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1

Comparison of reinforced oxygen delignification methods for old corrugated board (OCC) fibres

Koç B. O., Gümüşkaya E., Erişir E., Peşman E., Kirci H.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2017

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vol. 60, nr 199

47--64

EN

The present work focuses on the effects of sodium percarbonate and hydrogen peroxide as reinforcing agents for the oxygen delignification of old corrugated container paper (OCC). The chemical and crystalline structure, physical and mechanical properties and the optical properties were investigated in OCC papers delignified using reinforced oxygen delignification methods. The relative degradation rates were determined at 4.02% for oxygen delignification reinforced with sodium percarbonate and 0.62% for oxygen delignification reinforced with hydrogen peroxide at a 2% alkali charge. The results showed that paper sheet properties following oxygen delignification reinforced with hydrogen peroxide were better than for those following oxygen delignification reinforced with sodium percarbonate and pure sodium percarbonate. It was determined that the whiteness value was higher following oxygen delignification reinforced with sodium percarbonate rather than any of the other reinforcing agents, while the highest ISO brightness value was found following oxygen delignification reinforced with hydrogen peroxide.

2

Residential price of natural gas in Argentina

Freidenberger C. G., Śliwa T.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2015

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Vol. 32, no. 2

255--274

EN

This article was made to research about natural gas market in Argentina and its price for residential customers. Wellhead, transmission and distribution prices are developed in this paper. In addition taxes and special charges are shown. Commercial consumption is not included in residential consumption. Argentina has changed its natural gas framework in 1992, after this year several regulations transformed the gas market. On the other hand the country lost its self-supply and imports are growing in the last years. In this context natural gas price for residential customers is smali in comparison with international context.

3

Biocide testing for the application in the oil and gas industry

Turkiewicz A, Brzeszcz J., Witek W., Kapusta P.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2015

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Vol. 32, no. 2

245--253

EN

The paper discusses tests for effectiveness of three antibacterial substances for application in the national oil and gas industry. The substances were tested with reference to active cultures of microorganisms. These cultures were isolated, inter alia, from drilling fluids, produced waters and extraction sludge, and then multiplied and used in tests discussed in this publication. The tests demonstrated differences in particular tested substances in respect of effectiveness of their impact on aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi. The results of the work will be used in industrial treatments in order to eliminate biogenic contamination, counteract biodegradation of drilling muds, and also for disinfection of reservoirs designed for storing water and other technological fluids.

4

Obtaining of petroleum resins using pyrolysis by-products. 14. Petroleum resins with fluorine atoms

Bratychak M., Shust O., Chervinskyy T., Shyshchak O., Wacławek W.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 1

49-54

EN

Petroleum resins with fluorine atoms (PRFs) have been synthesized via cooligomerization of unsaturated compounds presented in the C9 fraction, which is the by-product of hydrocarbons pyrolysis to ethylene, using functional peroxy oligomer as an initiator. The effect of initiator amount, temperature and reaction time on the PRFs yield and molecular mass has been determined. The possibility of synthesized PRFs using as additives for bitumen-polymeric compositions based on oil bitumens has been shown.

PL

Poprzez kooligomeryzację związków nienasyconych obecnych we frakcji C9, która jest produktem ubocznym pirolizy węglowodorów PRFs do etylenu, zsyntezowano żywice zawierające fluor. Zbadano wpływ ilości oligomerycznego inicjatora otrzymywania etylenu, temperatury i czasu reakcji na wydajność i masę molekularną uzyskanego produktu. Pokazano możliwość wykorzystania żywicy PRFs jako dodatku do mieszanek złożonych z bitumu i polimerów organicznych.

