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1

Swimming sport in during the COVID-19 pandemic

Kowalski Damian, Zysiak-Christ Beata, Skalski Dariusz, Brzoskowska Karolina

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2021

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Vol. 53, No. 2(200)

272--284

EN

Swimming as a discipline that requires specific conditions for both training and recreation suffered greatly during the pandemic period. Due to the closure of swimming pools, school swimming pools, and aquaparks, it was impossible to practice this sport. Safety considerations, as an overriding social responsibility objective, and thus reducing disease incidence have been at the forefront of the fight against coronavirus. The paper attempts to explore the safety measures used to curb the spread of COVID-19 and the restrictions on swimming pools that have been put in place after their opening.

PL

Pływanie jako dyscyplina, w której potrzebne są specyficzne warunki zarówno do treningu oraz rekreacji bardzo ucierpiało w czasie okresu pandemii. Przez zamknięcie pływalni, basenów szkolnych czy Aquaparków nie było możliwe uprawianie sportu pływackiego. Względy bezpieczeństwa, jako nadrzędny cel związany z odpowiedzialnością społeczną, a tym samym zmniejszenie ilości zachorowań były i są na pierwszym miejscu w walce z koronawirusem. W niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto próbę eksplanacji środków bezpieczeństwa użytych w celu ograniczenia rozprzestrzeniania się COVID-19 oraz jakie obostrzenia na pływalniach zostały po ich otwarciu wprowadzone.

2

400 meters freestyle pacing strategy and race pace training in age-group swimmers

Tijani Jed M., Lipińska Patrycja, Abderrahman Abderraouf Ben

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 3

191--197

EN

Purpose: This study aimed to characterize the 400 m freestyle pacing strategy, the effect of post-race feedback, and individualised race-pace training. Methods: Twenty male swimmers (13.4 ± 1.0 years) were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group used training monitoring based on intensities around 400 m pace (92 and 97% of 400 m speed), while, for the control group different heart rate zones (EN2 and EN2+) were used as an intensity criterion. The training volume was the same for both groups. A maximal 400 m freestyle simulated competition was performed before and after the 3 weeks period to determine intensities and to assess changes in performance. The rate of perceived exertion and heart rate values were also evaluated. Results: A fast start in the first 50–100 m, then a constant speed in the middle of the race and an end-spurt during the last 50–100 m was the pacing pattern adopted by the majority of the swimmers. Significant main effects of time were observed for 400 m time (p = 0.001; ES 3.39; very large). Results revealed significant pre-to-post improvements from 328 ± 26.3 s to 317 ± 19.4 s in the experimental group and from 329 ± 25.2 s to 321 ± 21.1 s in the control group. Conclusions: All the swimmers adopted almost the same parabolic pacing strategy before and after the training program with some differences in seconds that have made the strategy of the experimental group better balanced during the post-training test. Both training methods induced significant improvements in 400 m performance, to a greater extent for the training using intensities near 400 m race pace.

3

Cząstki Janusa, syntetyczne pływaki i materia aktywna w mikroskali

Lisicki Maciej

Postępy Fizyki

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2020

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T. 71, z. 3

3--11

PL

Materia aktywna to układy złożone z wielu elementów, które poruszają się czerpiąc energię z otoczenia. Jednym z przykładów są orzęski – jednokomórkowe mikroorganizmy, poruszające się poprzez wytworzenie na swojej powierzchni przepływu za pomocą setek drobnych rzęsek pokrywających ich komórki. Mechanizm ten zainspirował prace nad sztucznymi mikropływakami, które poruszają się wykorzystując wytwarzane przez siebie gradienty odpowiednich wielkości fizycznych, takich jak temperatura, stężenie produktów reakcji chemicznej albo pole elektryczne. W poniższym artykule omawiam krótko mechanizmy fizyczne rządzące ruchem syntetycznych mikropływaków i podsumowuję dotychczasowe próby wykorzystania wspominanych zjawisk do napędzania aktywnych mikrocząstek. Wskazuję niektóre kierunki rozwoju i wyzwania stojące przed bionaśladowczą mikroinżynierią, takie jak kontrola ruchu cząstek przy użyciu zewnętrznych bodźców, i prezentuję potencjalne rozwiązania.

