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Physical-chemical characterisation of the urban wastewater - case study of the Boumerdes region, North - Algeria

Ait Baziz Djalal, Maazouzi Abdelhak, Lachache Salih

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 54

243--250

EN

The objective of this study is to assess the physical-chemical quality of urban wastewater from the city of Boumerdès, in northern Algeria with regard to the threshold values for irrigation or their discharge in aquatic ecosystems. Five sampling points were carried out of the study area in April 2017. The results obtained of physical-chemical parameters indicating pollution show that the water course is exposed to pollution mainly of organic origin. It’s expressed by a high maximum value according to Algerian and World Health Organisation standards: chemical oxygen demand (COD 886 mg O2∙dm-3), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 490 mg O2∙dm-3), nitrate (NO3- 73.09 mg∙dm-3), nitrite (NO2- 6 mg∙dm-3), ammonium (NH4+ 23 mg∙dm-3) and phosphates (PO43- 7.3 mg∙dm-3). The COD to BOD5 rate of 1.8, show that the effluents must be treated before being discharged into the receiving environment. However, it is lower than 2, which makes them easily biodegradable and can be treated by a biological system such as a natural lagoon. It shows also a diversified origin of the pollution. It is predominantly domestic origin, it could have an adverse effect on public health, presenting a risk of environmental eutrophication, contamination of soil and water resources. The physical-chemical characterisation of the urban wastewater shows that they are quite loaded and prezent a pollution in nitrogenous compounds, a treatment is requested before the direct discharge to the receiving environment or their reuse in the irrigation.

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Determining the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameters of the Water Quality in the Batllava Lake, Kosovo

Kashtanjeva Albana, Vehapi Idriz, Kurteshi Kemajl, Paçarizi Musaj

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

231--240

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of water in lake Batllava, through which, a part of the population of the Pristina region is supplied with drinkable water. Lake Batlava is a lake built in the 1970s. This lake is located in the village of Batlava in the municipality of Podujeva. The supply of this lake with water is made from the Brvenica river. Monitoring was finished during the period from December 2020 to May 2021. The sample were taken in three championic places: at the entrance of the lake, in the middle and in the spill, on two levels, in the surface and at depth of 30 cm. The analyzed microbiological parameters are: total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and aerobic mesophilic bacteria. The physical-chemical parameters are: dissolved oxygen, saturation with O2, water temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, total soluble matter, total suspended matter, turbidity, chemical demand for oxygen, biochemical demand for oxygen, total organic carbon, nitrate, total solidity of calcium, magnesium, ammonia ion, chloride, sulphates, fluurite, M-alkalines, bicarbonates and heavy metals, such as: Fe, Pb, Mn, Cu, Cd. The results showed that most physical-chemical and microbiological parameters are within the limit allowed by the WHO and EPA, except in some cases where during the precipitation season there have been several overruns and for this reason, it is recommended to take monthly monitoring of the water of Lake Batllava to achieve a real assessment.

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The analysis of chemical parameters of groundwater before and after sand filtration in the Velekinca water treatment plant, Kosovo

Beluli Valdrin M.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 48

122--129

EN

Our scientific research is based on the monitoring of ions before and after filtration of groundwaters in the water plant of Velekinca in the municipality of Gjilan, Kosovo. Sandy filters are the most commonly used industrial filters in surface – and groundwater industries. The reason is their low construction cost and high processing capacity. In our scientific research, sand filters used in the plant do not have perfect filtration, so we can monitor results before filtration (BF) and after filtration (AF) by determining the concentration of some ions and molecules. The following average concentrations have described: Ca2+ (BF: 83.42, AF: 83.19) mg·dm–3, Mg2+ (BF: 35.59, AF: 34.35) mg·dm–3, Cl– (BF: 28.018, AF: 28.73) mg·dm–3, SO42– (BF: 42.76, AF: 44.46) mg·dm–3, HCO3– (BF: 410.9, AF: 404.81) mg·dm–3, A-HCl (BF: 6.73, AF: 6.63) ml-HCl, GH (BF: 19.94, AF: 19.62) °dH, CS (BF: 18.87, AF: 18.5) °dH and NO2– (BF: 0.0033, AF: 0.0022) mg·dm–3. Being scientific researchers in the field of water treatment technology, we have concluded that ions create an affinity for sand particles. They attach to each other by creating an ion-sand particle physical chain. According to our scientific research, sand filters are difficult to guarantee a high quality of water processing.

