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Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics of Phosphates from the Djebel Onk Deposits (Tebessa, Algeria)

Tahri Tourkia, Narsis Souad, Bezzi Nacer, Bouzenzana Abdellali, Sekiou Omar, Trirat Tabet, Amrane Theziri, Benselhoub Aissa

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 2, vol. 1

351--359

PL

Algeria has important phosphate reserves (2 billion tons) located in the east of the country at Djebel Onk. This mining district is located in the northwestern part of the Algerian Sahara near the Algerian-Tunisian border. The granulo-chemical and XRD analytical results confirm the phosphate depletion of Bled El Hadba layer and their enrichment in carbonate and dolomite, in comparison with the layer of Kef Essennoun. Phosphorite particles are heterogeneously grained. Although the two deposits are relatively close to each other, they show different mineralogical and chemical characteristics, which may cause the use of different mining exploitation methods.

XX

Algieria posiada ważne rezerwy fosforanów (2 miliardy ton) zlokalizowane na wschodzie kraju w Djebel Onk. Ten obszar górniczy znajduje się w północno-zachodniej części algierskiej Sahary, w pobliżu granicy algiersko-tunezyjskiej. Wyniki analiz granulochemicznych i XRD potwierdzają zubożenie fosforanów w warstwie Bled El Hadba i ich wzbogacenie w węglan i dolomit, w porównaniu z warstwą Kef Essennoun. Cząstki fosforytu są niejednorodnie ziarniste. Chociaż oba złoża znajdują się stosunkowo blisko siebie, wykazują różne właściwości mineralogiczne i chemiczne, co może powodować stosowanie różnych metod eksploatacji górniczej.

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Provenance and tectonic setting of the Middle Eocene lower Akhoreh Formation, Nain area, Central Iran, assessed using petrography and geochemistry

Salehi Mohammad Ali, Mallah Mohammed, Jafarzadeh Mahdi

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 2

art. no. 14

EN

The Middle Eocene Akhoreh Formation is superbly exposed in the western corner of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent (CEIM). This formation covered the northeastern flank of the Cretaceous Nain Ophiolite Mélange (NOM) and is adjacent to the Paleogene Urmieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) formed in the southwest of the CEIM. This terrigenous succession is composed of a thin basal conglomerate followed by mostly pink to purple sandstones alternating with shales. The clast composition and clast imbrication of the conglomerates show local source areas towards the north-north-east. Modal components of lower Akhoreh Formation sandstones reveals immature lithic arkose (Q8F48L44) and feldspathic litharenite (Q8F44L48) sandstones that are rich in mafic and ultramafic igneous and volcanic rock fragments. Mafic to ultramafic source rocks are also indicated by geochemical data (enrichment of Mg, Cr and Ni and Cr/V) in the sandstone and shale samples analyzed. However, geochemical data suggests an intermediate igneous rock origin for the shale samples studied, most likely from the nearby continental arc. Based on petrographic data, these sandstones have characteristics of a transitional to undissected arc tectonic setting. Geochemical discrimination diagrams using major and trace elements indicate an oceanic island arc tectonic setting for the lower Akhoreh Formation sandstones and shales, probably due to a predominance of ophiolitic source rocks. Furthermore, the chemical index of alteration and modal analysis indicate a weak to moderate degree of chemical weathering with arid climatic conditions in the source area. The exhumed NOM, together with the UDMA in the southwest, were dominant sources of sediment to the lower Akhoreh Formation, that lay to the northeast in a local retroarc basin of the Central Iranian Microplate, during the Middle Eocene.

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Estimation of dynamic properties of sandstones based on index properties using artifcial neural network and multivariate linear regression methods

Alizadeh Sayed Mehdi, Iraji Amin, Tabasi Somayeh, Ahmed Alim Al Ayub, Motahari Mohammad Reza

