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Gdy bogiem było Słońce - starożytne jednostki miar (cz. I)

Wollek A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2009

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R. 55, nr 9

787-789

PL

W artykule autor zabiera czytelnika w wędrówkę po świecie antyku przedstawiając wybrane jednostki miar używanych przez największe cywilizacje świata starożytnego: Sumer, Egipt, Grecję i Rzym. Artykuł podzielono na dwie części. W pierwszej opisano prawdopodobnie pierwszy przykład wykorzystania do pomiarów skali naturalnej, którym były tokeny. Kolejne rozdziały zawierają opisy jednostek miar długości, odległości i pola powierzchni. W drugiej części artykułu autor przedstawił jednostki miar masy, objętości oraz związane z nimi aspekty prawne i religijne.

EN

In his paper the Author is taking readers to the journey through the ancient world. He describes old units of measure used by the most famous ancient civilizations of the world such as: Sumer, Egypt, Greece and Rome. The paper is divided into two parts. The first one contains 7 chapters (including references), the second one 6. The first part includes information about tokens, the length, the distance and the area measure units. Tokens are small forms made from the clay. They were used for counting from about 8,000 B.C. to 1500 B.C in Mesopotamia. This is the first known usage of the natural scale to the measure. The length units were the first defined units of the measure (approximately 3,000 B.C.). In Sumer and Egypt the basic unit of the length was a cubit, in Greece and Rome it was a foot. The Sumerian cubit was divided into the 30 fingers, the Egyptian into the 28 (the royal cubit) or into the 24 (the small cubit). The foot was divided to the 16 fingers. The area measure were an agricultural or a life frequently dependent. The information about weight and volume units are in the second part of the paper including. The Sumerian weight measure units were taken by another civilizations like: Acadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Greeks. The most kinds have the volume units. Another one was for liquids and another one for dry measure. The one of the lasts chapters describes the law conditions refer to the measure units. Some samples, including Urnammu legal code and the Bible, are available.

2

Geneza pomiarów - antyczne jednostki miar i wag

Wollek A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2008

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R. 84, nr 12

318-322

PL

Jakie były początki mierzenia? Jakich miar używano przed wiekami? Kto je wymyślił i dlaczego? W swoim artykule autor postara się znaleźć odpowiedzi na te pytania.

EN

What was the beginning of the measure? What kind of measuring units were before centuries? Who has used it as the first? The author is trying to find answers to those questions.

3

Tradycja i renesans palmy (cz. 1)

Czechowicz M.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2007

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nr 1

9-13

EN

Palm trees experience their revival. They are becoming commonly used in interior arrangements, recreational management of space in town, the example of which may be the city beaches by the Spree in Berlin. Palm trees are also symbolic of martyrdom, victory and eternal life. The present article presents in its first part a short review of chosen kinds and types of palms with brief morphological characteristics. The possibilities of making use of these comely trees in landscape architecture have been included in the review. The symbol of the palm has also been applied in design and architectural constructions through palmettoes, ornaments or palm tree vaulting. The following text is an attempt to draw attention to the prevailing "palm fashion".