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1

Intelligent Design of an Ultra-Thin Near-Ideal Multilayer Solar Selective Absorber Using Grey Wolf Optimization Linked to Deep Learning

Gliti Oussama, El Idrissi Mohamed Chafik, Igouzal Mohammed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

70--87

EN

This study explored the development of an optimal effective solar absorber by leveraging recent advancements in artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. A predictive computational approach for designing a multilayer metal-dielectric thin film solar selective absorber, specifically the SiO2/Cr/SiO2/Cr/SiO2/Cu structure was proposed. The adopted approach integrates the transfer matrix method (TMM) as a predictive electromagnetic tool and combines it with the swarm-based heuristic algorithm grey wolf optimization (GWO) linked to machine learning algorithms, specifically the artificial neural network (ANN). Through dynamic modeling and rigorous testing against multiple static versions, the adopted approach demonstrates exceptional predictive performance with an value of 0.999. The results obtained using this novel GWO-ANN approach reveal near-perfect broadband absorption of 0.996534 and low emission of 0.194170594 for the designed thin film structure. These outcomes represent a significant advancement in photo-to-thermal conversion efficiency, particularly for a working temperature of 500 °C and a solar concentration of 100 suns, showcasing its potential for practical applications across various fields. Additionally, the designed structure meets the stringent thermal stability requirements necessary for current Concentrated solar power (CSP) projects. This emphasizes its suitability for integration into existing CSP systems and highlights its potential to contribute to advancements in solar energy technology.

2

Next level epitaxy (NLE) – a novel approach for the mass production of semiconductor layers

Dikme Yilmaz, Sinhoff Volker

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2023

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Vol. 44, nr 3

12--15

EN

In this work data of thin aluminum nitride (AlN) layers grown by next level epitaxy (NLE) process on sapphire, GaN (gallium nitride) and glass are presented. The NLE layers are grown below 250°C surface temperature combining PVD (physical vapor deposition) and CVD (chemical vapor deposition). The NLE growth process is in principle following the MOCVD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition) growth standard, including substrate cleaning, start layer and main layer. All steps use different plasma sources in various combinations. In total four different plasma sources have been used. On sapphire epitaxial AlN with a smooth surface could be demonstrated which have been further overgrown by MOCVD. In further experiments MOCVD AlN and GaN layers have been overgrown with NLE AlN demonstrating the epitaxial growth character of the NLE process. The AlN on glass resulted in smooth surfaces and highly c-plane oriented AlN where even the 105-peak could be detected. The NLE process has the capability for the mass production of various semiconductor layer and thin films.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono dane dotyczące cienkich warstw azotku glinu (AlN) wytworzonych w procesie epitaksji następnego poziomu (NLE) na szafirze, azotku galu (GaN) i szkle. Warstwy NLE hodowano poniżej temperatury powierzchni 250°C, łącząc fizyczne osadzanie z fazy gazowej (PVD) i chemiczne osadzanie z fazy gazowej (CVD). Proces wzrostu NLE był zasadniczo zgodny ze standardem wzrostu w procesie osadzania metali organicznych z fazy gazowej (MOCVD), w tym czyszczenie podłoża, warstwa początkowa i warstwa główna. Wszystkie etapy wykorzystywały różne źródła plazmy w różnych kombinacjach. W sumie zastosowano cztery różne źródła plazmy. Na szafirze można było wykazać epitaksjalny AlN o gładkiej powierzchni, który został dodatkowo porośnięty przez MOCVD. W dalszych eksperymentach warstwy MOCVD AlN i GaN zostały porośnięte NLE AlN, co świadczy o epitaksjalnym charakterze wzrostu procesu NLE. AlN na szkle dał gładkie powierzchnie i AlN zorientowany w płaszczyźnie c, gdzie można było wykryć nawet pik 105. Proces NLE umożliwia masową produkcję różnych warstw półprzewodników i cienkich warstw.