5

Enzymatic pre-treatment of cotton. Part 2. Peroxide generation in desizing liquor and bleaching

Anis P., Davulcu A., Eren H. A.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2009

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Vol. 17, no. 2 (73)

87--96

EN

The objective of this study was to utilise desizing liquors of starch-sized fabrics using glucoseoxidase enzymes for bleach to produce hydrogen peroxide from glucose units of the starch removed; glucoseoxidase enzymes are efficient only at high glucose doses. In the first part of this paper, glucose generation in a desizing bath was discussed and an optimum recipe was obtained with an amyloglucodidase/pullanase mixture enzyme . In this study, process optimisation for the glucose oxidase enzyme was undertaken in order to generate hydrogen peroxide in the desizing liquor and then bleaching with the peroxide generated . Results indicated that sufficient hydrogen peroxide, about 800 mg l-1, could be generated to perform successful enzymatic bleaching; however, the bleaching was compatible with the conventional peroxide type only in the alkali pH range. The maximum whiteness obtained by enzymatic treatment was 73.8 Stensby degree, whereas the whiteness of the conventionally treated fabric was 79.4 Stensby degree.

PL

Przedmiotem badań była utylizacja kąpieli usuwającej klejonkę materiałów impregnowanych skrobią poprzez enzymy glikozydazy stosowane do bielenia w celu wydzielenia nadtlenku wodoru z glukozy zawartej w usuwanej skrobi. Enzymy glukozydazy są wydajne tylko przy dużych ilościach glukozy. W pracy przedyskutowano wydzielanie glukozy w kąpieli usuwającej klejonkę i określono optymalną procedurę stosowania mieszaniny enzymów amyloglukodidaze/pullanaze. W pracy przeprowadzono optymalizację działania enzymu glukozydazy w celu wydzielenia nadtlenku wodoru w roztworze usuwającym klejonkę a następnie bielenia tkaniny przez wydzielony nadtlenek. Wyniki badań wskazują, że dostateczna ilość nadtlenku wodoru ok. 800mg/l może być wydzielona dla uzyskania korzystnego enzymatycznego bielenia. Jednakże bielenie to jest porównywalne z konwencjonalnym bieleniem za pomocą nadtlenku tylko w zakresie pH odpowiadającemu zasadowości roztworu. Maksymalna biel uzyskana w wyniku enzymatycznej obróbki wynosiła 73,8 stopni Stensby’a podczas gdy biel tkanin poddanych konwencjonalnej obróbce wynosiła 79,4 stopni Stensby’a.

6

Podstawy wulkanizacji nadtlenkowej kauczuku etylenowo-propylenowo-dienowego i etylenowo-propylenowego

Magryta J.

Elastomery

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2009

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T. 13, nr 4

10-18

PL

Wulkanizacja nadtlenkami kauczuku etylenowo-propylenowo-dienowego (EPDM) i etylenowo-propylenowego (EPM) jest bardziej złożona, niż to się często uważa. W artykule tym przedstawiono podstawowe informacje dotyczące doboru najważniejszych składników mieszanki kauczukowej, tj.: kauczuków, nadtlenków i koagentów. Podano właściwości nadtlenków zalecanych do wulkanizacji EP(D)M oraz stosowane do tej wulkanizacji koagenty. Przedstawiono zalety i wady proponowanych nadtlenków i ich wpływ na cechy użytkowe i właściwości wulkanizatów. Scharakteryzowano koagenty używane w wulkanizacji nadtlenkowej i podzielono na dwa typy ze względu na ich wpływ na przebieg wulkanizacji. Przedstawiono schematycznie mechanizmy reakcji sieciowania nadtlenkami bez stosowania koagenta oraz z koagentem w składzie mieszanki kauczukowej. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na czynniki, które obniżają efektywność sieciowania oraz mogą prowadzić do degradacji kauczuku zamiast jego sieciowania. W artykule tym nie zajmowano się wpływem pozostałych składników mieszanek kauczukowych (np. środków przeciwstarzeniowych, antydegradantów, napełniaczy, zmiękczaczy) na przebieg wulkanizacji i właściwości wulkanizatów.