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

225--242

EN

The dynamic properties of the rock are very important for the design of geotechnical structures and the modeling of deep drilling. In the present study, the velocity of compressional and shear waves (Vp and Vs) and the dynamic elastic modulus (Ed) of sandstones were estimated based on index tests using artificial neural network (ANN) and multivariate linear regression analysis (MVLRA) methods. For this purpose, petrographic, physical, mechanical and dynamic tests were performed on 54 specimens. Petrographic results showed that the samples were classified as feldspathic litharenite. The results showed that the Vp/Vs ratio was equal to 1.78. Also, the effect of mineralogy on mechanical properties was more than dynamic properties and the effect of quartz on dynamic properties was more than other minerals. The presented relationships were evaluated using R-squared (R2 ), root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute relative prediction error (MARPE), variance account for (VAF) and performance index (PI). The results of the ANN to estimate the Ed, Vp and Vs showed that it is possible to estimate these parameters based on inputs with high accuracy. The accuracy of the ANN was higher than the MVLRA. Estimation of Vs, Vp and Ed by ANN showed correlation coefficients of 0.97, 0.86 and 0.92 and RMSE of 0.10, 0.31, and 3.98, respectively. The ANN was also conservative in predicting these variables, while MVLRA was conservative only in estimating the Vs and Ed of the studied sandstones.

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Skały osadowe czerwonego spągowca w wierceniu Kutno 2 w warunkach postulowanego jurajskiego wydarzenia termicznego oraz wysokich nadciśnień : studium petrograficzne

Kuberska Marta, Kiersnowski Hubert, Poprawa Paweł, Kozłowska Aleksandra

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 6

365--373

EN

A highs ignifance of the Kutno 2 deep borehole is due to its location in the central zone of the Polish Basin where the Rotliegend complex has previously never been achieved by other drill holes and thus was not recognized and studied. Drill core from the Rotligend of the Kutno2 has been recently studied for its petrography and facies. The Rotligend in this zone is represented by fluvial and alluvial sediments. It is composed mainly of fine- to coarse-grained sandstones, with conglomerate inter beds. Diagenetic processes of the sediments have been dominated by mechanical and chemical compaction, as well as by transformation of the unstable mineral components. Fluid inclusion analysis for quartz and carbonates indicates that the diagenesis-associated temperature reached 120-180°C. The presence of haematite pseudomorphoses after framboidal pyrite indicates an extremely high palaeotemperature of approx. 500°C. Itis related here to the Jurassic hydrothermal event. The recent very high reservoir pressure might be associated with high temperatures due to the aqua thermal pressure mechanism.

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Badania mineralogiczno-petrograficzne i chemiczne gnejsu jako klucz do racjonalnej gospodarki złożem

Kania Marcin, Zielińska Amelia, Pomorski Andrzej, Gunia Piotr, Majcher Arkadiusz

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2021

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R. 62, nr 3

4--18

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano wyniki analiz petrograficznych i chemicznych gnejsu ze złoża Doboszowice 1. Złoże cechuje się złożoną budową geologiczną, warunkowaną zarówno przez obecność licznych odmian petrograficznych kopaliny, jak i zmienną miąższość nadkładu i występowaniem licznych przerostów i dyslokacji. Analiza budowy złoża ułatwia planowanie selektywnej eksploatacji złoża i dywersyfikację kierunków wykorzystania kopaliny oraz odpadów wydobywczych. Takie działanie wpisuje się w zasady racjonalnej, niskoemisyjnej gospodarki zasobami naturalnymi o obiegu zamkniętym.

EN

Results of the petrographic and chemical analyses of the gneiss from the Doboszowice 1 deposit have been described in this paper. The deposit is characterised by the complicated geological setting, conditioned by the presence of the various petrographic types of gneiss, variable thickness of the cover and the occurence of the mumerous overgrowths and dislocations. The examination of the deposit’s structure makes planning of the selective extraction and diversity of the post-mining wastes usage directions easier. Such activities fit into the rules of rational, low-emission natural resources management and circular economy.

