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Impact of the invasive species Elaeagnus angustifolia L. on vegetation in Pontic desert steppe zone (Southern Ukraine)

Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I., Slim P., Moraczewski I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

269-281

EN

The Irano-Turanian species - Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) - is one of most commonly planted tree in the shelterbelts in southern Ukraine. The consequences of introduction of the species from windbreaks, into areas of different land use in west and central Pontic desert steppe zone are evaluated. The above steppe is unique on a European scale and exists only in some parts of the Black and Azovian Sea coasts. In recent years, the socio-economical crisis in Ukraine (less intensively cultivation, as well as limited grazing) has been responsible for the intensification of the spread of alien tree species outside the windbreaks. Studies were conducted in Kherson Region, in the immediate vicinity of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, where the presence of aliens is undesirable. The analysis of phytosociological material (48 releves with and without Russian olive) collected from areas of different land use type and limited human pressure (as abandoned field, former intensively grazed solonetz and extensively grazed desert steppe vegetation) show that E. angustifolia can impede the regeneration of the desert steppe. The species creates favourable conditions for the growth of geographically and ecologically alien nithrophilous weeds.

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Effect of young midfield shelterbelts development on species richness of macrofungi communities and their functional structure

Kujawa K., Kujawa A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 1

45-56

EN

The aim of the study was to recognize features characterizing development of macrofungi communities occurring in afforestations planted in crop fields and to evaluate the role of these habitats in conservation of macrofungi and preserve high species richness. The study was carried out in 1998-2006 and covered four shelterbelts (planted in 1993-1996) located in the area of the Dezydery Chłapowski Landscape Park (western part of Poland). The shelterbelts were colonized by macrofungi just after planting. During first years of their growth a total of 174 species were recorded. Species composition changed significantly between initial (1998-2000) and final (2004-2006) period of study. Similarity of macrofungi communities (expressed as the Sorensen's index) between these two periods in studied shelterbelts ranged between 37 and 46%. In spite of high similarity in tree species composition between studied afforestations (69-80%), the communities of macrofungi differed strongly between these sampling plots (Sorensen's index was equal to about 40%). Pattern of changes in percentage share of functional groups, i.e. parasitic, mycorrhizal and saprotrophs (humicolous, lignicolous, litterinhibiting and muscicolous ones) in individual afforestations was different but the diversity of the communities measured with the Shannon-Weaver H' index on the basis of share of functional groups tended to increase with ageing of afforestations. On average, the share of fungi growing on soil (ectomycorrhizal and humicolous saprotrophic species) was highest among all distinguished groups. Species composition of particular functional group was changing during the study period. A species representing new groups (lignicolous saprotrophs and parasites) were appearing in some shelterbelts in successive years. There were recorded some species rare in Poland, eg. Psilocybe (Stropharia) melanosperma (Bull. ex Pers.: Fr.) Noordel., Clavariadelphus fistulosus (Holmsk.: Fr.) Corner, Thelephora caryophyllea (Schaeff): Fr., Agrocybe arvalis (Fr.) Singer, Galerina clavata (Velen.) Kuhner, Lachnella alboviolascens (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) Fr., Macrocystidia cucumis f. minor Joss, Mycena amicta (Fr.) Quel., Psilocybe (Stropharia) inuncta (Fr.: Fr.) Noordel., Trichophaea gregaria (Rehm) Boud. and Typhula filata (Pers.) Herter. Occurrence of rare and threatened species in young shelterbelts indicates that such afforestations, planted in crop fields but not treated by agricultural practices, contribute to the protection of species richness of macrofungi associated with tree communities and they are important substitute habitats for many species.

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Soil mesofauna (Acarina and Collembola) along transects crossed shelterbelts of different age and adjacent fields

Olejniczak I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

637-646

EN

The communities of soil mesofauna were studied in the year 2004 along three transects crossed shelterbelts of different age (6, 11 and 170 years old) and adjacent wheat fields at a distance of 0.5, 15 and 50 m. Studies were carried out in the Gen. D. Chłapowski Landscape Park near Turew, Western Poland (16 [degrees] 45'E, 52 [degrees] 01'W). The age of shelterbelts vegetation affected soil mesofauna of adjacent fields in a diverse way. The mean density of mites amounts 7.4 x 10[^3] ind. m[^-2] and 2.6 x 10[^3] ind. m[^-2] respectively for the shelterbelts and fields. Densities of Acarina communities were affected not only by the presence of a shelterbelt (P = 0.000) but also its age (P = 0.02) and the distance from it (P = 0.000), and these effects were similar in spring and autumn (P = 0.08). The mean density of springtail noted in shelterbelts of different age was 2.0 x 10[^3] ind. m[^-2]. Although the effect of the the shelterbelts. age on the density of Collembola was not found (P= 0.3), the densities were different in shelterbelts and in adjacent fields (P = 0.006) but statistical significance was found only between spring and autumn (P = 0.000). The distance from the shelterbelt influenced (though less intensely) the density of Collembola on adjacent field (P = 0.01). Eighteen species of Collembola were found in studied shelterbelts and fields. Isotoma notabilis Schaff. usually dominated in shelterbelts. Its contribution to abundance of communities varied depending on the age of shelterbelts (in 6 years old shelterbelt it constituted as many as 71% of the whole community). In 11 years old shelterbelt Schoetella ununguiculata (Tullb.), was more common than Isotoma notabilis Schaff. and in the 170 years old shelterbelt the dominant species was Onychiurus armatus (Tullb.). Proisotoma minuta (Tullb.), Isotoma notabilis or Onychiurus armatus dominated in adjacent fields though their contribution was depended on shelterbelt.s age and on the distance from it.