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Effect of the quality of shallow groundwaters on the occurrence of selected relic plant species of peatlands in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland

Serafin Artur, Pogorzelec Magdalena, Bronowicka-Mielniczuk Urszula

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 45

133--142

EN

The aim of the study was to compare the physical-chemical quality parameters of shallow groundwater quality in peat bogs of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District in the context of the occurrence of selected boreal species of plant relics: dwarf birch (Betula humilis Schrank), downy willow (Salix lapponum L.) and swamp willow (Salix myrtylloides L.). Analyzes of shallow groundwater quality parameters included physical-chemical parameters: reaction (pH), electrolytic conductivity (EC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4), nitrite nitrogen (NO2), nitrate nitrogen (NO3), total phosphorus (TP), phosphate (PO4), sulfate (SO2), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) by certified laboratory tests. It was found that the natural hydrochemical specification of peat bogs is characterized by fluctuations associated with the dynamics of internal metabolism of peat ecosystems without the visible impact of anthropopressure. This is confirmed by the concentration of nutrients: TN at the study sites were within a broad range of mean values: 16.92–45.31 mg·dm–3; NH4 (0.55–0.76 mg·dm–3); NO2 (0.06–4.33 mg·dm–3); and NO3 did not exceed 0.2 mg·dm–3, and concentration of TP adopted mean values in a range of 0.22–0.42 mg·dm–3. The studied physical-chemical factors of shallow groundwater were within the habitat preferences of the studied species, but in differentiated qualitative and quantitative ways determined optimal conditions for building the population of the studied species. Particularly values of TP lower than other obtained values in a range of: 0.08–0.32 mg·dm–3; PO4 = 0.1 mg·dm–3; TN = 2.2–21.2 mg·dm–3; NH4 = 0.1–0.46 mg·dm–3; DOC = 24.6–55.9 mg·dm–3, as well as higher than average pH values in a range of: 5.34–5.95 and concentration of Ca = 5.67–28.1 mg·dm–3 and Mg = 0.56–2.41 mg·dm–3, as well as EC = 72.1–142.3 μS·cm–1 can be treated as a condition favouring proper development of the population of dwarf birch. For Salix lapponum: a reduced level of values of nitrogen fractions (TN = 3.01–18.84 mg·dm–3; NH4 = 0.1–0.41 mg·dm–3), a reduced level of values of phosphorus fractions (TP = 0.09–0.44 mg·dm–3; PO4 = 0.1–0.44 mg·dm–3), part of ions (Ca = 4.39–19.63 mg·dm–3; Mg = 0.77–3.37 mg·dm–3), pH = 5.9–6.4, EC = 124–266 μS·cm–1 and DOC = 24.1–57.5 mg·dm–3. For the equally studied Salix myrtylloides, such conditions were met by: TP = 0.1–0.41 mg·dm–3; PO4 = 0.1–0.18 mg·dm–3, DOC = 27.5–50.9 mg·dm–3, pH = 5.3–5.94 and EC = 62.2–139.3 μS·cm–1.

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The Distribution of Metals in Sediments of the Likova, Kumanova and Pçinja Rivers: Spring Season

Ejupi N., Korça B., Durmishi B. H., Durmishi A., Ejupi E., Ismaili M., Jashari A., Shabani A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 3

80--92

EN

The pollution of rivers is an important issue because the utilization of polluted water has a direct effect on the health of people and other living beings, economy, etc. Sediments represent a very suitable indicator for monitoring and detecting pollution sources of river waters. The aim of this study is to analyze the contents of selected metals in the sediments of the rivers Likova, Kumanova and Pçinja rivers. The water samples were taken in June 2014 from six sampling stations. Several physicochemical parameters of rivers were determined and the contents of twenty-two metals was indicated in the sediment samples taken from these rivers. The obtained physico-chemical quality of the water from these rivers resulted in classification to the first/second category. The sediments were mostly polluted by Al, Ca, Na and Mg. The metals that exceeded the Dutch standard were: Ba, Ni, Zn, Cr and Cu. The order of metals in sediments was as follows: Fe > Al > Ca > Na > Mg > K > Mn > Ba > Sr > Cr > Zn > V > Ni > Cu > Pb > Li. The study results reveal a mild pollution in rivers caused by urban, agricultural and industrial activities.

