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1

Basic Logic Gates in Two Dimensional Photonic Crystals for All Optical Device Design

Sonth Mahesh V, Srikanth Gimmadi, Agrawal Pankaj, Premalatha B.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2021

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Vol. 67, No. 2

247--261

EN

The research carried out in the field of optics and photonics with an idea to design and develop the all optical logic devices in the fascinating material known as photonic crystals (PhCs). The structural investigation reveals that the two dimensional (2-D) PhCs is more suitable for fabrication of optoelectronic components. In this article we have designed basic logic gates in 2-D PhCs as they are the building blocks for the construction of optical devices and in these, refractive index is periodically modulated with the wavelength. The understanding of light behaviour in complex PhCs helps in creating photonic band gap (PBG) that can prevent light of certain wavelength propagating in crystal lattice structure. For the selected geometry structure, three PBG bands will exists out of which two of them are transverse electric (TE) and one is transverse magnetic (TM) mode. The PBG bands in the TE mode ranges from 0.31( α λ ) to 0.46( α λ ), 0.61( α λ ) to 0.63( α λ ) and TM mode ranges from 0.86( α λ ) to 0.93( α λ ). The free space wavelength of 1550 nm is set for the finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation of the structure. The response time and computational overhead required for the proposed OR gate is 0.128ps and 4.4MB is obtained. Also we calculated the extinction ratio for AND gate and NOT gate as 6.19 dB and 10.21 dB respectively.

2

Kryształy fotoniczne nadzieja na nowy, a zarazem przyjazny środowisku materiał do licznych i przyszłościowych zastosowań w papiernictwie i poligrafii

Podsiadło Halina, Zwierzchaczewska Magdalena

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2019

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R. 75, nr 8

510--516

PL

Kryształy fotoniczne wykazują wiele właściwości, nad którymi prowadzone są liczne badania. Dzięki nim możliwe jest świadome sterowanie transmisja światła, a tym samym przemyślana kolorystyka, ponieważ nie jest ona tworzona przez mieszankę addytywna lub subtraktywna, lecz zmiany barw powstają w wyniku obecności fotonicznej przerwy wzbronionej w ich strukturze. Prowadzenie eksperymentów związanych z poznawaniem właściwości kryształów fotonicznych jest bardzo kosztowne. Nie było dotychczas możliwe uzyskanie warunków dla ich masowej produkcji. Można przypuszczać, ze struktura tych kryształów zapewnia nowe podejście do problemów świetlnych. W poligrafii sa używane jako rodzaj zabezpieczenia, ponieważ kryształy fotoniczne są wprowadzane do pigmentów farb drukarskich. Jednak rozważana jest również możliwość tworzenia papieru fotonicznego, który zastąpiłby dotychczasowe metody zadrukowania tradycyjnego papieru. W tym celu stosuje się metodę pęcznienia matrycy polimerowej. To rozwiązanie jest przyjazne dla środowiska, ponieważ aby uzyskać druk wielokolorowy wystarcza roztwory wodne o określonym pH.

EN

The photonic crystals exhibit many properties over which numerous studies are conducted. Thanks to them, it is possible to consciously control the transmission of light, and hence the thoughtful color scheme, because it is not created by an additive or subtractive mix, but the color changes result from the presence of a photonic band gap in their structure. Conducting experiments related to studying the properties of photonic crystals is very expensive. It has not yet been possible to obtain conditions for their mass production. It can be assumed that the structure of these crystals provides a new approach to light problems. In polygraphy they are used as a kind of security, because photonic crystals are introduced into printing ink pigments. However, it is also considered the possibility of creating photonic paper, which would replace the existing methods of printing traditional paper. For this purpose, the swelling method of the polymer matrix is u sed. This solution is environmentally friendly, because to obtain multi-color printing, water solutions with a certain pH will suffice.

