Haddad Mohamed Ben, Moukrim Abdellatif

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

83--98

EN

In order to use the purified wastewater for the irrigation of a golf course in the Taghazout area (Southwestern of Morocco), this study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of the treated wastewater in the new Aourir plant (Activated Sludge technology). In order to achieve these objectives, three types of water were analyzed: raw water (RW), biologically treated water (BTW) and water treated by ultraviolet radiation (UV-TW). The physicochemical parameters analyzed were Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), five-day Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (SS), Nitrate (NO3), and Orthophosphates (PO4). Otherwise, the analyzed biological parameters are Total Coliforms (TC), Fecal Coliforms (FC), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Fecal Streptococci (FS). The physicochemical parameters showed that temperature is always lower than 30°C, the pH is close to neutrality and a strong fluctuation of the high electrical conductivity (2700 μS/cm) occurs in UV-TW. At all stages of wastewater treatment, COD, BOD5, SS, NO3 and PO4 were below the limit values recommended by Moroccan standards. The bacteriological results showed a high level of bacterial contamination in RW and BTW, but in UV-TW the loads did not exceed 3 log10. The average loads of TC, FC, E. coli and FC in UV-TW were 2.13, 1.67, 1.77, and 2 (log10 CFU/100ml) respectively. Activated sludge treatment combined with UV has demonstrated sufficient quality to reuse treated water in irrigation; however, the UV treatment requires control to avoid any effect on the microbiological and physicochemical quality of green spaces and groundwater.

9

Assessing Water Quality of Kufranja Dam (Jordan) for Drinking and Irrigation: Application of the Water Quality Index

Abualhaija Mahmoud M., Mohammad Alsharifa-Hind

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 9

159--175

EN

The current study was undertaken to assess the physicochemical quality of the Kufranja dam (KD) surface water in northern Jordan during the summer and winter seasons [2019]. The samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, major cations, major anions, and heavy metals. Most of the physicochemical parameters exhibited a similar spatial distribution, where the maximum concentrations were observed at the dam’s entrance, while the minimum concentrations were recorded at the dam’s end. This indicates that the factors affecting their occurrence and distribution are the same, including natural discharges from the surrounding catchment areas, weathering products, agricultural activities, and wastewater effluents that enter the dam via Wadi Kufranja. All the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in KD water lie below the maximum permissible levels of the Jordanian and international standards for drinking and irrigation, except for EC values that are above WHO standards for drinking. The application of the water quality index (WQI) depicts that the KD water is chemically unsuitable for use in drinking and needs proper treatment before use. The irrigation indices (SAR, Na%, and MH) indicate that the KD water is chemically suitable for irrigation, whereas EC results and USSL diagram showed that the dam’s water is suitable for irrigation and belongs to the categories of good to permissible for irrigation. Therefore, KD water is suitable for irrigation of most soils (except soils with low salt tolerance). Crops with good salt tolerance are recommended and a special treatment of salinity might be required.

10

Physicochemical characterization of the fuel by the ultrasound method

Soudani Said, Mekkaoui Mohammed, Nassar George, Derouiche Ziane

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2020

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Vol. 20, No. 1

31--37

EN

After the successful experience made to show the close correlation between physicochemical parameters of a medium and their ultrasond's parameters,we use these results to design an ultrasond measuring bench that allows the physicochemical characterization of a medium from its ultrasond's parameters. The aim is to proceed at the physicochemical characterization of the various oils wells in the HASSI MESSAOUD zone petrolium of Algeria in oder to design with the hydraulic's departement of the university the appropriate extraction pumps at each well. Since it was difficult to obtain sample of the wells in question,we have treated engine oils which have the same characterization parameters as fuel

