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PL
Polski zreformowany system emerytalny jest budowany od końca lat dziewięćdziesiątych ubiegłego stulecia. Pierwotnie wprowadzony model oparty o Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych, otwarte fundusze emerytalne oraz pracownicze fundusze emerytalne i pracownicze programy emerytalne został uzupełniony o indywidulane konta emerytalne, indywidualne konta zabezpieczenia emerytalnego oraz pracownicze plany kapitałowe. Przystąpienie Polski do Unii Europejskiej nie zmieniło w istotnych sposób tej struktury, ale implementacja dyrektywy w sprawie działalności instytucji pracowniczych programów emerytalnych oraz nadzoru nad takimi instytucjami wprowadziła do systemu pracowniczych programów emerytalnych oraz pracowniczych funduszy emerytalnych pracodawców zagranicznych i zarządzających zagranicznych. Rozporządzenie w sprawie ogólnoeuropejskiego indywidualnego produktu emerytalnego uzupełni ten system o trzeci produkt indywidualny – ogólnoeuropejski indywidualny produkt emerytalny. Wprowadza to dodatkową komplikację do polskiego systemu emerytalnego, ale nie będzie stanowić jego fundamentalnej zmiany, podobnie jak polskiego rynku kapitałowego.
EN
Poland’s reformed pension system has been under construction since the late 1990s. The originally introduced model, based on the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS), open pension funds, employee pension funds and employee pension plans, was supplemented by individual retirement accounts, individual retirement security accounts and employee capital plans. Poland’s accession to the European Union did not significantly change this structure, but the implementation of the Directive on the Activities of Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision and Supervision of Such Institutions introduced foreign employers and foreign managers into the system of occupational retirement programs and occupational pension funds. The regulation on the pan-European individual pension product will supplement this system with a third individual product, the panEuropean individual pension product. This will introduce an additional complication to the Polish pension system, but will not constitute a fundamental change to it, nor to the Polish capital market.
EN
Purpose: Is to clarify the content of the category “quality of life”, identify its indicators, as well as to explain the level of quality of life of population, including Ukrainian pensioners and the state of the pension system as its basic financial basis, and also to determine social and economic, value and normative factors that form the quality of life of the elderly people. Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses theoretical methods: analysis and synthesis, formalization, hypothetical-deductive, systematization and generalization, as well as empirical: observation, description, comparison. Findings: The content of the category "quality of life" is specified; the Ukrainian method of determining indicators of quality of life is presented. The socio-economic condition and quality of life of Ukrainians, in particular pensioners, as well as the state of the pension system as a basic factor that forms the basis of their life opportunities are analyzed. Insufficient efficiency of the pension system in Ukraine, absence of effectiveness of private pension funds are substantiated, which limits the ability of retirees to implement such vital values as proper recreation, medical services, cultural and educational development, travel, assistance and support of children and grandchildren. Ways to improve the pension system in Ukraine, including the second (mandatory funded system) and third levels (voluntary private pension provision) are proposed. Research limitations/implications: Perspective areas of further research are the search for ways to implement the elements of the best standards of pension systems of foreign countries, in particular Poland, in the pension system of Ukraine. Practical implications: The results of the research can be used by state institutions to improve the pension system in Ukraine, and thus bring the lives of Ukrainian pensioners closer to European standards. Social implications: The results of the research are of great social importance, as they identify trends in improving the lives of the most vulnerable people in Ukraine - pensioners, most of whom live below the poverty line. Originality/value: The originality of research paper is to determine the socio-economic and value-normative factors that form the quality of life of modern Ukrainian pensioners; in particular, it has been proved that the pension system in Ukraine is imperfect, does not meet European standards, as a result of which almost 60% of pensioners live below the poverty line, as they cannot provide the minimum material and socio-cultural needs; ways to improve pension provision in Ukraine are outlined.