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Petrographic characteristics of the Ordovician and Silurian deposits in the Baltic Basin (N Poland) and their relevance for unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations

Kuberska Marta, Sikorska-Jaworowska Magdalena, Kozłowska Aleksandra, Podhalańska Teresa

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 3

art. no. 44

EN

The Ordovician and Silurian deposits in the Baltic Basin are represented by siltstones, mudstones, limestones, marls, sandstones and, most commonly, claystones with a markedly shaley structure. Claystones that are particularly rich in organic matter are considered as potential reservoirs for shale gas accumulations. Samples from 11 boreholes, including core samples of the Piaśnica, Słuchowo, Kopalino, Sasino, Prabuty, Jantar, Pelplin and locally Pasłęk, Kociewie and Puck formations, were analysed by optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence (CL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD). The Piaśnica, Sasino, Jantar, Pasłęk and Pelplin formations are characterized locally by a dominance of black bituminous claystones with a high content of organic matter, and a generally consistent clay mineral composition. Individual samples only show variations in silt fraction and carbonate content. Very important is the negligible proportion of swelling minerals in the clay fraction; the percentage of smectite in the mixed-layered illite/smectite minerals does not exceed 15%. It is important for the rocks to have adequate [SiO2 >10%; Quartz (Q) + Feldspars (Fs) + Carbonates >40%] brittleness. The content of quartz, feldspars and carbonates (here >40%) suggests that the claystones are susceptible to hydraulic fracturing. The claystones show micropores between detrital grains, between the flakes of clay minerals, within pyrite framboids, and organic matter and secondary micropores within grains.

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Coalification as a process determining the methane adsorption ability of coal seams

Dutka Barbara, Godyń Katarzyna

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 66, no. 2

181--195

EN

The paper presents the results of a study of methane adsorption on coal samples with various degrees of metamorphism, coming from the Polish and Czech parts of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB). The range of coalification of the samples was from bituminous with vitrinite reflectance Ro equal to about 0.5% to para-anthracite coals with Ro equal to over 2%. The methane adsorption capacity was determined at the temperature 303 K for each of the studied coal seams. Methane adsorption isotherms were approximated using the Langmuir model. The relationship between the Langmuir isotherm parameters (am and PL) and the degree of coalification was presented. It was shown that the degree of coalification of the coal substance affects the adsorption ability of coal with respect to methane and determines the value of the Langmuir isotherm parameters. The study was conducted in order to present the distribution of adsorption capacity of Upper Silesian coals in relation to improving work safety in active mines as well as designing technologies that use coal bed methane (CBM) from balance and off-balance resources.

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A putative Tournaisian and Visean volcanic-sedimentary succession in the Lublin Basin, SE Poland: depositional processes, petrological characteristics and sequence stratigraphy

Waksmundzka Maria I., Kozłowska Aleksandra, Pańczyk Magdalena

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2021

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Vol. 71, no. 3

305--344

EN

The aim of this study was to establish the stratigraphic extent of a putative Tournaisian Stage within the Carboniferous succession in the Lublin Basin. The oldest part of the succession, known as the Huczwa Formation and comprising depositional sequences 1-4, was investigated based on lithofacies analysis, sequence stratigraphy and petrographic studies. The article provides descriptions of depositional sequences, parasequences (cyclothems) and lithofacies that were formed in a range of environments (elements of depositional architecture) and as a result of volcanic processes - lava and pyroclastic eruptions and chemical weathering of their products. Correlation of the sequence stratigraphy to the West European and global Carboniferous chronostratigraphic divisions, as well as to the Khoriv suite in the Lviv-Volyn Basin in adjacent Ukraine, indicates a putative late Tournaisian age for sequence 1, and a late Visean age for sequences 2-4. There is a stratigraphic gap between sequences 1 and 2, spanning probably the uppermost Tournaisian and the lower and middle Visean. The upper Tournaisian is represented by the FRST-LST deposits of sequence 1, comprising mainly volcaniclastic conglomerates and sandstones developed in braided-river channels and incised valleys with hyperconcentrated flow processes. These deposits are represented by polymictic paraconglomerate and lithic/sublithic/subarkose arenites or sublithic wackes, and contain predominantly grains of acidic and alkaline volcanic and igneous rocks. This material probably came from the Łuków-Wisznice Elevation and the Volynian Polesia region, located to the NE and E of the Lublin Basin. In the uppermost part of sequence 1, volcanic rocks and tuffs appear which developed during the activity of at least three volcanic cones in the Lublin Basin. The volcanoes were the source of alkaline lavas in the central and SW areas of the basin, and of acidic lavas in the SE area, previously undescribed. The Visean sequences 2-4 consist of the FRST-LST sediments deposited within incised valleys. The TST and HST deposits accumulated mainly in a shallow ramp-type carbonate shelf, shallow clayey shelf and deltaic environments.