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Aspects of Chemical Characterisation of Leachables Profile from Ultra-Light Knitting Textiles for Uses as Medical Implants in Urogynaecology and General Surgery

Jóźwicka J., Gzyra-Jagieła K, Struszczyk M. H., Gutowska A., Ciechańska D., Krucińska I

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2012

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Vol. 20, no. 6B (96)

128--134

EN

Ultra-light textiles (knitwear) designed as implantable medical devices for potential uses in urogynaecology (treatment procedures in women incontinence and vagina reconstructions) and general surgery (hernia treatments) are a response to the increasing demand for advanced medical devices in medicine. Chemical profile characterisation of leachable substances is an important factor in the use of the materials influencing their biocompatibility. The implant is made of undesired chemical substances in the main raw-material, and penetration into the tissue may cause local and/or systemic inflammation in the patient’s body. The characterisation and analysis of such substances is therefore essential to secure the safe use of implants. Most important is the characterisation of the matter that is extractable from the designed medical devices. To serve these purpose, ultra-light textile implants designed for potential use in urogynaecology and general surgery were examined concerning the chemical analysis of the undesired substance contained in the main material which constitutes the base of the implant. It was a goal of the work to set optimal parameters for the examination of chemical characterisation of the leachable implant’s material, bearing in mind their safe clinical use. Analysis of the chemical leachable profile was made in accordance with directives of standard PN-EN ISO 10993-18:2008 and some Polish and European testing procedures.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia innowacyjne ultra-lekkie implanty włókiennicze w postaci dzianiny z przeznaczeniem na implanty do potencjalnego zastosowania w urologinekologii i chirurgii ogólnej (procedury zaopatrywania przepuklin nietrzymania moczu u kobiet i plastyki pochwy). Badano własności?? charakterystyki substancji wymywalnych z projektowanych implantów. Ultralekkie dzianiny poddano ocenie czystości chemicznej pod kątem wpływu ewentualnych substancji wymywalnych na ich bezpieczeństwo kliniczne. Wyznaczono optymalne parametry badań czystości chemicznej implantowalnych wyrobów medycznych. Oceny czystości chemicznej wyselekcjonowanych dzianin dokonano w oparciu o metody badawcze opracowane na podstawie wytycznych normy PN-EN ISO 10993-18:2008: „Biologiczna ocena wyrobów medycznych – Część 18: Charakterystyka chemiczna materiałów” (ISO 10993-18:2009) oraz opracowanych procedur badawczych na bazie normatywów polskich i europejskich.

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Kofermentacja odpadów tłuszczowych i osadów ściekowych

Bień J., Worwąg M., Nieczaj E., Kacprzak M., Milczarek M., Gałwa-Widera M.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2008

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T. 11, nr 1

73-82

PL

Proces stabilizacji beztlenowej jest powszechnie stosowany w przeróbce osadów ściekowych. Technologia kofermentacji jest fermentacją mieszaniny dwóch lub więcej substratów, przy czym jeden z nich ma charakter dominujący (> 50%). Do badań użyto osadów ściekowych pochodzących z Centralnej Oczyszczalni Ścieków S.A. WARTA w Częstochowie oraz odpadów tłuszczowych pochodzących z Zakładów Mięsnych w Aleksandrii. Celem badań było określenie możliwości wspólnej fermentacji odpadów tłuszczowych z osadami ściekowymi oraz ocenę efektywności kofermentacji metanowej tych osadów. Przeprowadzono dwa etapy badań. W pierwszym etapie ustalono najkorzystniejszą procentową zawartość odpadów tłuszczowych mieszaniny fermentacyjnej, która wynosiła 20%. Celem drugiego etapu badań było określenie efektywności 24-dniowej kofermentacji osadów ściekowych z 20% zawartością odpadów tłuszczowych. W tym etapie przeprowadzono analizę fizyczno-chemiczną oraz mikrobiologiczną substratu przed procesem oraz po procesie. W tym etapie uzyskano 64% stopień przefermentowania. Po procesie zmalały liczebność poszczególnych grup mikroorganizmów oraz wartości wskaźników sanitarnych.

EN

The oxygen-free stabilization process is commonly used during the sludge treatment. The technology of co-digestion is the fermentation of a mixture of two or more substrates, while one of them is of dominant character (> 50%). The research was made on the sewage sludge coming from Centralna Oczyszczalnia Ścieków (Central Water Treatment) S.A. WARTA in Częstochowa and on fatty wastes coming from Zakłady Mięsne (Meat Industry Company) in Aleksandria. The aim of the research was to determine the possibilities of common fermentation of fatty wastes and sewage sludge and to evaluate the effectiveness of methane co-fermentation of these wastes. There were carried out two stages of the research. At the first stage there was determined the most beneficial percentage content of fatty wastes in the fermentation mixture which was 20%. The aim of the second stage was to determine the effectiveness of 24-day co-digestion of the sewage sludge with 20% content of fatty wastes. At this stage there were carried out the physical-chemical analysis and microbiological analysis of the substrate before and after the process. At this stage there was obtained 64% of overfermentation fusions. After the process the number of particular groups of microorganisms and the value of sanitary indexes decreased.