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Palynoflora and palaeoenvironment of the early Miocene palaeolake from the Bełchatów mine, central Poland

Worobiec Elżbieta, Worobiec Grzegorz

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 4

art. no. 32

EN

The Bełchatów lignite deposits are a rich archive allowing palaeoenvironmental, palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic reconstructions from the Neogene and Quaternary periods. We describe the results of palynological studies (including non-pollen palynomorphs) of eight samples from the lower Miocene KRAM-P 211/214 collection of plant macroremains. The results of this palynological analysis are consistent with the results of previous studies of plant macroremains and significantly enrich our knowledge of vegetation and palaeoenvironment. Both studies indicate the presence of a freshwater body (a moderately large and deep lake) surrounded by wetland vegetation (including swamp forests with Glyptostrobus, Taxodium, Nyssa and Osmunda) and upland mesophytic forests. Evergreen or at least semi-evergreen forest communities grew along the ancient shores of the lake and on the slopes of the Mesozoic calcareus rocks surrounding the lake. In the lake, green algae (Pediastrum, Tetraedron and some Botryococcus) and freshwater peridinoid dinoflagellates were major components of the algal community. The same lake was the source of previously identified animal remains: freshwater fishes, molluscs, and mammals, including Megachiroptera bats. Our analysis shows that the climate was subtropical and humid, with an estimated mean annual temperature of 16.8–17.8°C.

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Palaeoenvironment of the middle Miocene wetlands at Drzewce, Konin region, central Poland

Worobiec Elżbieta, Widera Marek, Worobiec Grzegorz

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 2

201--218

EN

Palynological analysis of the 1st mid-Polish lignite seam (MPLS-1) of the Drzewce deposit (Konin region, central Poland) was used as the data source for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic interpretations. Lignites of the 1st group developed in the middle Miocene, during and shortly after the last peak of the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, over a large area of Poland, and they are the youngest of the main Neogene lignite seams in Poland. In the Konin region, these lignites have a relatively significant thickness (up to 20 m) and therefore they are (or were in the past) exploited in several open-pit mines. A total of 36 palynological samples from the 6.3-m-thick seam of the Drzewce opencast mine was studied in detail. Palynological analysis of the lignite seam indicates that the area was overgrown by palustrine wetland communities, similar in composition to modern pocosins. The most characteristic elements of them were shrubs in the Ericaceae family. The climate at that time was warm temperate and humid. The estimated mean annual temperature (MAT) for the lignite seam at Drzewce is 15.7–17.8 °C. Comparison with other palynofloras from the MPLS-1 shows that the climate during the formation of the group of seams was more or less homogenous across the entire Polish Lowlands. Sedimentological data and results of palynological studies (including NPPs) at Drzewce indicate that the palaeomires were relatively distant from the channels of the river system in the Konin Basin. The fossil fungal assemblage indicates dense vegetation on damp, swampy soils and the presence of small, shallow-water bodies, with a variable water level or even periodic reservoirs, existing only during the wet season or after floods. In small, flooded depressions, such as the pools in bogs, filamentous green algae occurred. The presence of zygospores of the desmids Desmidiaceaesporites cosmarioformis most probably indicates relatively nutrient-poor (ombrotrophic) conditions. Fluctuations in the frequency of individual plant taxa (including Sequoia and Sciadopitys) are likely to reflect changes in water level and trophic conditions.

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Palaeovegetation of europe during the Bolling-Allerod interstadial complex warming (12.4-10.9 ka BP)

Simakova A. N., Puzachenko A. Yu.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2005

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Vol. 16

116--122

EN

The available pollen data on 186 sites (896 samples) of the Bolling-Allerod interstadial complex (12.4-10.9 ka) were summarised and entered in the electronic database. Results of the classification of sections with palynological data were analysed in the GIS. Based on the species composition and diversity of plants, as well as peculiarities of their ranges, we can establish the palaeovegetation coenoses during the latest interstadial warming of the final stages of the Late Pleniglacial.

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Unique geological, palaeobotanical and archaeological site in Witów near Brzesko Nowe (southern Poland)

Bochnak A., Brud S., Gawlik A., Godlewski P., Worobiec G.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2004

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Vol. 13

125-130

EN

The study area near village Witów situated about 50 kilometres north-east of the Kraków city is famous for its exposed deposits called the "Witów Series" on which palaeobotanical, micro- and macrofaunistic, malacological, sedimentological and petrographical studies have already been performed. From deposits of the Witów Series, plant macroremains belonging to gymnosperms and angiosperms were reported. Pinus cf. palaeostrobus, Zelkova zelkovifolia and Spirematospermum wetzleri are particularly interesting. Results of investigations on fossil plant remains point to the Late Miocene to Pliocene age of the Witów Series. Plant communities that existed in the vicinity of Witów could be compared to recent warm temperate and humid forests of the Colchis and Talysh Lowland in Transcaucasus and to forests of Central China. Presence of remains of termophilous taxa point to warmer climate of the period of sedimentation of the Witów Series than recent climate of Poland. The Witów region is also famous for archaeological localities that has been known since the turn of the twentieth century. The site was being repeatedly settled beginning with the late Stone Age (the Neolithic Period). Traces of the most intensive periods of settlement come from the late Bronze and early Iron Ages (1000-600 BC) and are attributed to the so-called Lusatian culture. The site also yielded a medieval cemetery that can be dated to the turn of the twelfth century AD. This is the first confirmation of the presence of medieval settlements on this site. Location of Witów in the Vistula river valley may have allowed this settlement to control nearby routes and possibly river fords and also probably exercised political control over the surrounding areas. Considering scientific value of the Witów locality and necessity of their protection, creation of natural reserve on this area is suggested.