3

Narrow transmission mode in one-dimensional symmetric defective photonic crystal containing metamaterial and high Tc superconductor

Srivastava Sanjeev K., Aghajamali Alireza

Optica Applicata

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2019

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Vol. 49, nr 1

37--50

EN

We theoretically investigate the properties of narrow transmission mode (defect mode) within the reflection band in one-dimensional symmetric defective photonic crystal containing double negative metamaterial and high temperature superconductors. The transmittance spectrum of the proposed structure is obtained by using the characteristic or transfer matrix method. The results show that by increasing the thickness of air defect, transmission mode shifts towards the lower frequency side. But when the thickness of a superconductor layer is increased, transmission mode shifts towards the high frequency side. Further, the effect of temperature variation of superconducting defect on the defect mode has been investigated and found that when the temperature of superconducting layer increases the frequency of defect mode is red shifted. The shift in frequency has smaller value in the lower temperature region than in the higher temperature region, even if the change in temperature is same. Finally we have discussed the effect of variation of thickness on the defect mode by using the double negative metamaterial as defect layer in place of superconductor layer. The result shows that we get two modes for smaller thickness of double negative layer but only a single mode for larger thickness.

4

A new design of a 4-channel optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonator using a modified Y-branch

Fallahi V., Seifouri M.

Optica Applicata

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2018

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Vol. 48, nr 2

191--200

EN

In this paper, we propose a new structure to design a 4-channel optical demultiplexer using a modified Y-branch structure with 4 hexagonal photonic crystal ring resonators. A new optical filter with a high transfer coefficient and quality factor has been introduced and designed in the present paper using a hexagonal photonic crystal ring resonator, which has then been used to design a 4-channel optical demultiplexer. The proposed demultiplexer has an average transfer coefficient of 95.5% and a high quality factor of 4164.6. It also has a channel spacing of 2.75 nm and a spectral width of 0.4 nm. The maximum and minimum crosstalk values of the channels are –10.5 and –36.5 dB, respectively. To study the photonic band structure, the plane wave expansion method has been used and the finite-difference time-domain method has also been used to analyze the optical behavior of the structure.

5

Właściwości kryształów fotonicznych umożliwiające ich wykorzystanie w poligrafii

Zwierzchaczewska M., Podsiadło H.

Acta Poligraphica

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2018

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Vol. 12

71--81

EN

Photonic crystals are an innovative material and have recently been used in printing. They consist of dielectric layers of a variable refractive index. The change of this value may occur in one, two or three directions. Thanks to it, photonic crystals give the possibility of conscious control of the electromagnetic wave in the structure, which leads to the creation of photonic band gap, and this allows the conscious creation of color. It turns out therefore that the color is created not only as a result of the mixture of additive or subtractive basic colors, but also due to photonic changes as in the case of photonic crystals. Photonic crystals are used in printing as a method of securing documents. The deliberately designed width of the photonic band gap creates any color that can change under the influence of certain factors, such as the application of a magnetic field or a change in the angle of observation. Pigments containing photonic crystals make the item difficult to forge. So far, research has been conducted on the use of cognition of new properties of these crystals and on the use of those already known. Conducting experiments is expensive, however, the premonition of scientists allow to conclude that photonic crystals are a valuable material on which to focus more attention.

6

Properties of low frequency TE-electromagnetic wave in ternary plasma photonic crystal

Dehnavi Z. N., Askari H. R., Malekshahi M., Dorranian D.

Optica Applicata

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2017

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Vol. 47, nr 3

457--470

EN

In this study, the oblique incident of the electromagnetic waves with frequencies lower than plasma frequency in one dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystal has been investigated. The unit cell of crystal contains a plasma layer that is embedded in two different dielectric layers. Using the wave equation, Bloch theory, and boundary condition, the dispersion relation, the group velocity and the reflection relation of the structure have been obtained. Numerical results are presented in the form of dispersion curves. The dependence of photonic band gap characteristics on plasma frequency is discussed. One attempt has been made to show how the photonic band gap characteristic of a particular structure changes when the dielectric material of the unit cell is replaced by other dielectric materials or when the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave is changed. Results show that plasma layer characteristics has a significant effect on band gaps and wave propagation characteristics; also the results show that the proposed multi-layered structure can act as a tunable photonic crystal which can be controlled by the external parameters.