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Wyniki badań petrograficzno-mineralogicznych wybranych kamieni młyńskich z terenu Pomorza. Przyczynek do zastosowania interdyscyplinarnych metod w badaniach nad tradycyjnym młynarstwem

Bartz Wojciech, Prarat Maciej

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2020

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Nr 61

124--144

PL

Kamienie młyńskie od wieków były głównym elementem systemu roboczego zakładów napędzanych siłą wody i wiatru. Te niezwykle cenne zabytki kultury materialnej rozpoznane są jednak w nieznacznym zakresie. W ostatnich latach widoczna jest intensyfikacja interdyscyplinarnych metod badawczych w molinologii. Jedną z nich są badania petrograficzne kamieni młyńskich. W polskich opracowaniach brak jednak takiego ujęcia. Dla wybranej, skatalogowanej grupy kamieni z terenów Pomorza autorzy obrali za cel określenie rodzaju skał, miejsca ich pochodzenia oraz funkcji w młynie. Spośród 15 kamieni trzy okazały się sztucznym kamieniem, 8 piaskowcem kwarcowym, jedna granitem, jedna anortozytem kwarcowym, dwie skałą osadową krzemionkową. Dla części udało się także określić miejsce pochodzenia z łomów niemieckich i francuskich, niektóre mogły być pochodzenia miejscowego.

EN

Millstones have been the main element of the working system of plants powered by water and wind for centuries. However, these extremely valuable monuments of material culture are recognized to a rather small extent. Recent years have seen a certain intensification of interdisciplinary research in the field of molinology. One of them is petrographic study of millstones. Yet, Polish studies still lack this kind of approach. This paper is aimed at determining the types of rocks, their origins and functions within the mill structure. In a group of fifteen stones, three were made of artificial stone, eight turned out to be quartz sandstones, one is made of granite and one of quartz anorthosite, two proved to be made of sedimentary siliceous rock. Certain rocks have been determined to be of German or French origin, whereas the others could have been acquired locally.

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Pigment mineralogy, chemical composition and stratigraphy of wall paintings in the Church in Włościejewki, Poland

Węcławska Marta

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2020

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Nr 64

161--171

EN

The sixteenth-century geometrical polychromies that were discovered during conservation works in a medieval church in Włościejewki provided an extraordinary opportunity to examine the original structure of old painting layers and compare them with newer ones. Scientific research was carried out to obtain and confirm the stratigraphy of the paintings and enhance the knowledge about the techniques and pigments that had been used there. This paper presents a mineralogical and petrographic characteristic of the materials. The analysis was performed in painting layers such as: plaster, whitewash and pigment. They originated from layers created between the sixteenth and nineteenth century. Four microscopic observations of thin sections were made, using reflected and transmitted light. Samples that turned out to be too fragile were examined using a scanning microscope equipped with an EDS detector. The research also described in detail the plaster and the whitewash. Monochromes of the background, details of walls and ceilings were made on lime whitewash using the dry fresco technique. The study illustratively demonstrates the structural and textural variability of the painting layers through the ages. The study’s findings show a slight variability of the pigments, mainly iron oxides based pigments.

PL

Szesnastowieczne polichromie geometryczne, które odkryto podczas prac konserwatorskich w średniowiecznym kościele we Włościejewkach, dostarczyły nadzwyczajnej możliwości zbadania oryginalnej struktury starych warstw malarskich i porównania ich z nowszymi warstwami. Przeprowadzono badania naukowe, aby otrzymać i potwierdzić stratygrafię malowideł i pogłębić wiedzę na temat użytych technik i pigmentów. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje mineralogiczną i petrograficzną charakterystykę zastosowanych materiałów. Analizę przeprowadzono na takich warstwach malarskich, jak: tynki, farba wapienna i pigmenty. Zostały one pobrane z warstw wytworzonych pomiędzy XVI i XIX wiekiem. Wykonano cztery obserwacje mikroskopowe na preparatach, wykorzystując światło odbite i przechodzące. Próbki, które okazały się zbyt delikatne, zostały przebadane przy użyciu mikroskopu skanującego wyposażonego w detektor EDS. Badanie również szczegółowo opisało tynk i farbę wapienną. Monochromie tła, detale ścian oraz sufitów wykonano na farbie wapiennej przy użyciu techniki suchego fresku. Badanie ilustratywnie przedstawia strukturalne i teksturalne zróżnicowanie warstw malarskich w różnych wiekach. Wyniki pokazują nieznaczne zróżnicowanie w pigmentach, głównie opartych na tlenkach żelaza.