EN

Active matter are systems comprising of many elements which move by drawing the energy from their environment. An example are ciliates – unicellular microorganisms which move by generating flow on their surfaces using hundreds of tiny cilia covering their cell bodies. his mechanism has inspired works on artificial microswimmers which move in response to self-generated gradients of various physical quantities, such as temperature, concentration of chemical species, or electric field. In this article, I briefly review the basic physical mechanisms governing the motion of synthetic microswimmers and summarise previous implementations using the above mentioned phenomena to propel microparticles. I highlight possible developments and challenges of biomimetic microengineering, such as the control of motion of particles using external stimuli, and present potential solutions.

4

Body composition and specific and general strength indices as predictors of 100-m front crawl performance

Strzała Marek, Stanula Arkadiusz, Krężałek Piotr, Sadowski Wojciech, Wilk Robert, Pałka Tomasz, Sokołowski Kamil, Radecki-Pawlik Artur

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 4

51--60

EN

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of body composition on the anaerobic ability to generate strength and power produced separately by upper and lower limbs during dry-land and in-water (propulsion force) tests. Further examination included the influence of all gathered anaerobic strength indices on the results of 100-m front crawl race. Methods: The study involved 26 male swimmers (age: 19.8 ± 2.48 years). Fat-free mass, total body water and muscle mass of arms, legs, and trunk were measured. Dry-land average work, maximal power generated in 40-second arm-cranking test, and work generated in 20 countermovement jumps were evaluated. The forces generated separately by arms and legs were assessed during 40-second tethered swimming. All indices of body composition were found strongly correlated with indices of average work and maximal power generated by arms and legs in dryland tests. Results: Muscle mass of arms and trunk moderately and strongly (r = 0.44–0.64) influenced the force generated by arms in tethered swimming. There was no significance in the relationship of leg muscle mass and force generated by legs in tethered swimming. Significant relationships were observed between the results of the 100-m front crawl and the muscle mass of the arms, trunk, legs, as well as the average work and maximal power in the arm-cranking test (r: 0.39–0.54). The average impulse of arm force and maximal leg force in tethered swimming moderately and significantly correlated with 100-m swimming results. Conclusions: The study concludes the relevance of developing muscle mass balanced to the body size, which is involved in propulsion force production in sprint front crawl swimming.

5

Gender effect on underwater undulatory swimming technique of young competitive swimmers

Wądrzyk Łukasz, Staszkiewicz Robert, Kryst Łukasz, Żegleń Magdalena

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 4

3--11

EN

The study aim was determining gender-related differences of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) kinematic indicators and their impact on UUS velocity. Methods: The study included 18 girls (F: age 16.71 ± 0.64 years, FINA points 551 ± 68) and 23 boys (M: age 16.79 ± 0.57 years, FINA points 533 ± 66) training swimming. After marking characteristic anatomical points, subjects performed approximately 7 meters of UUS. A filming device placed behind the underwater window registered the trial. Recordings were analysed using the SkillSpector programme. Results: Boys swam faster (F: 1.24 m/s, M: 1.35 m/s), overcame a greater distance during one cycle (F: 0.67 m, M: 0.74 m), performed movements with higher toes amplitude (F: 0.58 m, M: 0.63 m), obtained higher amplitude and frequency product (F: 1.05, M: 1.15) and smaller ankle joint range of motion (F: 64°, M: 57°). In both groups, relationships between velocity and: maximal ankle joint extension, distance covered during one cycle and backward toes shift during downward movement were found. The results were statistically significant ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Girls and boys differed in kinematic indicator level, but UUS velocity depends on identical kinematic variables, meaning UUS technical training can be performed without gender-division.

6

Komunikacja dydaktyczna dla bezpieczeństwa w wybranych dyscyplinach rekreacji wodnej

Kosińska L., Rejman M.