EN

Curing ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) and ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM) is more complicated than is usually regarded. In this paper the basic information concerning the development of the main components of rubber compounds (that is: rubbers, peroxides and coagents) is presented. The characteristics of recommended peroxides and the coagents used in curing of EP(D)M are reported. The paper also describes the advantages and the disadvantages of proposed peroxides and their influence on functional quality and properties of vulcanizates. The coagents are described by dividing them into two groups based on their contributions to cure. The reactions involved in peroxide crosslinking are schematically shown, without and with the coagents in rubber compounds. The paper pays attentions to many of the processes (reactions) that lead to the reduction of efficiency of curing and which may also lead to degradation of rubber instead of crosslinking. The influence of other components of rubber compounds (such as stabilizers, antidegradants, fillers and softeners etc.) on curing and properties of vulcanizates are omitted in this paper.

7

Modeling for Detonation and Energy Release from Peroxides and Non-Ideal Improvised Explosives

Price M. A., Ghee A. H.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2009

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Vol. 6, nr 3-4

239-254

EN

This work focuses on the development of models for predicting explosive power and air blast from the detonation of organic peroxides (TATP and HMTD) and non-ideal explosives involving ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate, and chlorates. CHEETAH calculations assuming ideal behaviour are in agreement with literature data for peroxides. However, the detonation behaviour of non-ideal explosives is dependent on charge size and confnement. This behaviour is investigated using thermo-chemical calculations with Kinetic CHEETAH, and reactive fow models with AUTODYN. A simplifed ignition and growth (I&G) model was calibrated using experimental charge diameter vs. VoD data. I&G models are used to predict the front curvature, reaction zone structure, and energy release from the non-ideal explosives. Detonation and air blast predictions for peroxides and unconfned and confned (paper, plastic, steel) non-ideal charges are presented.

8

50 lat kauczuków fluorowych

Smorawiński A.

Elastomery

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2008

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T. 12, nr 1

3-14

PL

Elastomery fluorowe wyróżniają się szczególnie wysoką odpornością chemiczną i cieplną. Przedstawiono ich rozwój od narodzin ponad 50 lat temu, wracając uwagę na nowe monomery i wykorzystanie w technologii katalizatorów jednomiejscowych. Dokonano analizy składu podstawowych mieszanek i zasadniczych metod przetwórstwa tych elastomerów, weryfikując także ich najważniejsze pola zastosowań. Podano prognozę rozwoju wytwarzania kauczuków fluorowych na świecie i ich wykorzystanie na rynku polskim.

EN

Fluoroelastomers are distinguished for their particular high chemical and thermal resistance. In article is presented the birth of FKM 50 years ago considering the evolution of different monomers for creation of these elastomers. Are also analysed the basic receipts of FKM compounds, verifing too the principle fields of applications. There is given the forecast for the production of fluoroeastomers worldwide including consumption in polish market.

9

Forensic Investigation of Some Peroxides Explosives

Kuzmin V. V., Solov'ev M. Y., Tuzkov Y. B., Kozak G. D.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2008

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Vol. 5, nr 3-4

77-85

EN

Some of pe roxide s : t r i a c e tone t r ipe roxide (TATP) , hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine (HMTD) have been used recently as "irregular" explosives for delinquency and international terrorism purposes. The intimate knowledge of properties and methods of analysis of these substances is necessary for experts. Forensic investigations of some peroxides explosives: triacetonetriperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine (HMTD) were carried out in this work. The detonation process of peroxides initiation by means of pyroxylin layer ignition was investigated, velocity of detonation at apparent density (ρ HMTD = 0.38 g/cm3, ρ TATP = 0.47 g/cm3) was measured by means of a Russian fotoregister GFR-3. These data were compared with literature detonation velocity values that had been measured at larger densities. The values of detonation velocities complement each other rather well, linear dependencies of D vs. ρ found at densities ρ = 0.35-1.2 g/cm3. The high sensitivity of the investigated analytical methods, that were applied (10-5 -10<-8 g) facilitate the determination of possible times for finding traces of TATP after an explosion. Time t = 6 hours after explosion is the critical time for finding peroxides traces of TATP on a metal surface by means of analytical methods used in this work.