Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Ocena emisji cząstek na stanowiskach pracy operatorów stacjonarnych drukarek 3D

Dobrzyńska Elżbieta, Kondej Dorota, Szczepański Grzegorz, Okołowicz Adrian

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 1

95--101

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów emisji cząstek podczas drukowania przestrzennego w technologii FDM (modelowanie tworzywa osadzanego na podłożu). Badania przeprowadzono na łącznie 10 stanowiskach pracy w 3 zakładach, w których stosowane były różne typy drukarek i różne materiały wsadowe do druku. Średnie stężenie liczbowe cząstek emitowanych na badanych stanowiskach operatorów drukarek 3D mieściło się w zakresie 482-60 466 cząstek/cm³ w zależności od rodzaju wentylacji w pomieszczeniu, liczby drukarek i stosowanych filamentów.

EN

The number concn. of particles and their size were detd. in air samples taken at the workstations of 3D printer operators working according to fused desposition modeling (FDM) technology. The study was conducted at a total of 10 workstations in 3 companies, where different types of printers and different printing input materials were used. The av. number concn. of particles emitted at the tested workstations ranged from 482 to 60466 particles/cm³, depending on the type of room ventilation, the number of printers and the filaments used.

2

Emissions of a Euro 5 motorcycle over the world harmonized motorcycle test cycle (WMTC)

Giechaskiel Barouch, Melas Anastasios

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 2

21--25

EN

The Euro 5 limits for L-category vehicles are applicable since 2020 and for this reason there is lack of studies examining the emissions of this category. In this study we tested a 1000 cm3 Euro 5 motorcycle over the World Harmonized Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC). The gaseous pollutants were approximately half of their respective limits. The cold start (first 2 minutes) contributed to the majority of the emissions. The solid particle number emissions were also 6.5 times below the limit for passenger cars, but the particles not counted with the current methodology were around 2 times higher. High concentrations of volatiles were emitted at the high speed part of the cycle.

3

DPF retrofit program in Israel – effects of diesel particle filters on performance of in-use buses

Tartakovsky L., Fleischmann R.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

176--178

EN

A long service life of heavy-duty diesel vehicles results in a large number of older-technology trucks and buses of various types running on roads nowadays. Cleaning up exhaust gases of these older vehicles gives an opportunity to improve air quality at affordable costs. Retrofitting older buses with diesel particulate filters (DPF) is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions and contribute to mitigation of air pollution in urban conglomerates. In this paper, the milestones on a way to wide-scale retrofitting of heavy-duty vehicles with DPF are discussed on the example of Israel DPF retrofit program. Crucial importance of a balanced governmental approach combining regulation and economic incentives, together with collaboration of government, academia and vehicle operators, is underlined. Main results of the one-year pilot project focused on urban and intercity buses are discussed. Impact of DPF retrofitting on particulate emissions and engine performance and maintenance aspects of in-use diesel buses is analyzed. Very high particle filtration efficiency (in average, about 97%) together with relatively low fuel economy penalty (0.6–1.8%, depending on the bus type) are proved. Vital importance of careful monitoring and correct maintenance of DPF-equipped vehicles is underlined.

4

Effect of alcohol blending on real driving emissions of particulate matter from ordinary gasoline automobile engines: a comparison of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol

Vojtisek-Lom M., Beranek V., Klir V., Pechout M., Mazac M., Dittrich L.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2015

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nr 204

140--157

EN

This paper summarizes the recent and ongoing work on real driving emissions of several automobiles with ordinary, non-flexible-fuel spark ignition engines, powered by alcohol-gasoline blends with higher concentrations of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol. On a Ford Focus automobile with a direct injection EcoBoost engine, powered by gasoline and its blends with 15% ethanol, 25% n-butanol and 25% isobutanol, particle size distribution were measured with an on-board fast mobility particle sizer along a 55 km route. Particle emissions were moderately reduced by ethanol and considerably by both butanol blends. On a Śkoda Fabia and Śkoda Felicia cars with indirect injection engines, powered by blends with higher concentrations of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, particle emissions measured by a miniature on-board system were examined over a 13 km route. Blends of 30% and 50% of butanol had no or slightly positive effect on particle emissions. Blends of 70% ethanol and 85% n-butanol and 85% isobutanol, used with an auxiliary engine control unit, had no or slightly positive effect on particle mass, and reduced total particle length (roughly corresponding to lung deposited surface area) by about one half.