3

Investigations of CrN/TiO2 coatings obtained in a hybrid PVD/ALD method on Al-Si-Cu alloy substrate

Staszuk Marcin

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 2

art. no. e144622

EN

The paper addresses an important scientific topic from the utilitarian point of view concerning the surface treatment of Al-Si-Cu aluminum alloys by PVD/ALD hybrid coating deposition. The influence of the conditions of deposition of titanium oxide in CrN/TiO2 coatings on their structure and properties, in particular corrosion resistance, were investigated. The TiO2 layer was produced by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method with a variable number of cycles. Structural investigations were performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy methods. Electrochemical properties were analyzed using potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The CrN/TiO2 hybrid coating with titanium oxide deposited at 500 ALD cycles showed the best corrosion properties. It was also found that the prerequisite for obtaining the best electrochemical properties was the amorphous structure of titanium oxide in the tested hybrid coatings. The high tribological properties of the tested coatings were also confirmed.

4

Application of Physical Vapor Deposition in Textile Industry

Miśkiewicz Pamela, Frydrych Iwona, Cichocka Agnieszka

Autex Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 1

42--54

EN

Currently, scientists are striving to produce innovative textile materials characterized by special properties. Therefore, attempts have been made to use physical and chemical vapor deposition techniques to modify the surface of textile materials, i.e., nonwovens, fabrics, and knitted fabrics. By using these techniques for modifying the basic materials, researchers have obtained textiles with novel properties, which are used in shielding materials, textronics, or clothing, as well as in specialized accessories. The PVD process can be applied for almost all materials. The physical vapor deposition process allows for obtaining layers of different thicknesses and with various physical and chemical properties. This article is a review of the latest state of the art on the use of various methods of physical vapor deposition in textiles destined for different purposes.

5

Modern methods of surface modification for new-generation titanium alloys

Lisoń-Kubica Julia, Taratuta Anna, Goldsztajn Karolina, Antonowicz Magdalena, Walke Witold, Dyner Aneta, Basiaga Marcin

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2022

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Vol. 24, no. 4

147--158

EN

The constantly growing need for the use of implants in osteotomy is mainly due to the aging population and the need for long-term use of this type of biomaterials. Improving implant materials requires the selection of appropriate functional properties. Currently used titanium (Ti) alloys, such as Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb, are being replaced by materials with better biocompatibility, such as vanadium(V) or niobium (Nb), allowing for creation of the so-called new generation alloys. These new alloys, with the incorporation of zirconium (Zr), iron, and tantalum, possess Young’s modulus close to that of a bone, which further improves the improves the biomaterial’s. biocompatibility. This article describes the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method and its possible applications in the new generation of titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Also, the exemplary results of tin oxide (SnO2) thin coatings deposited by ALD and physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods are presented. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of a Ti13Nb13Zr alloy used for elements in the skeletal system. As the temperature and the number of cycles vary, the results demonstrate that the surface area of the samples changes. The uncoated Ti13Nb13Zr alloy exhibits hydrophilic properties. However, all coated specimens improve in this respect and provide improved clinical results. after the applied modification, the samples have a smaller contact angle, but still remain in the range of 0–90°, which makes it possible to conclude that their nature remains hydrophilic. Coating the specimens decreased the mineralization risk of postoperative complications. As a result, the biomaterials demonstrated improved effectiveness, decreased complication indicators, and improved patient well-being.

6

Environmental Pollution Monitoring by Thin Metal Electrodes Prepared by Physical Vapor Deposition

Briancin Jaroslav, Kolcunova Iraida, Dolnik Bystrik, Kurimsky Juraj, Dzmura Jaroslav, Cimbala Roman, Fabian Martin