11

Mineralogical study and enhanced gravity separation of gold-bearing mineral, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

El-Sayed Samah, Abdel-Khalek N. A., El-Shatoury E. H., Abdel-Motelib A., Hassan M. S., Abdel-Khalek M.A.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2020

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Vol. 56, iss. 5

839--848

EN

El-Hudi gold deposit, located in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt, represent large vein- type gold occurrence. The representative sample revealed the abundance of quartz as main constituent with minor amounts of mineral impurities. Gold was detectable (12 g/t) as determined using atomic absorption. The petrographic study revealed that the gold grains ranged from 10-40 μm. The grain boundaries of quartz are highly stained with iron minerals as hematite and limonite. Sericite mineral is common in discrete gold-bearing veins. Eroded pyrite was detected with high alteration leaving only cubic-shaped cavities behind. Different techniques for gravity separation were used to separate gold from the quartz mineral. After crushing and grinding of the sample, shaking table was used to upgrade the coarser fractions while Falcon concentrator was employed to upgrade the fine fraction. The best concentrate was obtained through grinding the whole sample to less than 0.2 mm, followed by cleaning steps. The gold content is increased from 12 to 145 g/t with total recovery of 78%.

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Charakterystyka utworów czerwonego spągowca w aspekcie badań rentgenowskiej mikrotomografii komputerowej i mikroskopii optycznej

Dohnalik Marek, Ziemianin Konrad

Nafta-Gaz

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2020

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R. 76, nr 11

765--773

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki analiz mikrotomograficznych oraz petrograficznych piaskowców czerwonego spągowca pobranych z materiału rdzeniowego z otworów wiertniczych zlokalizowanych na obszarze monokliny przedsudeckiej, w jej części środkowej iźpółnocnej, oraz na granicy monokliny przedsudeckiej i synklinorium mogileńsko-łódzkiego. Do badań wytypowano 3 rejony: Czarna Wieś–Parzęczewo (19 próbek), Środa Wielkopolska–Kromolice (21 próbek) oraz Siekierki–Miłosław (21 próbek). Celem przeprowadzonych badań petrologicznych oraz mikrotomograficznych było zbadanie, w jaki sposób odmienne właściwości zbiornikowe piaskowców znajdą odzwierciedlenie w wynikach zastosowanych metod. Wykazano zdecydowane zróżnicowanie pomiędzy próbkami z rejonu Środa Wielkopolska–Kromolice a pozostałymi przebadanymi obszarami. Dla wspomnianego obszaru otrzymano najwyższą średnią wartość porowatości efektywnej, najwyższy średni udział podsystemów zaliczanych do VII klasy objętości porów, trzykrotnie większą średnią wartość współczynnika porowatości CT oraz największą długość średniej cięciwy. Również pod kątem petrograficznym (skład szkieletu ziarnowego, typ cementu) jest to region, gdzie zaznaczają się wyraźne różnice, zwłaszcza w porównaniu z rejonem Czarna Wieś–Parzęczewo. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników możliwe było uszeregowanie przebadanych rejonów pod kątem własności zbiornikowych – od najgorszych (Czarna Wieś–Parzęczewo) do najlepszych (Środa Wielkopolska–Kromolice). Wyciągnięte wnioski znajdują także potwierdzenie w innych analizach petrofizycznych (np. porozymetria rtęciowa, analizy przepuszczalności). Połączenie otrzymanych wyników mikrotomograficznych i petrograficznych pozwoliło na uzyskanie pełnej charakterystyki badanych próbek – zarówno pod kątem składu mineralogicznego szkieletu ziarnowego, jak też wykształcenia przestrzeni porowej. Dane te, zwłaszcza w połączeniu z wynikami analizy gęstości i porowatości metodami piknometrii helowej oraz porozymetrii rtęciowej, otwierają szereg możliwości przeprowadzenia różnego typu modelowań (porowatość, przepuszczalność) zarówno w skali samej próbki, jak też w skali otworu lub nawet całego basenu, co ma kluczowe znaczenie dla tworzenia strategii poszukiwań złóż węglowodorów.