5

Blends of ethanol, n-butanol and isobutanol with 5% oxygen in ordinary engines: effects on exhaust emissions over the Artemis cycle

Beranek V., Vojtisek-Lom M., Stolcpartova J., Mikuska P., Krumal K.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2015

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nr 204

186--198

EN

In the EU, alcohol fuels are used mostly in the form of ethanol, sold either as E85, or mixed in less than 10% concentrations into gasoline for the general fleet. This work examines the effects of extending the ethanol share to 15%. Additionally, considering the high hygroscopicity and corrosivity of ethanol, two isomers of butanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, were blended with gasoline at 25% by volume, all blends corresponding to approximately 5% oxygen by weight. These four fuels were examined in two typical spark ingition automobile engines, a Ford Focus car with a Euro 6 EcoBoost direct injection (DISI) engine, and a Skoda Fabia car with a Euro 5 multipoint injection (MPI) engine. Both cars were tested on chassis dynamometer using the Artemis driving cycle. There were no measurable effects on the emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. The alcohol fuels increased the emissions of nitrogen oxides on the MPI engine. On the DISI engine over the Artemis cycle, the number of emitted solid particles and the emissions of elemental carbon and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were reduced relative to gasoline, by about one half for both butanol isomers, while ethanol did not yield observable effects. Particle emissions of the MPI engine were generally smaller. The results suggest that both n-butanol and isobutanol are viable fuels, which could be considered as an alternative to ethanol.

6

Znaczenie emisji cząstek stałych z silników o zapłonie iskrowym z bezpośrednim wtryskiem benzyny

Hejny B., Olczyk M., Bielaczyc P.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 3

1771--1783, CD 1

PL

Emisja cząstek stałych w motoryzacji nabiera w chwili obecnej istotnego znaczenia, szczególnie w kontekście popularyzacji silników benzynowych z wtryskiem bezpośrednim benzyny (DISI), wykazujących stosunkowo dużą skłonność do emisji cząstek stałych. Istotne znaczenie emisji cząstek stałych potwierdzają zarówno liczne działania ustawodawcze, limitujące poziomy emisji, jak i działania techniczne, mające na celu poznanie specyfiki zjawisk emisji cząstek stałych i wypracowanie efektywnych strategii ich redukcji. W ujęciu ogólnym problematyka znaczenia emisji cząstek stałych w motoryzacji wykazuje bardzo złożony charakter, a niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę ogólnego przeglądu tej tematyki. Artykuł przybliża założenia i korzyści koncepcji silników z wtryskiem bezpośrednim benzyny (DISI), a także dokonuje przybliżonego zarysu teoretycznego przyczyn formowania oraz metod redukcji cząstek stałych w tych silnikach. Zasadniczą część artykułu stanowi analiza i dyskusja wyników badań emisji cząstek stałych z silników DISI otrzymanych przez niezależne zespoły badawcze, a w tym Instytut Badań i Rozwoju Motoryzacji BOSMAL. W artykule przedstawiono także wyniki i perspektywy wykorzystania niektórych strategii redukcji cząstek stałych– takich jak „strategia dodatków etanolu do benzyny” czy wykorzystania filtrów cząstek stałych GPF.

EN

In the automotive industry particulate matter emissions have been gaining importance currently, especially in the context of the popularization of direct injection spark ignition engines (DISI), revealing a relatively high propensity significant emissions of particulate matter. The great importance of particulate emissions has been confirmed by numerous legislative actions limiting those emissions, as well as by technical measures aimed at better comprehension of the specifics of the particulate emissions phenomenon and the development of effective strategies of reducing them. From the general point of view, the issue of the importance of particulate emissions in the automotive industry presents a high level of complexity and this paper is an attempt at a general overview of this subject. The paper presents the major objectives and benefits of the concept of the direct injection spark ignition engines. Moreover, it makes a rough theoretical outline of the reasons for particulate formation and methods of its reduction in DISI engines. The core part of the paper is an analysis of particulate emissions results from DISI engines obtained by independent research teams, including BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute. At the end of the paper the results and perspectives of exploiting some particulate reduction strategies are presented – such as “ethanol additives strategy” or “strategy of usage of gasoline particulate filters (GPF)”.