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2020

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no. 1, vol. 2

13--16

EN

This work is focused on environmental pollution monitoring utilizing thin metal electrodes on glassy/ceramic substrates prepared by physical vapour deposition. Besides others, it is well known that environmental pollution on electrical insulation is one of the problems faced by distribution utilities and electricity transmission system. Due to this reason there is a need to deal with monitoring of environmental pollution as it strongly influences their capability to withstand the high-voltage stress without the breakdown. It is the aim of present work to propose new system for environmental pollution monitoring based on application of extra-thin metal electrodes. The influence of morphology and chemical composition of pollutants on the surface resistance and conductivity of selected insulators is also discussed.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy monitorowania zanieczyszczenia środowiska za pomocą cienkich elektrod metalowych na szklanych/ceramicznych podłożach przygotowanych przez fizyczne osadzanie z fazy gazowej. Widomym jest, że zanieczyszczenie środowiska odpadami izolacji elektrycznej jest jednym z problemów, przed którymi stoją firmy dystrybucyjne i system przesyłu energii elektrycznej. Z tego powodu istnieje potrzeba monitorowania zanieczyszczenia środowiska, ponieważ ma to duży wpływ niezawodność sieci wysokiego napięcia i jej awaryjność. Celem przedstawionych prac jest zaproponowanie nowego systemu monitorowania zanieczyszczenia środowiska w oparciu o zastosowanie bardzo cienkich elektrod metalowych. Omówiono także wpływ morfologii i składu chemicznego zanieczyszczeń na rezystancję powierzchniową i przewodnictwo wybranych izolatorów.

7

Investigation of Staple Yarns Modified by the Physical Vapour Deposition Method

Niewiadomska I., Frydrysiak M., Puchalski M., Czekalski J.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2016

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Vol. 24, no. 3 (117)

32--37

EN

The aim of the research presented in this paper was to develop a technology for obtaining electrocondauctive yarns using the physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique, as well as methods for testing the yarns. The authors presented a method of production of metallic coatings for staple and continuous yarns with the use of PVD processes which enabled the production of yarns with electroconductive properties. The article also presents the properties of yarns after the PVD modification processes and the sustainability of these properties after utility testing such as laundry, bending and abrasion. Yarn thermographic analysis, which reflected the quality of the outer metallic layers, is also presented.

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono metodę wytwarzania powłok metalicznych na przędzach odcinkowych i ciągłych przy zastosowaniu procesów PVD, co umożliwiło wytworzenie przędz o właściwościach elektroprzewodzących. Zbadano właściwości elektroprzewodzące po modyfikacji przędz procesami PVD oraz trwałość tych właściwości po testach użytkowych takich jak pranie, zginanie i ścieranie. Na podstawie analizy termodynamicznej wytworzonych przędz określono jakość naniesień w szczególności ich równomierność. Opisano wykonane stanowiska badawcze dla pomiaru oporności i badań termowizyjnych.

8

Właściwości powłok węglowych uzyskiwanych w procesach fizycznego osadzania z fazy gazowej

Madej M., Ozimina D., Pająk M.

Mechanik

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2015

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R. 88 nr 4CD

151--156

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań powłok diamentopodobnych otrzymywanych techniką fizycznego osadzania z fazy gazowej PVD na elementach ze stali SW7M. Przeprowadzono obserwacje struktury i topografii powierzchni oraz testy tribologiczne i korozyjne. Wyniki badań wykazały, że powłoki diamentopodobne wpływają na poprawę właściwości korozyjnych i tribologicznych, które mogą dodatkowo być intensyfikowane poprzez zastosowanie środków smarowych

EN

This paper presents the results of diamond like carbon coatings deposited using the physical vapor deposition PVD process on SW7M steel. The topography and cross section analysis of the coatings were determined, the tribological and corrossion properties were tested. The results obtained during the tests carried out shown that the application of diamond coatings considerably improves tribological and corrossion properties. Additionally the use of lubricants resulted in an increase in the friction properties of the systems.

9

Synthesis of multicomponent metallic layers during impulse plasma deposition

Nowakowska-Langier K., Chodun R., Zdunek K.

Materials Science Poland

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2015

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Vol. 33, No. 4

841--846

EN

Pulsed plasma in the impulse plasma deposition (IPD) synthesis is generated in a coaxial accelerator by strong periodic electrical pulses, and it is distributed in a form of energetic plasma packets. A nearly complete ionization of gas, in these conditions of plasma generation, favors the nucleation of new phase of ions and synthesis of metastable materials in a form of coatings which are characterized by amorphous and/or nanocrystalline structure. In this work, the Fe-Cu alloy, which is immiscible in the state of equilibrium, was selected as a model system to study the possibility of formation of a non-equilibrium phase during the IPD synthesis. Structural characterization of the layers was done by means of X-ray diffraction and conversion-electron Mossbauer spectroscopy. It was found that supersaturated solid solutions were created as a result of mixing and/or alloying effects between the layer components delivered to the substrate independently and separately in time. Therefore, the solubility in the Fe-Cu system was largely extended in relation to the equilibrium conditions, as described by the equilibrium phase diagram in the solid state.