EN

The article presents the results of microtomographic and petrographic investigations of Rotliegend sandstones collected from core material from wells located in the area of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline in its central and northern parts and also on the border of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline and the Mogilno - Łódź Synclinorium. Three areas were selected for the study: Czarna Wieś–Parzęczewo (19 samples), Środa Wielkopolska–Kromolice (21 samples) and Siekierki–Miłosław (21 samples). The aim of the petrologic and microtomographic studies was to investigate how the different reservoir properties of sandstones will be reflected in the results of the methods used. Strong differences between samples from the region of Środa Wielkopolska–Kromolice and the other studied areas have been demonstrated. In the case of this area several key factors were noticed: the highest average value of effective porosity; the highest average content of pores belonging to class VII (pore volume subsystem classification); three times higher average value of the CT porosity coefficient and the largest length of the average chord. Also in terms of petrography (composition of grains, cement type) it is a region where major differences, especially compared to the region of Czarna Wieś–Parzęczewo, can be seen. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to rank the examined regions in terms of their reservoir properties – from the worst (Czarna Wieś–Parzęczewo) to the best (Środa Wielkopolska–Kromolice). These conclusions are also confirmed by other petrophysical analyses (eg. mercury porosimetry, permeability analysis). Combination of the obtained microtomographic and petrographic results allowed to obtain a full characterization of the investigated samples – both in terms of the mineralogical composition of grains, as well as the development of the pore space. These data, especially in combination with the results of density and porosity analyses (helium pycnometry and mercury porosimetry), open up a number of possibilities to carry out different types of modeling (porosity, permeability) both on the scale of the sample itself, as well as the scale of a single well or even the whole basin, which is crucial for creating a hydrocarbon exploration strategy.

13

Charakterystyka i proweniencja piaskowców z gotyckiego portalu bazyliki św. Elżbiety Węgierskiej we Wrocławiu

Zboińska Katarzyna, Bartz Wojciech

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 9

749--757

EN

The St. Elizabeth of Hungary Basilica is one of the most important and recognizable monuments of Wroclaw - the capital of Lower Silesia (SWpart of Poland). The origin of the church dates back to the beginning of the 13th century. The basilica received its present Gothic form in the 14th-15th centuries. At the foot of the church tower, overlooking the buildings of the nearby Market Square, there is a late-Gothic portal built in 1456. This is the oldest portal of the basilica. Adjacent to it, there are epitaphs of wealthy Wroclaw burghers. These monuments are the top-class works of Silesian stonemasonry and also an interesting example of the use of natural stone in constructing architectural details. From the portal and three epitaphs (devoted to the Krapps’family, Georg Althoff Scholz and Hans Schulz von Wolkovitz), atotal often samples of clastic rock were collected. These were subjected to detailed petrographic and mineralogical studies in order to determine the provenance of the stone material. The research confirmed that these architectural details were made of quartz sandstones. The probable source of this material was the Cretaceous joint sandstones from the North-Sudetic Basin (Conacian, upper joint sandstone - Rakowice type).

14

Współczesne metody badania materiałów budowlanych pochodzących z zabytkowych obiektów murowanych

Stryszewska Teresa, Kańka Stanisław

Materiały Budowlane

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2019

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nr 3

39--41

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przykłady zaawansowanych badań mineralnych materiałów budowlanych pobranych z murowanych obiektów zabytkowych o wartości historycznej. W celu identyfikacji materiałów, ich składu fazowego oraz określenia specyficznych właściwości, w tym stopnia skażenia solami, wykonano badania petrograficzne, obserwacje w mikroskopie skaningowym wraz z analizą dyspersji energii promieniowania rentgenowskiego pierwiastków, a także określono strukturę porowatości. Badania umożliwiające ocenę materiału na podstawie bardzo małych próbek mają ogromne znaczenie w przypadku obiektów zabytkowych, w tym o charakterze martyrologicznym, gdyż obowiązuje wówczas wiele ograniczeń wynikających z konieczności zachowania substancji oryginalnej i zminimalizowania ingerencji związanej z pobieraniem próbek.