Polish Hyperbaric Research

|

2018

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nr 4(65)

63--78

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano pojęcie komunikacji dydaktycznej oraz zweryfikowano przebieg procesu nauczania wybranych dyscyplin rekreacji wodnej, tj.: pływania (na poziomie techniki standardowej), manewrowania żaglówką w obrębie manewrów prostych oraz podstaw nurkowania. Jednocześnie dokonano przeglądu badań zarówno w obrębie eksperymentów prowadzonych w zakresie metod nauczania tych dyscyplin pod kątem skuteczności nauczania, jak i bezpieczeństwa i zdrowia uczestników oraz sposobów porozumiewania się w wodzie, na wodzie i pod wodą. Komunikacja dydaktyczna pomiędzy nauczycielem a uczniem w odmiennym środowisku ze względu na jego specyfikę jest utrudniona. Dodatkowo nauczanie umiejętności na wodzie, w wodzie czy pod wodą wymaga zachowania i przestrzegania restrykcyjnych zasad bezpieczeństwa. Brak gotowości ucznia do działania w odmiennym środowisku wodnym u podłoża, którego leżą lęk lub strach, może zakłócać lub nawet uniemożliwiać komunikację dydaktyczną. W konsekwencji spada skuteczność nauczania. Celem pracy jest wskazanie nowatorskich form przekazu informacji dydaktycznej, które umożliwią trwałą zmianę zachowania ucznia szczególnie podczas działania w sytuacji trudnej – na wodzie, w wodzie i pod wodą. Istnieją przesłanki by sądzić, że natychmiastowa werbalna informacja oraz uwypuklenie w niej funkcji metajęzykowej podniesie jakość i efektywność procesu nauczania czynności ruchowych w odmiennym środowisku wodnym.

EN

This paper describes the concept of didactic communication and verifies the course of teaching selected disciplines of water based recreation, i.e. swimming (at the standard technique level), handling a sailing boat whilst undertaking simple manoeuvres, and the basics of diving. At the same time, research in the area of experiments conducted in the field of teaching methods of these disciplines was reviewed in terms of teaching effectiveness, as well as the health and safety of the participants, and ways of communicating while in, on and under the water. Communication between an instructor and a student in any environment which is different from the norm, is difficult owing to its specificity. Additionally, teaching skills on, in or under water requires strict observance of safety rules. Lack of student's readiness to act in a different water environment, be that based on anxiety or fear, may interfere with or, even prevent didactic communication. Consequently, the effectiveness of teaching decreases. The aim of this work is to search for innovative forms of information transfer that will enable a permanent change in the student's behaviour, especially when acting in a difficult environment – on the water, in the water and under the water. There are premises to believe that immediate verbal instruction and emphasising the metalinguistic function in it should improve the quality and effectiveness of the process of teaching activities in various water based environments.

7

Assessment of isometric strength of the shoulder rotators in swimmers using a handheld dynamometer : a reliability study

Coinceicao A., Parraca J., Marinho D., Costa M., Louro H., Silva A., Batalha N.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 4

113--119

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of shoulder isometric strength assessment using the microfet 2™ dynamometer in adolescent swimmers. Methods: Twenty-nine participants (16.2 ± 1.2 years old; 59.05 ± 6.98 kg of body mass) were tested using the microfet 2™ dynamometer. Swimmers performed an isometric strength test (IST) in two distinct occasions with 7 days apart in order to calculate the reliability. All participants were asked to perform a maximal isometric contraction from the external and internal shoulder rotators in a prone body position. Results: The external and internal shoulder rotators showed an excellent intraclass correlation coefficients for both shoulders, with more than 0.90 and a low percentage of method error variation. The external/internal ratios reliability was good in dominant (ICC 0.80) and non-dominant (ICC 0.81) shoulders. The reliability using Bland–Altman method showed that systematic errors (mean difference between test-retest) were nearly zero and the 95% limits of agreement narrow, indicating a good reliability. Conclusions: It can be concluded that microfet 2™ is a reliable apparatus for measuring the strength of the external and internal rotation of the shoulder in swimmers. Its light weight and easy portable characteristics can help swimming coaches monitoring specific dry-land strength training programs for their swimmers.