PL

Stanowisko w Witowie, położone ok. 50 kilometrów na północny wschód od Krakowa, jest znane z odsłonięcia osadów określanych mianem serii witowskiej. Były one przedmiotem badań paleobotanicznych, paleozoologicznych, sedymentologicznych i petrograficznych. W osadach serii witowskiej znaleziono oznaczalne makroszczątki roślin iglastych i okrytozalążkowych. Szczególnie interesujące są kopalne gatunki Pinus cf. palaeostrobus, Zelkova zelkovifolia i Spirematospermum wetzleri. Wyniki badań szczątków roślinnych wskazują na późnomioceński lub plioceński wiek serii witowskiej. Kopalne zbiorowiska roślinne, które występowały w okolicy Witowa można porównać do współczesnych podzwrotnikowych lasów wilgotnych obszaru Kolchidy i Niziny Tałyskiej na Zakaukaziu oraz środkowych Chin. Obecność szczątków roślinności ciepłolubnej wskazuje na cieplejszy niż obecnie klimat okresu sedymentacji serii witowskiej. Witów jest znany także ze stanowisk archeologicznych. Obszar ten od neolitu był wielokrotnie zasiedlany. Ślady najintensywniejszego osadnictwa pochodzą z końca epoki brązu i początków epoki żelaza (1000-600 BC) i są odnoszone do kultury łużyckiej. Na stanowisku w Witowie znaleziono także średniowieczny cmentarz datowany na koniec jedenastego wieku po Chrystusie, będący pierwszym dowodem na obecność średniowiecznego osadnictwa na tym terenie. Położenie Witowa na brzegu doliny Wisły zapewne dawało mu kontrolę nad okolicznymi szlakami oraz, być może, także nad brodami. Możliwe, że Witów sprawował także polityczną kontrolę na otaczających go terenach. Biorąc pod uwagę naukową wartość stanowiska w Witowie i wynikającą stąd konieczność jego ochrony, postulowane jest utworzenie na jego obszarze rezerwatu przyrody.

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Wyniki badań makroszczątków roślin znalezionych w serii witowskiej (południowa Polska)

Brud S., Worobiec G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 5

392-401

PL

Opisano makroszczątki roślin znalezione w osadach serii witowskiej. Zachowały się one w postaci odcisków w słabozwięzłych piaskowcach i mułowcach. Rośliny iglaste reprezentowane są przez gatunek Pinus cf. palaeostrobus (Ettingshausen) Heer oraz szczątki, których nie udało się oznaczyć. Wśród szczątków roślin dwuliściennych oznaczono liść gatunku Zelkova zelkovifolia (Unger) Bůžek et Kotlaba, liście rodzajów Fagus i Populus oraz owoc z rodziny Juglandaceae. Część okazów roślin okrytozalążkowych, których nie udało się bliżej oznaczyć, opisano jako „Leguminosae” sensu Berger oraz Dicotylophyllum. Rośliny jednoliścienne reprezentuje gatunek Spirematospermum wetzleri (Heer) Chandler oraz odcisk fragmentu liścia Monocotyledonae gen. et sp. indet. Skład oriktocenozy wskazuje, że w czasie sedymentacji osadów serii witowskiej w okolicach Witowa występowały lasy łęgowe oraz mezofilne w warunkach bardzo łagodnego klimatu umiarkowanego ciepłego. Obecność szczątków Pinus cf. palaeostrobus (Ettingshausen) Heer, Spirematospermum wetzleri (Heer) Chandler, Zelkova zelkovifolia (Unger) Bůžek et Kotlaba i przedstawiciela rodziny Juglandaceae oraz wyniki analizy pyłkowej wskazują, że wiek tej części serii witowskiej, z której pochodzą omawiane szczątki roślin odpowiada młodszemu neogenowi (późny miocen-pliocen).

EN

Macroremains of plants (leaves, fruits, shoots) in the Witów Series at Witów us impressions preserved in poorly cemented occur and mudstones. Coniferous plants are represented by Pinus cf. palaeostrobus (Ettingshausen) Heer, and other, indeterminate remains. Remains of dicotyledons belong to species Zelkova zelkovifolia (linger) Buzek et Kotlaba, genera Fagus and Populus, and family Juglandaceae. There are also some dicotyledonous fossils ("Leguminosa" sensu Berger, Dicotylophyllum) whose systematic position is unclear. Monocotyledonous plant remains are represented by Spirematospermum wetzleri (Heer) Chandler and Monocotyledonae gen. etsp. indet. Composition of oryctocoenosis found points to presence of riparian and mesophytic forests, as well as mild, warm temperate climate during the period of origin of the Witów Series. Presence of taxa of Pinus cf. palaeostrobus, Spirematospermum wetzleri, Zelkova zelkovifolia and remains of Juglandaceae, as well as results ofpalynological investigations suggest Younger Neogene (Late Miocene-Pliocene) age of the Witów Series with plant remains.