EN

The paper present examples of advanced studies of mineral building materials collected from facilities located within the area of the former Auschwitz-Birkenau camp. These facilities are characterised by great historical value. In order to identify the materials and their phase composition, and to determine their specific properties, including the extent of salt contamination, petrographic examinations were performed as well as SEM observations along with an energy dispersive X ray analysis and porosity structure. It has been stressed in the paper that testing methods that enable evaluation of the material based on very small samples is of great importance in the aspect of heritage facilities including those associated with suffering where many restrictions are applicable due to the requirement that the original substance should be retained and the interference in connection with the sampling should be minimised.

15

Engineering geological evaluation of some rocks from Akure, Southwestern Nigeria as aggregates for concrete and pavement construction

Ademila Omowumi

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 1

31--43

EN

The importance of rocks and rock aggregates cannot be overemphasized in construction and concrete design globally. This study evaluated the physical and mechanical characteristics of fine grained granite, porphyritic granite, quartzite, granite gneiss, migmatite gneiss and charnockite from ten different locations in Akure for their suitability as construction materials. Field observation, water absorption, specific gravity, shape indices, aggregate impact value (AIV), aggregate crushing value (ACV), Los Angeles abrasion value (LAAV), compressive strength, tensile strength and petrography of the selected rocks were evaluated. The field studies indicate fresh outcrops with little signs of weathering. Porphyritic granite shows a higher water absorption value >1%, suggestive of its unsuitability as foundation materials in water logged areas. The higher flakiness and elongation indices of porphyritic granite, quartzite and migmatite gneiss are detrimental to the higher workability and stability of mixes. AIV (14.79–23.52%), ACV (18.32–28.93%) and LAAV (25.22–34.55%) showed that granite, granite gneiss and charnockite have good soundness and hardness with greater resistance to wear. Higher strength values of all the rocks were found to be satisfactory for use in the production of aggregates for civil constructions. Petrographic analysis revealed similarities in the compositions of the rocks, with quartz being the dominant mineral. The results show that all the rock types possess the required quality standards for use as construction aggregates in highway pavements and foundations. Some of the aggregates (GG1, GG2, GF, GC, MG1, CK1 and CK2) are also suitable for bituminous mixes. Quartzite should be avoided in load bearing masonry units due to its lower strength values. The most suitable rocks proven as road and building stones are fine grained granite, granite gneiss and charnockite because of their low water absorption, low flakiness and elongation indices, low abrasion values, higher strength values (tensile strength and unconfined compressive strength) and sound petrographic characters. Thus, adequate knowledge of rocks and rock aggregates is crucial in order to prevent continuous structural failure around the globe and make the environment friendlier.

16

Stratigraphic position and sedimentary environment of Late Pleistocene deposits along the cliffed coast of the middle part of the Polish Baltic coast

Krzyszkowski D., Koszka-Maroń D.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 1

48--68

EN

The study was carried out in the wall of a cliff that formed as a result of erosional cutting in the western foreland of a moraine landform from the Pomeranian and Gardno phases (Upper Plenivistulian, Rowy-Ustka clifs; northern Poland). Individual lithostratigraphic units have been documented: glaciofluvial delta deposlts, Poddąbie Till, lacustrine-glacial Wytowno Formation (consisting of three facies: deltaic, lower diamicton, and upper diamicton), lacustrine deposits of the Orzechowo Formation with a thick peat layer, and aeolian series at the cliff crest. The Wytowno Formation deposits include the following lithologies: medium-grained sands, fine-grained sands, muddy sands, muds, silty clays, clays, varved clays, fine-grained multi-fraction deposits, and tills (Dębina Till). Very high inclination of the strata is the result of glaciodynamic deformation. The deposits were accumulated in a proglacial lake. They are characterized by mud and clay as well as sand and sand-muddy lithofacies. The vastness of the water body is evidenced by a considerable size of the delta, and by massive structures of the clay layers.

