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1

Osseointegration properties of domestic bioactive calcium phosphate ceramics doped with silicon

Pidgaietskyi Vitalii, Ulianchych Nataliia, Kolomiiets Volomydyr, Rublenko Mykhailo, Andriiets Volodymyr

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 29, Iss. 2

113--129

EN

Introduction: The relevance of this study lies in the fact, that today the search for biocompatible materials for the management of bone defects is of importance. Such materials could become an alternative to transplants. For the replacement of bone defects, two-phasic bioactive ceramics of hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate is a very attractive biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, but the results of its use are quite controversial due to insufficient bioactivity. The purpose of this work is to investigate the osseointegration properties of two-phase bioactive ceramics doped with silicon (HTdSi), both as a single component and a component in combination with platelet-rich fibrin, as well as in comparison with the well-known imported analogue – BIO, which consists of β- tricalcium phosphate, also as an independent component and a component in combination with platelet-rich fibrin. In the experiment, the rabbits of the New Zealand white breed at the age of 3 months and with an average weight of 2.5 kg were used. The terms of implantation are 30, 60, 90 and 180 days. The advantages of the domestic bio-composite are substantiated on the basis of clinical, radiological and histological studies. Material and methods: In the experiment, the rabbits of the New Zealand white breed at the age of 3 months and with an average weight of 2.5 kg were used. The terms of implantation are 30, 60, 90 and 180 days. Results: The osteointegration properties of two-phase bioactive ceramics doped with silicon (HTdSi), both as a single component and in combination with platelet fibrin, were investigated, as well as in comparison with the known imported analog - BIO, which contains β-tricalcium phosphate, both as a single component and in combination with platelet fibrin. Conclusions: The advantages of domestic biocomposite are substantiated on the basis of clinical, radiological and histological studies.

2

The assessment of temperature amplitude arising during the implant bed formation in relation to variable preparation parameters – in vitro study

Kosior Piotr, Nikodem Anna, Kozuń Marta, Dudek Krzysztof, Janeczek M., Dobrzyński Maciej

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 3

163--173

EN

The main purpose of this study was to analyse the temperatures generated during the bone bed preparation, given the internal structure of the bone bed, the geometry of the hole, and the treatment parameters such as the type of cooling and the rotational speed of the drill. The investigated material was domestic pig ribs, in which holes were drilled three times using two drill bit systems used for Hiossen® and Paltop® dental implantation. The ThermaCAM® P640 thermal imaging camera was used for measurement of drilling temperatures. After the holes were drilled, each rib was examined using the 1172 SkyScan microtomograph, Bruker®, to compare the geometry of the machined holes. The presented study proved that larger diameter drill bits (Hiossen® drill bits) generate more heat during the machining process, as evidenced by higher temperatures obtained for the Hiossen system in each case. It was proved that rotational speed, drill bit diameter and cooling system have a significant effect on the amount of heat generated during bone tissue preparation. The density and type of bone tissue in which the hole is prepared are significant factors affecting the amount of heat generated.

3

Effect of the material’s stiffness on stress-shielding in osseointegrated implants for bone-anchored prostheses: a numerical analysis and initial benchmark data

Prochor Piotr

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 2

69--81

EN

This study attempted to establish the link between design of implants for bone-anchored prostheses and stress-shielding, affecting the stability of the bone-implant coupling using numerical approach. The objectives were to share a numerical model capable to evaluate the long-term stability of implants and to use this model to extract data sets showing how shape and material stiffness of threaded, press-fit and modular press-fit implants affect stress-shielding intensity. Methods: Three designs were considered: threaded, press-fit and modular press-fit. The effect of shape and material stiffness of each design on stress-shielding intensity was assessed using Young’s modulus (10 to 210 GPa). Furthermore, the impact of the diameter of percutaneous part (10 to 18 mm) and thickness of medullar part (5 to 1 mm) was investigated for the modular press-fit implant. Results: The threaded design generated 4% more bone mass loss at the distal femur but an overall loss of bone mass was by 5% lower to press-fit design. The influence of Young’s modulus on bone mass changes was noticeable for modular press-fit implant, depending on diameter of percutaneous or medullary part. A 20 GPa change of stiffness caused a bone mass change from 0.65% up to 2.45% and from 0.07% up to 0.32% for percutaneous parts with 18 mm and 10 mm diameter, respectively. Conclusions: Results suggested that threaded implant provides greater stability despite an increased bone loss at the distal femur. Altogether, this work provided an initial model that could be applied in subsequent studies on the long-term stability of current and upcoming implants.

