On the basis of developed expert opinion on the causes of cracking in large-area insulating glass units, the impact of glass painting, window shading and placing non-ventilated insulating panels on the inside of the glass in close proximity to the formation of thermal stresses in the glass was presented. The principles of determining deflections and stresses in large-area glazing caused by environmental loads are discussed. It has been shown that sticking foil on the glass or applying paint coatings that completely or partially cover the window can lead to thermal cracking of the glass.
PL
Na podstawie opracowanej ekspertyzy przyczyn pękania szyb zespolonych o dużej powierzchni przedstawiono wpływ malowania szkła, zacienienia okien i umieszczenia od strony wewnętrznej w bliskiej odległości niewentylowanych paneli izolacyjnych na powstanie termicznych naprężeń w szkle. Omowiono zasady wyznaczania ugieć i naprężeń w przeszkleniach o dużej powierzchni wywołanych obciążeniami środowiskowymi. Wykazano, że naklejanie na szybę folii lub nanoszenie powłok malarskich całkowicie lub częściowo przesłaniających okno może prowadzić do pęknięć termicznych szyb.
High mechanical, chemical and thermal cyclic loads characterize the load regime of hot forging applications. Additionally these loads are acting simultaneously which leads to a failure of the form giving tool components after a short tool life. Accounting for about 70% of all causes, wear is the main reason for production downtimes. Other failure factors are thermal and mechanical cracks as well as plastic deformation as a result of the loss of hardness due to the high thermal charge. The caused production downtimes can be reduced by surface modifications of the tools. Different results of recent research works prove the high potential of newly developed PVD and PECVD coating systems regarding the reduction of die wear. CrVN coating systems developed by PVD coating equipment and boron containing multilayered PECVD coating systems were applied to forging dies. Basic investigations of the occurring wear mechanisms show the qualification of the coating systems which have to be adapted to the decisive process related loads and damages.
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