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Elementy wkładu Arabów do farmakognozji średniowiecza łacińskiego

Burchardt J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2001

R. 46, nr 2

7--34

Most of the pharmacognosy in the Latin Middle Ages (11 th-15th centuries), just like almost all of the medical knowledge of that period, emerged in the course o f translation of medical treatises written in the Arabic language and script. For instance, the views of the great Graeco-Roman physician Galen were arranged into a homogenous system by Hunain ibn Ishak, an authority on the medical treatises by Galen; because o f the fact that Latin Europe learnt about it from the arabie version, this system is now referred to as Arabic Galenism. The Latin translations o f the pharmacognostic treatises of Pseudo- Mesue (10th century) and Pseudo-Serapio (13th century) introduced Europe to new medications, unknown to Dioscurides in the 1st century AD or Galen in the 2nd century AD. Among these drugs were: alkanet (Lawsonia inermis L.), Socotran aloe (Aloe poeryi Baker and A. Socotrina L.), alunite, then called Yemeni alum (alumen iameninum), Meccan bdellium (gum resin o f Hyphaena thebaica Mart., Arecaceae), gum arabie (from Acacia tortilis Hayne, Mimosaceae), myrrh (gum resin from the tree Commiphora abysinnica Engler, Burseraceae), the fruit of barberry (Berberis vulgaris L., Berberidaceae), borage (Borago officinalis L., Boraginaceae), ambergris (the fragrant substance from the digestive tract o f the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus L.), Borneo camphor or bomeol (plates or follicles under the bark of the Indonesian and Indian tree Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn., Diperocarpacceae), cassia pods (pods of Cassia fistula L., Caesalpiniaceae), and cassia bark extracted from among the many varietes of Greek cassia (the bark of the cinammon-like Cinnamonum cassia Blume, Lauraceae). The Arabs’ exports to Europe includes grains of the cubeb pepper (Piper cubeba L., Piperaceae), mace (nutmeg aril osnowka muszkatołowa) and nux muscata (nutmeg) from the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans Houtt., Myristiceae), Meccan senna (sene, the leaves of Cassia angustifolia Vahl., Caesalpiniaceae) turpeth (the root of Iopomoea turpethum R. Brown, Convolvulaceae), ginger (zinziber, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) and cane sugar (zuccarum, Saccharum officinarum L., Poaceae) a preservative of compound drugs.

Autobiografia J. F. Wolfganga z 1850 r. W świetle źródeł rękopiśmiennych i drukowanych

Kuźnicka B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2001

R. 46, nr 3

55--70

The archival collection of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius (Wilno) contains many manuscripts relating to the scientific work of Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang (1776-1859), professor of pharmacy and phramacology of the Wilno University in the years 1807-1831, the founder and main figure in the Wilno pharmacognostic school, a botanist with substantial achievements in wide-ranging research on the flora of the Wilno region, as well a historian of pharmacy. The most interesting of the manuscripts include Wolfgang’s Autobiografia [Autobiography], written in 1850, and a list of his publications covering a total of 57 items (including some that have hitherto remained unknown), a work entitled Historya Farmakologii i Farmacyi [History of pharmacology and pharmacy], and a particularly valuable manuscript (666 + 12 sheets) entitled Farmakologiia [Pharmacology]. Worth mentioning are also two catalogues of books from Wolfgang’s library: one compiled by Wolfgang himself (37 sheets) and the other by Adam Ferdynand Adamowicz. The content of the autobiography mansuscript is contained on five sheets. The author of the present article analyzes the document, comparing the information contained in it with the biographies of J.F. Wolfgang that have been published so far (these being primarily the biography by Dominik Cezary ChodYko, published in 1863, and that by Witold W3odzimierz G3owacki of 1960). The text of the autobiography is quoted in full, together with numerous comments. The analysis of the mansucript as well as the biographical data contained in the above-mentioned biographies indicate that Wolfgang had great achievements as a scientist (in both research and organizational work), as a champion of public causes and as an educator of a generation of botanists-pharmacognostists. It also transpires from the autobiography, as well as from the research by historians, that he was a very good and trustful person, who readily granted access to his research to his collaborators and pupils. This eventually turned against him: he laments the loss of the materials of his floristic research „at untrustworthy hands“ and deplores the fact that they were published under the name of other scientists. Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang died on 17 May 1859, in his estate at Po3uknie. He was buried at the no longer extant Lutheran graveyard at Pohulanka. A symbolic grave of Wolfgnang is to be found at the Rossa Catholic cemetery in Wilno (sector XIV, grave no. 157).