7

Performance analysis of two-dimensional photonic crystal octagonal ring resonator based eight channel demultiplexer

Kannaiyan V., Dhamodharan S. K., Savarimuthu R.

Optica Applicata

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2017

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Vol. 47, nr 1

7--18

EN

We proposed a high performance eight channel demultiplexer using two-dimensional photonic crystal octagonal ring resonator for wavelength division multiplexing applications. The performance parameters such as transmission efficiency, Q factor, spectral width, resonant wavelength, crosstalk and channel spacing of the proposed demultiplexers are evaluated. The plane wave expansion method manipulates photonic band gap of periodic and non-periodic structure. Finite-difference time-domain method is used to evaluate the performance parameters of designed two-dimensional photonic crystal structure. The proposed demultiplexer provides overall transmission efficiency, Q factor, spectral width of about 98%, 1968 and 0.8 nm, respectively. The ultra-compact eight channel demultiplexer performs better than the reported one. Hence this work can be implemented for real time applications.

8

Improved low channel spacing high quality factor four-channel demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators

Talebzadeh R., Soroosh M., Mehdizadeh F.

Optica Applicata

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2016

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Vol. 46, nr 4

553--564

EN

In this paper, we propose a compact structure to realize the demultiplexing operation for dense wavelength division multiplexing communication systems using improved shell-type ring resonators in a photonic crystal structure. The cross-section of the structure is 790 μm2 and is desirable for integration based on popular planar technology. To improve power transmission coupling efficiency, we introduce the phase matching condition between ring resonators and waveguides; the results exhibit near 100% transmission efficiency. To obtain a high quality factor, we use interior lower refractive indices spheres inside the ring resonators as the mirrors; a quality factor as high as 15497 is achieved. The average pass bands of channels are near 0.1 nm, and the channel spacing is approximately 0.6 nm. The wavelengths of the demultiplexer are 1549, 1549.7, 1550.3 and 1550.9 nm. The crosstalk is between –14 and –29 dB, and the mean value of the crosstalk is –18.39 dB.

9

Superprism effect in all-glass volumetric photonic crystals

Filipkowski A., Buczyński R., Waddie A. J., Kujawa I., Pysz D., Taghizadeh M. R., Stępień R.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2012

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Vol. 20, No. 3

267-274

EN

This paper focuses on the superprism effect which can be obtained in low-contrast photonic crystals. The modelling is related to the newly developed method for all-dielectric photonic crystals. This places material constraints on the simulated crystals which limit the refractive index difference to 0.1 for all-glass photonic crystals and 0.6 for air-glass structures and forces us to focus on hexagonal lattices. The simulations show the existence of superprism effect in both types of structure for realistic glasses. In both cases various linear filling factors are studied in order to maximize the frequency range of the superprism effect. For the air-F2 glass structure it reaches 0.108 normalized frequencies and for the air-NC21 glass structure it reaches 0.99 normalized frequencies for TM polarization. For the double glass structures, the largest range is for the F2/NC21 photonic crystal and spans 0.012 normalized frequencies. In the F2/NC21 crystal the frequency range reaches 0.005 for TE polarization.

10

Simulation and design of a wideband T-shaped photonic crystal splitter

Foghani S., Kaatuzian H., Danaie M.

Optica Applicata

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2010

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Vol. 40, nr 4

863--872

EN

In this paper, a high efficiency 2-D T-shaped photonic crystal beam splitter is proposed. It consists of a square lattice of GaAs rods (n = 3.4) embedded in air. The photonic crystal structure proposed can be used for 1550 nm wavelength, which is an important wavelength for optical fiber data transmission. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation results demonstrate that a conventional T-junction can only provide 78% transmission coefficient (39% for each branch) for the incident light, while the proposed T-shaped splitter transmits over 90% of the incident light beam (over 45% from each branch) in the single mode region of waveguide. Especially it transmits nearly 98% (49% from each branch) of the input light in the wavelength of 1550 nm. In other words, the proposed devise shows higher beam splitting efficiency and a wider range of flatness of transmission power spectrum in comparison with previous works.

