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1

Seasonal changes in particulate organic matter (POM) concentrations and properties measured from deep areas of the Baltic Sea

Winogradow Aleksandra, Mackiewicz Anna, Pempkowiak Janusz

Oceanologia

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2019

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No. 61 (4)

505--521

EN

In seawater particulate organic matter (POM) serves as a food source for heterotrophic bacteria and zooplankton and is a source of dissolved organic compounds and nutrients. POM plays a critical role in transporting carbon to marine sediments where a fraction of it is buried in subsurface sediments and thus avoids conversion to carbon dioxide on shorter time scales. Distribution and properties of POM were investigated in the Baltic Proper from 2013 to 2015. Particulate organic carbon (POC) was used to investigate POM sources and dynamics. Stable carbon isotopes (δ13C), elemental composition (C, N), chlorophyll a and POM contribution to suspended particulate matter (SPM) were also measured and interpreted. The water column exhibited concentrations ranging from 0.2 mg POC/l (deep water layer — DWL, cold season — CS) to 1.7 mg POC/l (surface water layer — SWL, warm season — WS). POM represented 0.15 to 0.45 of SPM during respective cold and warm seasons. Stable carbon isotopes (δ13CPOC) ranged from -22.5‰ (WS) to -28.0‰ (CS), while the POC/Chl a ratio ranged from 180 g/g (SWL-WS) to 300 g/g (DWL-CS). Seasonal changes were attributed to high primary production in the SWL during the WS, which represented a major POM source. Continuous mineralization/sedimentation through-out the water column constituted a major POM sink.

2

Satellite observations of seasonal and regional variability of particulate organic carbon concentration in the Barents Sea

Stramska M., Białogrodzka J.

Oceanologia

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2016

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No. 58 (4)

249--263

EN

The Nordic and Barents Seas are of special interest for research on climate change, since they are located on the main pathway of the heat transported from low to high latitudes. The Barents Sea is characterized by supreme phytoplankton blooms and large amount of carbon is sequestered here due to biological processes. It is important to monitor the biological variability in this region in order to derive in depth understanding whether the size of carbon reservoirs and fluxes may vary as a result of climate change. In this paper we analyze the 17 years (1998–2014) of particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration derived from remotely sensed ocean color. POC concentrations in the Barents Sea are among the highest observed in the global ocean with monthly mean concentrations in May exceeding 300 mg m−3. The seasonal amplitude of POC concentration in this region is larger when compared to other regions in the global ocean. Our results indicate that the seasonal increase in POC concentration is observed earlier in the year and higher concentrations are reached in the southeastern part of the Barents Sea in comparison to the southwestern part. Satellite data indicate that POC concentrations in the southern part of the Barents Sea tend to decrease in recent years, but longer time series of data are needed to confirm this observation.

3

New simple statistical formulas for estimating surface concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) from remote- sensing reflectance in the southern Baltic Sea

Woźniak S. B., Darecki M., Zabłocka M., Burska D., Dera J.

Oceanologia

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2016

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No. 58 (3)

161--175

EN

In a step taken towards improving the new system for the satellite monitoring of the Baltic Sea environment, officially started in Poland recently (SatBałtyk System, see http://www. satbaltyk.pl), a new set of simple statistical formulas was derived. These combine the empirically determined spectral values of remote-sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) with the mass concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in southern Baltic surface waters. The new formulas are based on 73 empirical data sets gathered during 4 research cruises on board r/v Oceania during spring and late summer in the open waters of the southern Baltic and coastal regions of the Gulf of Gdańsk. Correlations of SPM and POC concentrations with reflectance or reflectance ratios in various spectral bands were tested. Several variants of candidate statistical relationships, which can be used later in the construction of simple local remote sensing algorithms for the waters in question, are introduced here. These relationships utilise either absolute values of Rrs at a selected waveband, mostly from the yellow, red or near infrared part of the light spectrum, or Rrs ratios for two different wavebands, mostly ratios of blue to yellow, blue to red and blue to infrared or green to yellow and green to red spectral band. From the numerous simple approximate relationships established, the following two, characterised by large correlation coefficients r2 and small standard error factors X, may serve as examples: SPM [g m-3] = 1480(Rrs(710))0.902 (with the factors r2 = 0.86; X = 1.26) (the unit of Rrs(λ) is [sr-1]) and POC [g m-3] = 0.814(Rrs(555)/Rrs(589))-4.42 (r2 = 0.75; X = 1.37). From the practical standpoint, taking into consideration light wavelengths that are close to or concurrent with the currently available spectral bands used in satellite observations of the Baltic Sea, another two formulas (using the same spectral ratio) are worth pointing out: SPM [g m-3] = 2.6(Rrs(490)/Rrs(625))-1.29 (r2 = 0.86; X = 1.25) and POC [g m-3] = 0.774(Rrs(490)/Rrs(625))-1.18 (r2 = 0.66; X = 1.44). The paper also presents a number of intermediate statistical relationships between SPM and POC concentrations, Rrs spectra and light backscattering coefficients in order to illustrate the simplified physical justification for some of the observed direct statistical relationships, presented as the main content of this work.