EN
The main purpose of this article is to assess mutual funds as instruments for additional pension security on the example of Poland. In the paper, we characterized the operation of the third pillar of the Polish pension system, with particular emphasis on individual pension accounts and individual pension security accounts. In addition, we used the Sharpe ratio and carried out an assessment of investment efficiency of the mutual funds available under the third pillar for the period of 2009-2019. We also performed the Kruskal-Wallis test, finding that the type of fund had a significant impact on investment performance. Moreover, the post-hoc test showed that the highest investment efficiency is achieved by fixed income funds available under the third pillar.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena funduszy inwestycyjnych jako instrumentów dodatkowego zabezpieczenia emerytalnego na przykładzie Polski. W artykule scharakteryzowano funkcjonowanie trzeciego filaru polskiego systemu emerytalnego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem indywidualnych form zabezpieczenia emerytalnego. W celu oceny efektywności inwestycyjnej funduszy dostępnych w ramach trzeciego filaru w latach 2009-2019 wykorzystano wskaźnik Sharpe’a. Ponadto przeprowadzono test Kruskala-Wallisa, dzięki któremu wykazano, że typ funduszu jest czynnikiem wpływającym istotnie na jego efektywność. Testy post-hoc wykazały, że największą efektywnością inwestycyjną cechują się fundusze oparte na instrumentach dłużnych.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie i analiza podstawowych sposobów gromadzenia środków w ramach systemu PPK. Ustawa o pracowniczych planach kapitałowych przewiduje, że rachunek uczestnika PPK będzie zasilany przede wszystkim ze środków własnych samego uczestnika oraz podmiotu zatrudniającego. Dlatego główna uwaga zostanie skupiona na wpłatach podmiotu zatrudniającego oraz wpłatach uczestnika PPK. Analiza obejmie również wpłaty powitalne oraz dopłaty roczne, które są finansowane ze środków publicznych i mają stanowić zachętę do uczestnictwa w PPK. Dodatkowym celem artykułu jest wyodrębnienie funkcji poszczególnych wpłat i dopłat oraz wstępna ocena mechanizmu gromadzenia środków na rachunku uczestnika PPK.
EN
Employee Capital Plans are a common, voluntary and private long-term saving system for employees. The purpose of the implementation of the ECP is to increase the financial security of the participants. The purpose of this analysis is an evaluation of the primary capital accumulation methods of ECP.
PL
W 2018 r. istotnie zmienił się kształt kapitałowej części systemu emerytalnego, ponieważ została ona rozszerzona o nową formę gromadzenia oszczędności - pracownicze plany kapitałowe. Ważne jest, aby koszty, którymi zostaną obciążeni przyszli emeryci (domyślnie zapisywani do PPK), były jak najniższe. Funkcjonowaniu podmiotów sektora emerytalnego powinna bowiem przyświecać zasada ochrony interesów przyszłych emerytów, realizowana m.in. przez maksymalizację wartości zgromadzonych przez nich środków oraz przez rozwiązania zmierzające do obniżenia ponoszonych przez nich kosztów. Uprawniona zatem wydaje się analiza tego zagadnienia, a w szczególności - w związku z ogłoszeniem planów likwidacji otwartych funduszy emerytalnych - interesujące może się okazać porównanie kosztów ponoszonych przez uczestników OFE z kosztami w funduszach zdefiniowanej daty, zwłaszcza że tworzenie PPK oraz wygaszanie otwartych funduszy emerytalnych zbiegają się w czasie. W artykule podjęto próbę nie tylko porównania kosztów ponoszonych przez uczestników OFE oraz funduszy zdefiniowanej daty działających w ramach PPK, lecz także zaproponowano syntetyczną, uogólnioną formułę, pozwalającą w łatwy sposób zestawiać koszty związane z oszczędnościami emerytalnymi w różnych wariantach inwestycyjnych.