11

The field stabilization of optic-active medium of harmful substances sensors

Hotra Z., Mykytyuk Z., Fechan A., Sushynskyy O., Yasynovska O., Komada P.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2010

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Vol. 51, nr 6

162-163

EN

In work the construction of initial transducer for harmful substance sensor based on the chiral photonic crystals is designed. The method of increasing of radiation intensity of initial transducer by stabilization of liquid-crystal layer by using electric field is offered.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono konstrukcję przetwornika pierwotnego czujnika koncentracji substancji niebezpiecznych działającego w oparciu o chiralne kryształy. Zaproponowano wykorzystanie metody zwiększenia natężenia promieniowania w przetworniku pierwotnym poprzez stabilizację warstwy ciekłego kryształu polem elektrycznym.

12

Fotoniczne światłowody ciekłokrystaliczne jako całkowicie światłowodowe układy czujnikowe

Woliński T., Chychłowski M., Czapla A., Dąbrowski R., Domański A. W., Ertman S., Godyń K., Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E., Tefelska M., Wójcik J.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2008

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Vol. 49, nr 6

199-200

PL

W pracy przedstawiono najnowsze wyniki badań nad ciekłokrystalicznymi światłowodami fotonicznymi pod wpływem zewnętrznych oddziaływań, takich jak temperatura, pole elektryczne i ciśnienie hydrostatyczne. Zaprezentowano również potencjalne możliwości zastosowania ciekłokrystalicznych światłowodów fotonicznych do budowy wieloparametrowych czujników nowej generacji.

EN

In this paper latest research activities on photonic liquid crystal fibers under the influence of external fields such as temperature, electric field and hydrostatic pressure were presented. Potential application possibilities of the photonic liquid crystal fibers to multi-parameter sensing are also discussed.

13

Analityczny model gęstości stanów w strukturze jednowymiarowego kryształu fotonicznego

Rudziński A., Szczepański P., Tyszka-Zawadzka A.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2007

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Vol. 48, nr 7

49-53

PL

Przedstawiono prosty, w pełni analityczny model gęstości stanów w strukturze jednowymiarowego kryształu fotonicznego. Prezentowany model umożliwia analizę wpływu parametrów i defektów kryształu na jego właściwości, dzięki czemu stanowi narzędzie odpowiednie zarówno do badania, jak i projektowania tego typu struktur dla różnych zastosowań. W ogólnej postaci może być on zastosowany do obliczeń dla dowolnych struktur wielowarstwowych.

EN

We present a simple, fully analytical model of density of states in one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. The introduced model allows to investigate the impact of the parameters and defects of the photonic crystal on its properties, thus being a tool adequate for both research and designing of this type of structures for diversified applications. In its general form, the model can be used in calculations for arbitrary multilayer structures.

14

Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers

Szaniawska K., Nasilowski T., Woliński T. R., Thienpont H.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2006

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Vol. 14, No. 4

339-343

EN

Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic crystal fibers filled with liquid crystals, called photonic liquid crystal fibers (PLCFs) are presented. The propagation properties of PLCFs strongly depend on contrast between refractive indices of the solid core (pure silica glass) and liquid crystals (LCs) filing the holes of the fiber. Due to relatively strong thermo-optical effect, we can change the refractive index of the LC by changing its temperature. Numerical analysis of light propagation in PLCF, based on two simulation methods, such as finite difference (FD) and multipole method (MM) is presented. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with our earlier experimental results presented elsewhere [1].

15

Światłowody fotoniczne

Grabiec W.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2006

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Vol. 55, nr sp.