8

Anthropometric predispositions for swimming from the perspective of biomechanics

Rejman M., Tyc Ł., Kociuba M., Bornikowska A., Rudnik D., Kozieł S.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 4

151--159

EN

Early identification of anthropological potential in swimmers is considered important to the recruitment and selection of children and adolescents to perform extensive and strenuous training. The aim of the research was a comparative analysis of the anthropometric parameters and indicators of adult, elite swimmers with people who had never trained for swimming. It was assumed that the specific characteristics of the swimmers’ somatic composition referred to the laws of swimming biomechanics. Methods: Anthropometric measurements were taken in a group of elite male swimmers (N = 28), aged 17–24. The same set of measurements was taken in a homogeneous control group of students of physical education. An anthropometric profile significantly differentiating swimmers from the control group was constructed. Next, a linear forward stepwise discriminant analysis was conducted to investigate which indices can be used to distinguish the two groups. Results: It seems significant that a specific somatic composition trait of swimmers in the form of a relatively long shank was observed, which had not been observed in earlier studies. Additionally, indices of relatively slim hand dimension, and indices describing a “reversed triangle” shape of trunk, were the most powerful discrimination variables between the two examined groups. Conclusion: The results obtained cannot be generalised to the entire population of swimmers, however referring them to the laws of biomechanics of swimming allows for the continuation of research into identifying the prognostic traits desirable for success among young swimmers.

9

Accelerometer profile of motion of the pelvic girdle in butterfly swimming

Staniak Z., Buśko K., Górski M., Pastuszak A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 1

159--167

EN

Purpose: The aim of the study was to develop a method to measure and analyse kinematics of movement of the pelvic girdle in butterfly swimming in order to support training of technical skills. Methods: A device for recording triaxial accelerations and triaxial rotational angular velocities was mounted on the dorsal part of the pelvic girdle of athlete. The measurements were performed in ten elite butterfly swimmers (age: 23.1 ± 3.7 years, body height: 187.6 ± 4.3 cm, body mass 83.4 ± 6.33 kg). The task of the athlete was to swim one length of short course pool at maximal intensity. Individual mean graphical and numerical profiles of the kinematics of the movement of the pelvic girdle was computed, within the average cycle based on five consecutive cycles. Results: Statistical analysis of numerical individual parameters of profiles of the athletes studied revealed statistically significant differences between the swimmers. Statistically significant correlations were also found between personal best times in 50 m swimming (r = –0.76, p < 0.05) and 100 m swimming (r = –0.76, p < 0.05) and duration of the part of the cycle connected with the decline in velocity from maximum translational motion velocity obtained during propulsion with the upper and lower limbs to minimum value of the velocity obtained before the beginning of propulsion only with the lower limbs. Conclusion: The proposed measurement method, presentation and analysis of the profile of the pelvic girdle motion in butterfly swimming represents a good tool for fast and effective qualitative and quantitative biomechanical evaluation of movement technique components.

10

Thermographic evaluation of muscle activity after front crawl swimming in young men

Novotny J., Rybarova S., Zacha D., Novotny J. Jr., Bernacikova M., Ramadan W.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2017

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Vol. 19, no. 4

109--116

EN

The information about the workload on individual muscles in the course of a specific physical activity is essential for targeted prevention, early diagnosis and suitable therapy concerning their overloading and injury. The aim of this study is to evaluate temperature changes in particular skin areas in the course of front crawl swimming, caused by muscle work. Methods: Thermograms were taken of 13 students of Defense University immediately and 15 minutes after swimming 1,000 m focused on 20 regions of the skin over the selected agonists and synergists in upper extremities and body. FLUKE TiR infrared hand camera was used. Results: The results indicated the significant increase in the relative temperatures in the areas of agonists of swimmers’ movement – triceps brachii: from 0.952 to 0.997 of normalized units (nu) on the right and from 0.955 to 0.986 nu on the left. At the same time, the temperature of the muscles participating in lifting the arms above the water surface and stretching them forward – deltoids – increased as well (rear part: from 1.002 to 1.015 nu on the right and from 1.002 to 1.014 nu on the left, sides: from 1.008 to 1.023 nu on the right and from 1.011 to 1.023 nu on the left). Conclusions: In conclusion, the order of the other agonists is as follows: biceps brachii, pectoralis major muscle, and latissimus dorsi. This study provides the options for objective assessment of workload on specific muscles or muscle groups during front crawl swimming.