EN
The shape of the capital part of the pension system in Poland changed substantially in 2018, as it was extended to Employee Capital Plans. It is important that the costs the prospective pensioners will have to bear (participation in the plan is the default option) are as low as possible. A question arises, whether it will truly come about. The basic rule that should guide the functioning of the pension system entities is in fact to protect the interest of the future retirees, i.e. by maximizing the value of the capital they accumulated and by lowering the costs they have to carry. Taking that into account, our analysis seems to be fully justified. In particular, due to the liquidation plans for OFE, a comparison of the costs of OFE with that of target-date funds which are going to be established as part of Employee Capital Plans sounds interesting and reasonable. Especially, if we take into account that the establishment of Employee Capital Plans and the liquidation of OFE coincide. In this article we present not only a comparison of the cost of OFE with that of target-date funds but we also derive a synthetic formula which allows us to assess costs within the investment horizon.
PL
Na skutek wprowadzenia nowego systemu emerytalnego w Polsce w 1999 r. zmieniony został sposób wyliczania emerytur. W rezultacie wysokość wypłacanych świadczeń obliczana jest na podstawie wpłaconych składek i oczekiwanej długości życia, co za tym idzie: im wyższe są składki i im dłużej je płacimy, tym emerytura będzie wyższa. Dla osób o niskich zarobkach lub z przerwami w ubezpieczeniu oznacza to, że przyszłe świadczenie emerytalne będzie jedynie nieznaczną częścią ich zarobków. Oczywista stała się zatem potrzeba indywidualnego gromadzenia oszczędności, które załagodzą skutki spadku comiesięcznego przychodu podczas emerytury. Różnorodność postaci instrumentów rynku finansowego, które charakteryzuje różny poziom ryzyka inwestycyjnego oraz różna efektywność, przedstawiono w poniższym artykule.
EN
On account of to introduce a new one pension system in Poland in 1999 the method of calculation of pensions was changed. The amount of benefits paid is calculated on the basis of paid contributions and expected life expectancy. In effect the premiums are the higher and we pay them the longer, this pension will be higher. For people with low earnings or with breaks in insurance this means that, future retirement benefit will be only a small part of their earnings. So obviously it has become a need for individual savings collection. which will alleviate the effects decrease in monthly income during retirement. Variety financial market instruments, which characterizes different level of investment risk and different efficiency is presented in the article below.
EN
This paper concerns issues relating to the effectiveness and efficiency of old-age pension system, these being matters very rarely addressed in either the Polish or foreign literature. Taking as a starting point considerations of effectiveness and efficiency in economics, definitions are proposed for the effectiveness and efficiency of a pension system, their determinants and interdependencies are described, and issues relating to their measurement are presented. The old-age pension system is defined broadly, as a tool for the allocation of income over the life cycle so as to provide for income (and consequently consumption) in the period of old age. The effectiveness of the pension system is defined here as a feature characterizing the degree to which it achieves its basic purpose - the income objective. The efficiency of the system is defined as a feature characterizing the level of the system's financial stability and security, profitability, costliness, and effect on the economy. The effectiveness and efficiency of the pension system are treated in this work as multidimensional features. The dimensions of effectiveness are poverty among pensioners, pensioner incomes, and differentiation in poverty and income between pensioners of different sexes. The dimensions of efficiency, on the other hand, are economic balance, investment performance, cost-effectiveness and effect on the labour market. The methodological section of the paper focuses primarily on the author's proposal for a procedure to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of pension systems using a tool of multidimensional comparative analysis, namely linear ordering with a synthetic measure. Proposed sets of indicators of effectiveness and indicators of efficiency are proposed, as well as methodology for selecting them based on statistical criteria and a methodology of aggregation, firstly into group indicators representing particular dimensions of effectiveness and efficiency, and then into overall synthetic indicators of effectiveness and efficiency. The empirical part of the work contains measurements of the effectiveness and efficiency of the pension systems in 30 European countries, an evaluation of the quality that measurement and an analysis of interdependencies between a system's effectiveness and efficiency. Measurements and evaluation are also made of the studied features in different pension system types, using two typologies - the first based on the criterion of relations between the state and the market in providing pensions, and the second on the criterion of the degree of redistribution within generations in the pension system. The thesis and hypotheses verified in this work led to the formulation of the following main conclusions: - A multidimensional approach to evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of