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Soil and litter macrofauna in shelterbelts and in adjacent croplands: changes in community structure after tree planting

Olechowicz E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

647-664

EN

Studies were carried out in the vicinity of Turew near Poznań (Western Poland) in the years 2003 and 2004 in three midfield shelterbelts of different age (150, 11, 6 years old) and along two transects across shelterbelt (6 and 11 years old) >ecotone> field at distance 15 and 50 m from the shelterbelt. The field located in deforested area was treated as the control. The studies were aimed at estimating the changes in community structure (composition, density, biomass) of soil and litter macrofauna, (mainly dipteran larvae), related to shelterbelt age both within shelterbelts as in adjoining fields. The results were compared to previous studies carried out in 1999-2000 in the same agricultural landscape. The density and biomass of soil and litter macrofauna were many times higher in shelterbelts (2824-870 ind. m[^-2] and 3782-521 mg.d.wt. m[^-2]) than in fields (483-53 ind. m[^-2] and 101-12 mg.d.wt. m[^-2]) and increased with the age of planted trees. The same was true for taxonomic richness. Ecotone zone of both transects was characterised by the greatest density and biomass of animals, mainly those of mobile epigeic animals, particularly the ants. The density and biomass values were declining in the field with the increasing distance from the shelterbelt. Across the transect of an older (10-11 years old) shelterbelt and adjacent field the density and biomass of studied animals were higher in all plots than across the younger (5-6 years old) one. It can be concluded, that the effect of the shelterbelt increases with age of planted trees. The results confirm the previous suggestions of the enhancement of the field macrofauna by forested strips. The highest similarity in taxonomic and dominance structure was found between the shelterbelts and their ecotones and they differed significantly from those in the field.

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Nematode communities along the transect shelterbelt - ecotone - crop field

Dmowska E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

665-680

EN

The study was carried out in western Poland (Turew region) in two shelterbelts of different age (the younger - 6 years old and the older - 11 years old) planted cross croplands, in adjacent field and in the field located in deforested area (control field). Soil samples were taken twice: in the autumn and spring from the centre of each shelterbelt, from the ecotone, and in the field at a distance of 15 and 50 m from the edge of the shelterbelts. The density of nematode communities fluctuated unpredictably, in autumn it was very low and ranged from 276 to 641 x 10[^3] in spring it ranged from 388 to 1931 x 10[^3] individuals per 1 m[^2]. Most numerous trophic groups were: bacterivores, fungivores and obligate plant feeders, while facultative plant feeders, omnivores and predators achieved low level. The abundance of predators in older shelterbelt was significantly (P [less-than or equal to] 0.05) higher than that in the younger one and decreased with increasing distance from the shelterbelt towards the field. The communities in shelterbelt and its ecotone were more diverse, which was reflected by the higher number of genera (19-31) and higher values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index H'(3.3 - 4.0), than those in the fields where the number of genera ranged from 15 to 25 and Shannon-Wiener diversity index H' ranged from 2.5 to 3.5. In the younger shelterbelt and in the control field the soil food-web assessed with indices derived from analysis of nematode communities was considered as composed mainly of basal components, i.e. cosmopolitan species feeding on bacteria and fungi occurring everywhere even in degraded environments. While the web in older shelterbelt was consisted mainly of enrichment components, i.e. bacteria feeding species of very short life cycle, with high food requirements which occur in the environment rich in bacteria. The values of Channel Index which informs about the predominant pathway of decomposition (through bacteria or fungi) showed that in majority of sites bacterial processes predominated. Only in the older shelterbelt the participation of fungal decomposition channel was higher (>50%) and increased with increasing distance from the shelterbelt towards the centre of the field. The results of Correspondence Analysis showed that first two axis explained 40.3% of the variance. The generic composition of nematode communities in the 11 years old shelterbelt differed from that in the 6-years old shelterbelt. Nematode communities inhabiting the ecotone of younger shelterbelt were very similar to the communities in the shelterbelt, while the communities in ecotone of older shelterbelt differed from those in the shelterbelts. Nematode communities inhabiting the control field were similar to those inhabiting the field adjacent to younger shelterbelt.