11

Biomechanics of diving: the influence of the swimming speed on the kinematics of lower limbs of professional divers

Wojtków M., Nikodem A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2017

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Vol. 19, no. 4

117--125

EN

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the swimming speed during diving on the biomechanical parameters describing the movement of selected measurement points of the lower limb in professional divers. Methods: The study involved a group of 4 professional divers whose movement was recorded during underwater swimming at slow (approx. 0.4 m · s–1), medium (approx. 0.5 m · s–1), and fast (approx. 0.8 m · s–1) pace. Results: During swimming at medium speed, the divers made a smaller displacement (along the axes Y) of the midpoint of fin than during swimming at fast speed. The range of motion in the ankle joint increased in fast speed in comparison with low and medium swimming speed. The same relationship was noted for the obtained velocity and angular acceleration in the hip, knee and ankle joints. The authors observed that during swimming at slow pace the divers choose movement ensuring high swimming comfort while the efficiency of motion is a secondary factor. On the other hand, during swimming at higher pace, the applied movement pattern ensures far greater efficiency rather than swimming comfort. Conclusion: The conducted analysis showed that divers adjust the movement of their lower limbs to the swimming pace.

12

Assessing the impact of a targeted plyometric training on changes in selected kinematic parameters of the swimming start

Rejman M., Bilewski M., Szczepan S., Klarowicz A., Rudnik D., Maćkała K.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2017

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Vol. 19, no. 2

149--160

EN

The aim of this study was to analyse changes taking place within selected kinematic parameters of the swimming start, after completing a six-week plyometric training, assuming that the take-off power training improve its effectiveness. Methods: The experiment included nine male swimmers. In the pre-test swimmers performed three starts focusing on the best performance. Next, a plyometrics training programme, adapted from sprint running was introduced aimed at increasing explosive power of the lower extremities; the programme entailed 75 minute sessions conducted twice a week. Afterwards, a post-test was performed, analogous to the pre-test. Spatio-temporal structure data of the swimming start were gathered from video recordings of the swimmer both above and under water. Results: Impulses triggered by the plyometric training contributed to a shorter start time (the main measure of start effectiveness) and glide time as well as increasing average take-off, flight and glide velocities including take-off, entry and glide instantaneous velocities; the glide angle decreased. Conclusions: The changes in selected parameters of the swimming start and its confirmed diagnostic values, showed the areas to be susceptible to plyometric training and suggested, that applied plyometric training programme aimed at increasing take-off power enhances the effectiveness of the swimming start.

13

Physical activity in the water accompanied by music

Kwaśna A., Szczepan S., Spirydowicz A., Zatoń K.

Polish Hyperbaric Research

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2016

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nr 4(57)

55--64

EN

Music motivates, relaxes and stimulates action and is one factor which enhances the pleasure that people feel from a given movement. Thus, from a psychophysical point of view, listening to music is an important aspect in sport and recreation. With this in mind, the aim of the study was to determine any changes in the participants’ psychophysical sphere which resulted from listening to music while swimming. The psychophysical sphere was expressed in relation to the Borg RPE scale (Rating of Perceived Exertion) as well as the Rejeski and Gauvin Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI) scale of emotional states. Material and methods: The participants in the study were not professional swimmers (n = 10). The experiment consisted of two trials in which participants performed the Swimming Cooper test. During the first trial there was no music transmitted while in the second trial specifically selected music was played as the participants swam. Results: An ANOVA variance analysis (α = 0.05) showed statistically significant differences in the RPE scale (p = 0.04) and across all sensations on the EFI scale (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Listening to music while swimming has a significant impact on the human psychophysical sphere and is expressed by a perceived exertion scale and the scale of emotional states. Respondents paid less attention to the discomfort of physical exertion associated with exercise while listening to music. The rating of their emotional states, including positive engagement, revitalization and tranquility considerably increased though the physical exhaustion measures were significantly lower.