4

Materia organiczna w wodach naturalnych - formy występowania i metody oznaczania

Pietrzyk A., Papciak D.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2016

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z. 63, nr 2/I

241--252

PL

Ilość materii organicznej jest ważnym parametrem decydującym o stopniu zanieczyszczenia wód naturalnych. Jedynym dobrze zdefiniowanym wskaźnikiem określającym sumę wszystkich organicznych zanieczyszczeń jest ogólny węgiel organiczny (OWO). W artykule omówione zostały metody wykorzystywane do pomiaru OWO oraz formy występowania materii organicznej w różnych typach wód. Zawartość ogólnego węgla organicznego w wodach naturalnych jest zróżnicowana i zależy od następujących czynników: typu i wielkości badanego zbiornika wodnego, położenia geograficznego, temperatury, zasolenia, wartości pH, aktywności mikrobiologicznej oraz charakteru zlewni. Wzrost zawartości ogólnego węgla organicznego w wodach, które ujmowane są w celu zaopatrywania ludności w wodę przeznaczoną do picia wpływa na znaczne zwiększenie kosztów jej uzdatniania. Obecność substancji organicznych, a przede wszystkim substancji humusowych przyczynia się do pogorszenia właściwości organoleptycznych wody m.in. są one odpowiedzialne za występowanie specyficznego smaku i zapachu, a także za ponadnormatywną barwę.

EN

Concentration of organic matter is an important parameter for determining the degree of pollution of natural water. The only well-defined indicator that represents the sum of all organic contaminants is the total organic carbon (TOC). The article shows the methods used to measure TOC and the form of organic matter presence in different types of waters. The content of total organic carbon in natural waters is varied and depends on the following factors: the type and size of the test water tank, geographic location, temperature, salinity, pH, microbiological activity and land cover. The increase of total organic carbon in drinking water considerably increases the cost of its treatment. The presence of organic matter in particular humic substances contributes to the deterioration of the organoleptic properties of water, among others, they are responsible for the occurrence of a specific taste and aroma and for the enhanced color.

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Comparison of in situ and satellite ocean color determinations of particulate organic carbon concentration in the global ocean

Świrgoń M., Stramska M.

Oceanologia

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2015

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No. 57 (1)

25--31

EN

Ocean color satellite missions have provided more than 16-years of consistent, synoptic observations of global ocean ecosystems. Surface chlorophyll concentrations (Chl) derived from satellites have been traditionally used as a metric for phytoplankton biomass. In recent years interpretation of ocean-color satellite data has progressed beyond the estimation of Chl. One of the newer ocean color products is particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration. In this paper we carry out comparisons of simultaneous satellite and in situ POC determinations. Our results indicate that the performance of the standard NASA POC algorithm (Stramski et al., 2008) is comparable to the standard empirical band ratio algorithms for Chl.

6

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of organic matter in the water of a small reservoir

Parszuto K., Tandyrak R, Galik J.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2009

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Vol. 35, no. 3

59-71

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of organic matter in water of a small reservoir Modrzewiowy Pond using a SUVA indicator, paniculate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and DOC were determined using a Shimadzu TOC-5000 analyzer. The POC value was obtained from the difference of TOC and DOC. High average TOC concentration (32.20 mg Cdm^-3), resulting mainly from high POC (21.03 mg Cdm^-3) in TOC, maximum SUVA parameter (30.87 dm^3cm^-1(g C)^-1) and chlorophyll concentrations (75.60 mgm^-3) and pheophytin (94.39 mg-m^-3), was observed in the over sediments waters of the pond. The high value of the SUVA indicator in the water of Modrzewiowy Pond, prove high-molecular organic compounds resistant to biodegrada-tion in the DOC pool. The examinations showed a significant influence of the primary and secondary production on the quality and the amount of organic matter in the examined reservoir.

PL

Celem badań była jakościowa i ilościowa charakterystyka materii organicznej w wodzie małego zbiornika, Modrzewiowego Stawu, za pomocą wskaźnika SUVA oraz form cząsteczkowego (POC) i rozpuszczonego węgla organicznego (DOC). Stężenie całkowitego węgla organicznego (TOC) i DOC ustalono za pomocą analizatora Shimadzu TOC-5000. Frakcję POC otrzymano z różnicy między TOC i DOC. W wodzie naddennej zbiornika zaobserwowano wysoką średnią koncentrację TOC (32,20 mg C-dm^-3), wynikającą głównie z dużego udziału POC (21,03 mg C-dm^-3) w TOC, wysokie wartości parametru SUVA (30,87 dm^3cm^-1(g C)^-1) oraz stężenia chlorofilu a (75,60 mg-m^-3) i feofityny a (94,39 mgm^-3). Wysokie wartości wskaźnika SUVA świadczyły o dużym udziale trudno rozkładalnych związków w puli DOC. Wykazano istotny wpływ produkcji pierwotnej oraz wtórnej na jakość i ilość materii organicznej w badanym zbiorniku.

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Stratification of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in the Gdańsk Deep (southern Baltic Sea)

Burska D., Pryputniewicz D., Falkowska L.

Oceanologia

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2005

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No. 47 (2)

201-217

EN

Particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) concentrations and fluxes were measured during an experiment in the Gdańsk Deep in late spring (30.05.-06.06.2001). The vertical POC and PON concentration profiles were characterised by the highest values in the euphotic layer, a gradual decrease with depth, and an increase below the halocline. The hydrophysical conditions had a decisive impact on POC and PON fluxes in the water column. Preferential removal of nitrogen from suspended mater was observed in the entire water column (maximum - in the vicinity of thermocline). There were also differences in the diurnal effectiveness of nitrogen removal as compared to carbon removal. The removal rate was highest at night.