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2 2017

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Trends and perspectives in modification of zirconium oxide for a dental prosthetic applications – A review

Nakonieczny D. S., Ziębowicz A., Paszenda Z. K., Krawczyk C.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

2017

Vol. 37, no. 1

229--245

Full-ceramic dental restorations made from ZrO2 have become increasingly popular due to their aesthetics and mechanical strength, and are gradually replacing prostheses made of porcelain fused to metal. Nevertheless, due to the variability in the physicochemical properties in a wet environment at elevated temperature, zirconia is quite a controversial material, the use of which in the environment of the mouth is questionable and raises many concerns. The reason for the variability in the physicochemical changes is the martensitic transformation in which metastable phases (b, g) change into the stable phase (a). For biomedical applications, the most desired is the b-phase. A very unfavourable phenomenon accompanying the martensitic transformation in a wet environment is low temperature degradation, which is an autocatalytic process accelerating negative changes in ZrO2. The aim of this review is a comprehensive study of the degradation phenomenon problems according to prosthetic treatment with a fixed prosthesis and ways to reduce it.

Phase composition and morphology characteristics of ceria-stabilized zirconia powders obtained via sol-gel method with various pH conditions

Nakonieczny D. S., Paszenda Z. K., Basiaga M., Radko T., Drewniak S., Podwórny J., Bogacz W.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

2017

Vol. 19, no. 2

21--30

High purity, fine crystalline, degradation-free at low temperature powders have attracted special interest in CAD/CAM prosthetic dentistry full ceramic restorations. This study reports the preparation and characterisation of zirconia-ceria (0.9ZrO20.1CeO2) powders. Materials were obtained from zirconium-n-alkoxide and cerium nitrate hexahydrate in the pH 2–4 and 8–10. Methods: Zirconia-ceria powders were obtained with the sol-gel method in a humid-free environment. Thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) of the as-prepared materials was made for an assessment of its behaviour at elevated temperatures. Specimens were dried at 80°C and calcinated in two stages: at 300°C with soaking time 2.5 h and 850°C with holding time 2.5 h, in order to evaluate the phase transformations. Thermal analyses of the as-dried powders were made for an assessment of its thermal behaviour during heat treatment up to 1000 °C. By X-ray diffraction (XRD), polymorphs of ZrO2 were identified. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser particle size distribution (PSD) were involved for characterisation of morphology of the powders. Results: We found a correlation between the pH of the colloidal system and the morphology of the as-obtained powders. Based on analysis (SEM,PSD), structures were identified known as soft and hard agglomerates. Conclusions: In summary, it can be stated differences were found between powder morphology depending on the used pH, which can be crucial for powder densification during sintering and compacting green bodies which, as a consequence, may be crucial for the lifetime of zirconia prostheses. Correlations between phase composition and pH are difficult to grasp, and require further more sophisticated studies.