old-age pension systems is entirely correct and necessary in order to make a comprehensive evaluation of them. To treat these two categories as single-dimensional features is an extreme simplification and may lead to erroneous conclusions. - The method of linear ordering with a synthetic measure, based above all on substantial criteria for the selection of appropriate diagnostic indicators, is a good tool for relative evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of pension systems. - Different pension system types can be effective in a multidimensional sense. The role of the state or the level of redistribution within generations are not therefore determinants of that effectiveness. Indeed the unravelling of the myth that the state will always be solvent means that the state is not able to guarantee an adequate level of effectiveness of the pension system, but can only promise it, which is something quite different. - In terms of the efficiency of the pension system, it is important to diversify the risk of pension payments, and by the same token the pension liabilities, between the state and the market, or otherwise between the public and private sector. This view is supported by the fact that among the analysed pension systems, those that were classified as mixed type were more efficient on average. Moreover, among the countries analysed, it was found that systems based on the Beveridge model are more efficient than those based on the Bismarck model. - The more effective pension systems are less efficient, are characterized by a lower degree of economic balance, and have more of an adverse effect on the labour market. This conclusion may appear surprising, but if effectiveness in the present approach is identified to a large degree with the adequacy of the income provided by the pension system, while efficiency is identified with the system's stability and effect on the labour market, then the conclusion would seem to confirm the dependency according to which more generous old-age pension systems are less economical (and cost more).
PL
W artykule przedstawiono stan prawny dotyczący systemu emerytalnego górników i zobowiązania wynikające z przeprowadzonego programu restrukturyzacji górnictwa. Przeprowadzono analizę struktury zatrudnienia pracowników posiadających uprawnienia emerytalne w wybranych podmiotach górniczych wydobywających węgiel kamienny.
EN
The article presents the legal status concerning the pension system of miners and obligations resulting from the realized programme of the mining sector restructuring. An analysis of the employment structure of workers possessing pension entitlements in selected mining subjects extracting hard coal was carried out.
PL
Artykuł przybliża reguły przyznawania emerytur pomostowych. Przedstawia przykład obliczenia wydatku energetycznego oraz obciążenia układu kostno-stawowego dla stanowiska górnik skalnik.
EN
The concept of generosity has gained considerable attention from many policy makers as well as ii much of the literature about pensions. Generally, the concept of generosity differs in the dimensions of considerations among the pension schemes sponsors and agents. From the financial point of view, sponsors condense on pension benefits in the context of monetary value measures e.g. rates of return, present values, etc. since these measures accurately address the financial viability of their schemes and the fairness of the benefits structure. While for some groups of participants, social adequacy measures that are often generalized by the replacement rate criterion, sit at the top of their priorities, some other groups of schemes' participants, withal, might be also more concerned with the monetary value measures besides the replacement rate. For both concepts, there is either an implicit or an explicit benchmark at which pension benefits can be classified as to whether they are generous or not. For instance^ the PAYG system is financially generous as long as the implicit Rate of Return (ROR) given on contributions throughout the pensions they receive, greater than the growth rate of contributors wage bill. Replacement rate as a measure of adequacy, in another context, compares the level of pensioner income satisfaction during retirement to the level he had exactly before retirement. As has been done for other countries, this paper attempts to analyze the benefits provided by the Jordanian Social Security Corporation (SSC) with respect to generosity measures in the context of scheme sponsors and agents. The importance of that sort of analysis stands mainly behind the issue of how these measures interact with each other to jointly alter the participants* retirement behaviour and the financial parameters of the scheme.
PL
Autorka omawia cel projektu Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady, zagadnienie konsultacji z partnerami społecznymi, aspekty prawne projektu Dyrektywy, zasadę pomocniczości i proporcjonalności, zasady nabywania uprawnień, ochronę uprawnień nieaktywnych i przenoszenia uprawnień w myśl ww. projektu Dyrektywy. Artykuł zamykają postanowienia końcowe.
EN
The author describes the aim of the draft Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council, which is the question of consultation with social partners, legislative aspects of draft Directive, principle of subsidiarity and proportionality, principles of acquiring concessions, protection of non-active concessions and their transfer according to the draft Directive. The article is finished with final provisions.
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