PL

Muzyka motywuje, relaksuje, pobudza do działania. Sprawia, iż człowiek odczuwa większą przyjemność z ruchu. Zatem z punktu widzenia psychofizycznego słuchanie muzyki jest ważnym elementem w sporcie i rekreacji. Dlatego celem badań było określenie zmian w sferze psychofizycznej człowieka wynikających ze słuchania muzyki podczas pływania. Sfera psychofizyczna wyrażona była skalą postrzegania wysiłku Borg’a (RPE) oraz skalą stanów uczuciowych Gauvin’a i Rejeskie’go (EFI). Materiał i Metody: W badaniach wzięły udział nie uprawiające zawodowo pływania osoby (n=10). Eksperyment złożony był z dwóch prób, w których uczestnicy wykonywali pływacki test Coopera. W pierwszej próbie nie przekazywano muzyki podczas wykonywania testu. W drugiej próbie indywidualnie dobrana muzyka była przekazywana w trakcie płynięcia. Wyniki: Analiza wariacji ANOVA (α=0.05) wykazała istotnie statystycznie różnice w skali RPE (p=0.04) oraz we wszystkich odczuciach skali EFI (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.01, p = 0.001). Wnioski: Słuchanie muzyki podczas pływania istotnie wpływa na sferę psychofizyczną człowieka, wyrażoną skalą odczuwania wysiłku oraz skalą stanów uczuciowych. Badani zwracali mniejszą uwagę na wykonywany wysiłek i towarzyszący temu dyskomfort. Ocena stanów uczuciowych, w tym pozytywnego zaangażowania, rewitalizacji i spokoju istotnie zwiększyła się, a wyczerpania fizycznego istotnie zmniejszyła.

14

Relationship between performance, dry-land power and kinematics in master swimmers

Espada M. C., Costa M. J., Costa A. M., Silva A. J., Barbosa T. M., Pereira A. F.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2016

|

Vol. 18, no. 2

145--151

EN

The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationships between sprint swimming performance, dry-land power, and kinematics in master swimmers. Twenty-two male master swimmers were separated in two groups based on their chronological age: (i) 30–39 years and; (ii) 40–49 years. Maximum dry-land power was determined through counter movement jump and 3 kg medicine ball throwing (Hmax and Tmax, respectively). Kinematic determinants of performance were measured during a maximal bout of 15, 25 and 50 m front crawl (T15, T25, T50). Stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were calculated as kinematical aspects of the stroke. In the 30-39 group, SI25 was correlated to T25 (r = –0.76, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.96), the same was observed between SI50 and T50 (r = –0.83, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.96). Only SI50 was significantly correlated to T50 (r = –0.86, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.97) in the 40–49 years age cohort. In dryland power variables, Hmax and Tmax were only correlated in the younger master swimmers group (r = –0.87, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.97). There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) between younger (30–39 years) and older (40–49 years) swimmers groups in dry-land tests (Hmax 28.5 ± 5.9 vs. 26.5 ± 3.9 cm and Tmax 4.2 ± 1.0 vs. 4.2 ± 1.1 m). Our results suggest that swimming performance in younger master swimmers (30–39 years) seem more dependent on kinematic swimming variables than on strength parameters, which were most related to swimming performance in the older master swimmers (40–49 years).