241-256

PL

Światłowody fotoniczne stanowią nową klasę włókien optycznych, charakteryzujących się wieloma nowymi, niezwykle interesującymi właściwościami. Jedną z nich jest możliwość kształtowania parametrów włókna poprzez modelowanie parametrów jego geometrii na etapie poprzedzającym proces produkcji. W artykule przedstawiono ideę działania światłowodów fotonicznych, ich klasyfikację, budowę oraz własności, które są przydatne głównie pod kątem aplikacji telekomunikacyjnych.

EN

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are a new class of fiber optics that are characterized by a set of new interesting features. One of them is the possibility of shaping the fiber parameters through modelling its geometry before a production process. The idea of PCFs operation, their structures and features in the light of using them in telecommunication applications are presented as well. Short characteristic of manufacturing methods of PCFs are also presented here.

16

Propagation properties of photonic crystal fibers filled with nematic liquid crystals

Woliński T. R., Szaniawska K., Bondarczuk K., Lesiak P., Domański A. W., Dąbrowski R., Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E., Wójcik J.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2005

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Vol. 13, No. 2

177-182

EN

The paper presents the latest experimental results on propagation properties of a photonic crystal fiber infilled with a nematic liquid crystal characterized by either extremely low (of the order of ~0.05) or relatively high (of the order of ~0.3) material birefringence. The nematic liquid crystal was introduced into the micro holes of the photonic crystal fiber by the capillary effect. Due to anisotropic properties of the obtained photonic liquid-crystal fiber, guiding mechanism that has to be attributed to the photonic band gap effect has been demonstrated.

17

Recent advances in PBG structures

Vorgul I.Yu., Marciniak M.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2000

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nr 1-2

71-76

EN

We propose a review of word science achievements in the extremely extended for the recent few years field of photonic band gap structures The review concerns both theoretical and experimental investigations on PBG structures toward fabrication of the most optimal ones for different applications. The attention is given to the obtained results as well as to the used and developed methods.

18

Kryształy fotonowe

Hernan M. A.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2000

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Vol. 41, nr 8/9

30-35

PL

Kryształy fotonowe są strukturami materiałowymi, w których sztucznie wytworzono periodyczną, w przestrzeni konfiguracyjnej, modulację wartości przenikalności elektrycznej [epsilon](r). Rozchodzenie sie światła w krysztale fotonowym podlega podobnym regułom jakim podlega, zgodnie z teoria oasmową ciał stałych, ruch elektronu w periodycznym polu elektrycznym wytworzonym przez jony naturalnego kryształu, np. półprzewodnika. Najistotniejsza cecha kryształów fotonowych jest wystepowanie w nich tzw. przerwy fotonowej ( jest to pasmo częstości niedozwolonych leżących na skali częstości światła pomiedzy dwoma pasmami częstości dozwolych); światło o częstości z zakresu przerwy fotonowej nie może się rozchodzić w tym krysztale w żadnym kierunku. Artykuł jest elementarnym wprowadzeniem w podstawowe zagadnienia fizyczne i technologiczne dotyczące nowej, bardzo dynamicznie rozwijającej się na świecie dziedziny optoelektroniki, która jest oparta na wykorzystaniu kryształów fotonowych z intencjonalnie wprowadzonymi do ich struktury sieciowej defektami, w tym punktowymi źródłami światła , tz.n laserami lub diodami elektroluminescencyjnymi.

EN

Photonic crystals are artificially manufactured materials with a characteristic periodic modulation of the dielectric constant [epsilon](r). The light propagation in such a crystal is governed by similar rules like these, which govern, according to the band theory of solids, the movement of electrons in the periodic electric field of crystal lattice in natural crystals, eg., in semiconductors. The most important feature of a photonic crystals is the occurrence of photonic band gap ( this is a band of forbidden frequency of light in between of two bands of allowed frequencies): and light wave of frequency belonging to the photonic gap cannot propagate throughout the photonic crystal in no direction. An elementary introduction to the basic physical and technological problems of a new branch of optoelectronics, based on application of photonic crystals with intentionally created defects, including inserting into the crystal of lasers or light emitting diodes, is presented in this paper.