PL

Każde medium fizyczne, bez względu na to czy jest to ciało stałe, płyn czy gaz, jest charakteryzowane przez parametry fizykochemiczne, które są dla niego unikalne i różne od innych ośrodków. Ale może ono być także charakteryzowane przez akustyczne parametery, które są również unikalne. Te dwie charakterystyki są jak dwie strony tej samej monety. Na podstawie tej hipotezy w pracy zaproponowano projekt urządzenia pomiarowego umożliwiającego fizykochemiczną charakteryzację medium na podstawie parametrów ultradźwiękowych. Określono charakterystyki wybranych paliw wykorzystując standardowe metody wyznaczania parametrów fizycznych (lepkość, wskaźnik lepkości, gęstość, temperatura płynięcia, punkt zapłonu, %azotu, %cynku). Te same próbki scharakteryzowano przez wyznaczenie ich parametrów ultradźwiękowych (ściśliwość, wchłanianie, osłabienie, funkcja przejścia, impedancja akustyczna). Sformułowano dwie bazy danych: fizyczną i akustyczną. W dalszej kolejności przyjęto, że w celu wyznaczenia parametrów fizycznych dowolnej próbki z tego samego medium, wystarczy określić jego parametry ultradźwiękowe. Dlatego zastąpiono bazy parametrów fizycznych i chemicznych jedną bazą parametrów ultradźwiękowych. Celem tych prac była bardziej zaawansowana charakteryzacja olei w zakładach HASSI MESSAOUD w Algerii w celu zaprojektowania odpowiednich pomp wydobywczych dla każdego szybu naftowego. W związku z trudnościami w zdobyciu próbek z badanych szybów, w pracy wykorzystano oleje silnikowe o podobnych charakterystykach.

11

Water Quality Assessment of the Morava e Binçës River Based on the Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality Index

Musliu M., Bilalli A., Durmishi B., Ismaili M., Ibrahimi H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

104--112

EN

The quality of surface waters is being impacted by the anthropogenic and natural pollution, thus limiting the usage of this water for drinking, industry, agriculture, recreation and other purposes. The water quality indices are intended to provide a single value for the water quality of a source or a stream that reduces the large amount of parameters in a simpler expression and enables an easy interpretation of the monitoring data. During 2017, seventeen physicochemical parameters were measured in spring, summer, autumn and winter, in five locations along the Morava e Binçës River in Kosovo. For the assessment we employed the Water Quality Index (WQI) which uses the physicochemical parameters for the evaluation of the water quality. The findings of this study ascertain that MB1 station had the best quality with a value of WQI 88 and is classified in the Good Category, whereas the lowest quality of water was found on in MB4 station with a value of WQI 65 and it is thus classified in the Fair Category. Finally, the average WQI was calculated for the entire measurement period and it resulted in a value of 77.60 indicating that the Morava e Binçës River waters belong to the Fair Category.

12

In situ study of adult Artemia salina morphometry and its relationship to the physicochemical water parameters in the saltwork of Sahline (Tunisia)

Ben Naceur H., Ben Rejeb Jenhani A., Romdhane M.S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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Vol. 40, No.4

44-51

EN

The morphometric characteristics of the adult natural population of the brine shrimp Artemia salina from the saltwork of Sahline were surveyed in order to establish the relationship between morphometry and environmental water parameters. The field work was performed monthly from October 2005 to June 2006. During this period, the variation in water temperature, salinity, pH, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrite, nitrate and ammonium) were monitored. Adult Artemia samples (male and female) were randomly collected and stored in plastic containers and transferred to the laboratory for morphometric characterisation. Results show that adult specimens appear in the saltwork of Sahline from December through June. The population sampled in June had significantly lower values in all morphometric characters when compared to the other samples. Concerning male specimens, correlation analysis of the morphometric parameters and environmental conditions indicate that the strongest correlations were between temperature and total length (rxy = -0.656), salinity and total length (rxy = -0.558), and between pH and width of head (rxy = 0.559). For female specimens, the strongest correlations were between total length and salinity (rxy = -0.610), total length and temperature (rxy = -0.537) and between total length and pH (rxy = 0.583). No correlations were observed between dissolved oxygen concentrations or ammonium levels and any morphometric parameters. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that diameter of compound eyes, width of second abdominal segment and width of third abdominal segment, for male specimens, and total length, abdominal length and width of the ovisac, for female specimens, are the morphometric parameters that show the greatest variation between samples.