15

Dystrybucja bezpieczeństwa jako element logistyki w ratownictwie wodnym

Juszkiewicz M, Ambroży T, Ambroży D, Mucha D., Bornikowska A.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 4

7574--7587, CD2

PL

Celem opracowania jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i w jaki sposób zachowania człowieka względem środowiska wodnego mogą wpływać na zmniejszanie zagrożeń cywilizacyjnych, a tym samym zwiększać, bezpośrednio lub pośrednio, bezpieczeństwo jednostki i społeczeństwa. Przyjmując pewien uproszczony podział można przedstawić dwa podstawowe rodzaje zagrożeń: zewnętrzne oraz wewnętrzne. Wykluczenie wymienionych zagrożeń prowadzi do zapewnienia poczucia i rzeczywistej realizacji potrzeby bezpieczeństwa. Może być realizowane poprzez czynniki niezależne od jednostki oraz bezpośrednio przez człowieka. Sądzić można, że fundamentalnym sposobem na czucie się bezpiecznym jest indywidualnie: nabycie względnie wysokiej sprawności pływackiej, umiejętności umożliwiających posługiwanie się sprzętem pływackim oraz wiedzy, w jakich warunkach środowiskowych posiadane kwalifikacje mogą ona być bezpiecznie wykorzystywane oraz społecznie: wyszkolenie odpowiednich osób (ratowników), którzy poprzez własną postawę, umiejętności i właściwe przygotowanie terenu zapewnią bezpieczeństwo na obszarach wodnych.

EN

The aim of this paper is to answer the question if and in what way human behavior with regard to water environment can influence the reduction of civilization threats and thereby directly or indirectly increase safety of an individual and society. By adopting a simplified categorization, one can present two fundamental types of threats: external and internal. Elimination of these threats results in ensuring safety and satisfies the need for safety in a real way. This can be achieved by means of factors independent from an individual and directly by humans. It can be concluded that a basic mean to feel safe individually: is developing the ability to swim and skills enabling to use swimming equipment as well as acquiring knowledge about environmental conditions in which those qualifications can be used, and socially: training appropriate people (lifeguards) who will ensure safety on water areas by means of their conduct, skills and the right preparation of those areas.

16

Multivariate analysis of 200-m front crawl swimming performance in young male swimmers

Nasirzade A., Sadeghi A., Sobhkhiz A.., Mohammadian K., Nikouei A., Baghaiyan M., Fattahi A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 3

137--143

EN

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biomechanical (stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index), anthropometrical (body height, body mass, body mass index, arm span, shoulders width, thigh, leg and upper arm lengths), and muscle architectural (muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length) parameters as predictors of 200-m front crawl swimming performance in young male swimmers. Twenty-two county level male swimmers (mean ±SD: age: 14.52 ± 0.77 years; body height: 173 ± 5 m; body mass: 60.5 ± 5.7 kg) performed a 200-m front crawl swimming test in a 25-m pool. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that biomechanical parameters (87%) characterized best 200-m front crawl swimming performance, followed by anthropometrical (82%) and muscle architectural (72%) parameters. Also, stroke length (R2 = 0.623), body height (R2 = 0.541), fascicle length of Triceps Brachii (R2 = 0.392) were the best single predictors that together explained 92% of the variability of the 200-m front crawl swimming performance in these swimmers. As a conclusion, with respect to higher performance prediction power of biomechanical parameters, technique should represent the core of the training program at these ages. In addition, these findings could be used for male young swimmers selection and talent identification.

17

Hydrodynamic body shape analysis and their impact on swimming performance

Li T-Z., Zhan J.-M.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 4

3--11

EN

This study presents the hydrodynamic characteristics of different adult male swimmer's body shape using computational fluid dynamics method. This simulation strategy is carried out by CFD fluent code with solving the 3D incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using the RNG k-ε turbulence closure. The water free surface is captured by the volume of fluid (VOF) method. A set of full body models, which is based on the anthropometrical characteristics of the most common male swimmers, is created by Computer Aided Industrial Design (CAID) software, Rhinoceros. The analysis of CFD results revealed that swimmer’s body shape has a noticeable effect on the hydrodynamics performances. This explains why male swimmer with an inverted triangle body shape has good hydrodynamic characteristics for competitive swimming.