10

Wpływ twardych warstw powierzchniowych typu TiN+(Ti, Al, Si)N+TiN na własności użytkowe cermetali narzędziowych i węglików spiekanych

Dobrzański L.A., Gołombek K.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2003

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R. XXIV, nr 6

449-452

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań strukturalnych, własności mechanicznych oraz eksploatacyjnych przeciwzużyciowych powłok typu TiN+mono lub multi (Ti, Al, Si)N+TiN naniesionych w procesie PVD na podłoże z cermetali i węglików spiekanych. Przedstawiono badania strukturalne naniesionych powłok oraz podłoża w elektronowym mikroskopie skaningowym i na mikroskopie świetlnym. Oceny przyczepności pokryć naniesionych na węgliki spiekane i cermetale dokonano metodą zarysowania. Własności skrawne badanych materiałów określono na podstawie technologicznych prób ciągłego skrawania stali C45E. Jako kryterium oceny stopnia zużycia ostrza skrawającego przyjęto szerokość pasma zużycia na powierzchni przyłożenia narzędzia VBmax=0,2 mm, dla obróbki wykańczającej. Badania twardości podłoża i mikrotwardości naniesionych powłok przeprowadzono na ultramikrotwardościomierzu przy obciążeniu 70 mN. Dokonano również pomiarów chropowatości powierzchni przed naniesieniem powłok oraz po przeprowadzonym procesie PVD.

EN

The paper presents results of the structural examinations, tests of mechanical and working properties of thin anti-wear coatings of the TiN+mono or multi (Ti, Al, Si)N+TiN type, deposited in the PVD process onto the substrate from the tool cermets and sintered carbides. Structural examinations are presented of the applied coatings and their substrate made on the scanning electron microscope and on the light microscope. The lowest force Lc called the critical load was determined basing on the acoustic emission value (AE), at which loss of the coating adhesion to the substrate occurs. Cutting properties of the investigated materials were determined basing on the technological continuous cutting tests of the C45E steel. Width of the wear band on the tool flank VBmax=0,2 mm was assumed as the cutting edge wear criterion for finishing. Substrate hardness tests and microhardness tests of the deposited coatings were made on the ultramicrohardness tester at 70 mN load. Surface roughness tests were also made before depositing the coatings and after completing the PVD process.

11

Synthesis, characterization and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline NiAl.

Dollar M., Choudry M., Estman J.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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1998

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R. XIX, nr 4

803-812

EN

Nanocrystalline, ordered NiAl (n-NiAl) was successfully synthesized and compacted at various temperatures. The as-consolidated specimens exhibit grain sizes between 2 and 12 nm, a homogeneous chemical composition, and densities between 78 and 94% of the theoretical density, increasing with increasing compaction temperature. Microhardness of the n-NiAl increases with increasing grain size and density, above all as a result of reduced porosity following compaction at increasing temperatures. The present material is significantly stronger than its conventional countepart but not as strong as predicted by Hall-Petch-type modelling. Also, in the nanocrystalline form, NiAl exhibits room temperature ductility, unlike its coarsegrained countepart. The mechanical behaviour of n-NiAl can be rationalized assuming that diffusional - rather than location - mechanisms control strength and ductility of nanocrystalline materials.

12

Arc technology in materials science.

Leja E., Marszałek K., Pisarkiewicz T.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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1998

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R. XIX, nr 4

963-968

EN

The refractory materials which are at the same time to wear, corrosion and severe environments are developed in different fields of technology. Nitrides, carbides, borides, porous and diamond like structures belong to this family. These materials are used mainly as coatings deposited on the tools surface and machine parts to enlarge their durability and also as the decorative coatings. There are several deposition techniques of hard coatings developed both in the laboratory and on the industrial scale. Due to some achievements in the field of low temperature plasma, the industry has become more interested in arc evaporation both in vacuum and in low pressure, controlled gas atmosphere.