17

Petrographic study of selected sculptural works of Jan Michałowicz from Urzędów

Ciosmak Małgorzata, Rzęsa Patrycja

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2018

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Vol. 17, nr 3

201--218

EN

Nowadays, in order to determine whether given rock properties make it useful for specifi c purposes, the material is examined using relevant test equipment. At the times of Jan Michałowicz, any knowledge in this respect was transmitted by the master to his apprentices, based on the master’s experience. The artist used domestic rock raw materials to sculpt monuments commemorating important persons who were his contemporaries. For the petrographic analysis, the authors selected the most distinguishable works of the artist, which he signed or which are most likely to have been sculpted by him. The authors analysed the materials used by the artist to carve specifi c elements of his works, as well as rock raw materials in terms of their historical and contemporary properties. Consequently, the petrographic study allowed to describe the rocks in greater detail, as well as their properties useful for sculpture purposes, and their durability. Artistic qualities helped determine the sources of stones used by Jan Michałowicz during his projects. These include the quarries near Pińczów (limestone), Kunów (sandstone), Bolechowice (marble), Żurawno (alabaster) and initially quarries in Hungary. The discussed works of Jan Michałowicz provide firm grounds for acknowledging the artist as the leading co-founder to Polish Renaissance art.

18

Bentonite from the Central Slovakia Volcanic Field – A prospective raw material for Polish industry

Górniak K., Szydłak T., Gaweł A., Klimek A., Tomczyk A., Motyka J., Bahranowski K.

Mineralogia

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2017

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Vol. 48, iss. 1/4

23--38

EN

This paper summarizes information about recently worked bentonite deposits in Slovakia and presents the results of studies on bentonite from the Central Slovakia Volcanic Field (CSVF). The authors compared the mineralogy of commercial bentonites exploited in the Stara Kremnička (Jelšový potok), Kopernica, and Hliník nad Hronom deposits. X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analyses and microscopy showed that the main component is montmorillonite (37–88%), followed by opal C/CT (5–25%), clinoptilolite (up to 15%), feldspars (3–12%), quartz (up to 8%), biotite (2–5%), and kaolinite (up to 2%). The microscopic imaging provided information valuable for the technological assessment of bentonites, particularly the evaluation of mineralogy determined by XRD. The low variability of the mineral composition of commercial bentonites exploited in the western CSVF, together with the significant reserves and localization of deposits close to the Polish–Slovak state border prove that this raw material deserves more attention from Polish industry.

19

Z czego składa się kruszywo? Opis petrograficzny w genealogii kruszywa

Król K.

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2017

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Nr 2

100--103

PL

Na użyteczność kruszyw wpływa wiele czynników wynikających bezpośrednio z ich składu i pochodzenia. Aby odpowiednio rozpoznać te cechy, należy wykonać dokładny i szczegółowy opis bazujący na metodach i klasyfikacjach przyjętych w petrografii zgodnie z obecnie obowiązującą normą PN-EN 932-3 Badania podstawowych właściwości kruszyw – Procedura i terminologia uproszczonego opisu petrograficznego.

EN

The usefulness of aggregates is influenced by many factors resulting directly from its composition and origin. In order to properly identify these features, it is necessary to perform accurate and detailed description based on the methods and classifications adopted in petrography, in accordance with the current standard PN-EN 932-3 (Tests for general properties of aggregates – Procedure and terminology for simplified petrographic description).

20

Sedimentary petrology characteristics and their implications for provenance of Hoanh Bo Basin Neogene system in Quang Ninh province, north-eastern Vietnam

Tha H.V., Wysocka A., Cuong N. Q., Pha P.D., Ziółkowski P.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2017

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Vol. 43, no. 1

69--87

EN

The Hoanh Bo Basin has developed over multiple periods since the Miocene period in association with the tectonic activity of the Chi Linh-Hon Gai and Trung Luong Faults. The basin is filled with Neogene continental sediments, comprising mainly polymictic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, claystones, and shales. Coarser-grained polymictic deposits predominate along the northern and western margins of the basin, whereas different types of siltstones, claystones, and sandstones occur in its centre, as well as along its southern and eastern parts, toward the Ha Long Bay. The conglomerates and sandstones are composed mainly of quartz and sedimentary rock fragments, and a small amount of mica. Cement is mainly built of iron-oxide, clay or carbonate mud. The source area for the Hoanh Bo Basin sediments was located in the close vicinity of the basin. It was built of strongly weathered rocks of the Hon Gai, Ha Coi, Cat Ba Formations.