18

Biomechanika pływania - aspekty teoretyczne i badania doświadczalne zawodników

Woryna B., Jurkojć J., Skubacz H.

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2014

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z. 8

169--172

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono badania związane z pomiarami biomechanicznymi pływaków. Opracowano metodykę prowadzenia pomiarów oraz przeprowadzono wstępne badania, w ramach których dokonano pomiaru czasów przepłynięcia dystansu 100m stylem klasycznym wraz z międzyczasami oraz pomiarów momentów sił mięśniowych w warunkach izokinetycznych na stanowisku Biodex. Wyniki porównano i określono zależności pomiędzy wynikami osiągniętymi na basenie i podczas pomiarów w laboratorium.

EN

In these thesis did a review based on different literature sources about biomechanical research among sportsmen. After that an author did a measurement of muscle torques on a Biodex chair. The author summarized the results which the swimmers got on a 100 meters distance with the results that they got by using biomechanical devices. The comparison showed that the swimmers which got the better results have less muscle fatigue and achieve greater muscle torques for the bending and straightening of the knee.

19

Coordination and propulsion and non-propulsion phases in 100 meters breaststroke swimming

Strzała M., Krężąłek P., Kucia-Czyszczoń K., Ostrowski A., Stanula A., Tyka A. K., Sagalara A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2014

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Vol. 16, no. 4

83--89

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of this study to analyze the coordination, propulsion and non-propulsion phases in the 100 meters breaststroke race. Methods: Twenty-seven male swimmers (15.7±1.98 years old) with the total body length (TBL) of 247.0±10.60 [cm] performed an all-out 100m breaststroke bout. The bouts were recorded with an underwater camera installed on a portable trolley. The swimming kinematic parameters, stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL), as well as the coordination indices based on propulsive or non-propulsive movement phases of the arms and legs were distinguished. Results: Swimming speed (V 100surface breast ) was associated with SL (R=0.41, p<0.05) and with TBL tending towards statistical significance (R=0.36, p<0.07), all relationships between the selected variables in the study were measured using partial correlations with controlled age. SL interplayed negatively with the limbs propulsive phase Overlap indicator (R=-0.46, p<0.05), but has no significant relationship to the non-propulsion Glide indicator. Conclusions: The propulsion in-sweep (AP3) phase of arms and their non-propulsion partial air recovery (ARair) phase interplayed with V 100surface breast (R=0.51, p<0.05 and 0.48 p<0.05) respectively, displaying the importance of proper execution of this phase (AP3) and in reducing the resistance recovery phases in consecutive ones.

20

Analyses of the dynamics of changes between individual men’s events in front crawl during the XIX Olympic Games in Beijing 2008

Kucia-Czyszczoń K., Dybińska E., Bieniek P., Ambroży T.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2014

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Vol. 16, no. 1

19--27

EN

The main purpose of this study was to analyze tactical solutions used by swimmers, the finalists of the 19th Beijing Olympics in 2008, in individual front crawl events at distances of 50, 100 and 200 m. Observations were carried out on 7 swimmers, the Beijing Olympics medalists competing in front crawl individual events. Detailed analyses were run on: 1) Sports results obtained by the finalists at distances of 50, 100 and 200 m front crawl; 2) block time; 3) results of each 50 m lap time (100 and 200) called split times except 50 m front crawl (there is no split time in 50 m); and 4) the mean swimming speed (V) on individual laps of the analyzed races. To determine the correlation between the response time, the time of individual laps, and the final time of the analyzed front crawl races, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient r was obtained. As a result of detailed analyses of the test material it is believed that not only tactics for an individual race is important, but equally significant is to elaborate the strategy for the whole event and to prepare the swimmer to compete in the system of heats, semifinals and finals. However, some of the following tactical objectives can be formulated: sprinters (a distance of 50 and 100 m front crawl) should start at maximum speed, according to their abilities, and try to maintain that speed until the end of the race; middle-distance swimmers (200 m front crawl) should adopt the most optimal tactical solutions characterized by increasing speed in the second half of the distance.