4

Microstructure and Properties of YSZ Coatings Prepared by Plasma Spray Physical Vapor Deposition for Biomedical Application

Barczyk J., Dercz G., Matuła I., Góral M., Maszybrocka J., Bochenek D., Gurdziel W.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 2

779--783

EN

This paper presents the study of microstructure and properties of 8 mol% yttrium stabilized zirconia coating fabricated by Plasma Spray Physical Vapor Deposition technique on commercial pure titanium. The coating was characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution scanning electron microscope, profilometer, nanoindentation and nanomachining tests. The X-ray phase analysis exhibit the tetragonal Zr0.935 Y0.065O1.968, TiO and α-Ti phases. The Rietveld refinement technique were indicated the changes of crystal structure of the produced coatings. The characteristic structure of columns were observed in High Resolutions Scanning Electron Microscopy. Moreover, the obtained coating had various development of surfaces, thickness was equal to 3.1(1) μm and roughness 0.40(7) μm. Furthermore, the production coatings did not show microcracks, delamination and crumbing. The performed experiment encourages carried out us to tests for osseointegration.

5

The sensitivity of contact stresses in the mandibular premolar region to the shape of Zirconia dental implant: A 3D finite element study

Velmurugan D., Alphin M. S., Tony B. J. A. R.

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 24, Iss. 2

55--63

EN

Background: Implant thread profile plays a vital role in magnitude and distribution of contact stresses at the implant-bone interface. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical effects of four distinct thread profiles of a dental implant in the mandibular premolar region. Methods: The dental implant represented the biocompatible Zirconia material and the bone block was modelled as transversely isotropic and elastic material. Three-dimensional finite element simulations were conducted for four distinct thread profiles of a dental implant at 50%, 75%, and 100% osseointegration. An axial static load of 500 N was applied on the abutment surface to estimate the stresses acting within the bones surrounding the implant. Results: Regions of stress concentration were seen mostly along the mesiodistal direction compared to that in the buccolingual direction. The cortical bone close to the cervical region of the implant and the cortical bone next to the first thread of the implant experienced peak stress concentration. Increasing the degree of osseointegration resulted in increased von-Mises stresses on the implant-cortical transition region, the implant-cancellous transition region, the cortical bone, and the cancellous bone. Conclusion: The results show that the application of distinct thread profiles at different degrees of osseointegration had significant effect on the stresses distribution contours in the surrounding bony structure. Comparing all four thread profiles, a dental implant with V-thread profile induced lower values of von-Mises stresses and shear stresses on the implant-cortical transition region, implant-cancellous transition region, cortical bone, and cancellous bone.

6

Ocena jakości stanu powierzchni wszczepu śródkostnego po jego dezintegracji z kością

Krauz D., Ziębowicz A., Bączkowski B.

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2017

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z. 12

51--56

PL

Celem pracy była ocena jakości stanu powierzchni implantu, która mogłaby wskazywać na przyczynę utraty integracji wszczepu śródkostnego. Badania obejmowały obserwacje mikroskopowe oraz analizę składu chemicznego wszczepu śródkostnego w mikroskopie skaningowym firmy ZEISS SUPRA 35 wyposażonego w detektor SE. Potwierdziły one wykonanie implantu ze stopu Ti- 6Al-4V oraz wskazały na zaistniały proces osteointegracji. Powodem utraty zintegrowanego wszczepu było prawdopodobnie przeciążenie mechaniczne oraz złe nawyki higieniczne, palenie tytoniu oraz współistniejąca choroba przyzębia i wywołane nią periimplantitis.

EN

The aim of the study was the quality assessment of the state of the surface of the implant. The study included microscopic observations and analysis of the chemical composition of the implant intraosseous scanning microscope ZEISS SUPRA 35 equipped with a detector SE. They confirmed the execution of the implant alloy Ti-6Al-4V, and pointed to an apparent process of osseointegration. The reason of incorrect implants integration was probably mechanical overload or poor hygiene habits, smoking and periodontal disease – periimplantitis.

7

"Mostowanie kręgosłupa” – stop tytanu a polimer PEEK w zastosowaniu na międzytrzonową stabilizację kręgosłupa

Ciupik L. F., Kierzkowska A., Sterna J., Pieniążek J., Cieślik-Górna M.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2015

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Vol. 18, no. 133

14--21

PL

W implantologii kręgosłupowej stosowane są dwa typy implantów: „non-fusion” oraz „fusion”, czyli odpowiednio bez zrostu i ze zrostem kostnym. Większą grupę stanowią stabilizacje ze zrostem kostnym, dla których szybkość oraz jakość osteointegracji ma kluczowe znaczenie dla końcowego efektu leczenia. Najczęściej stosowanymi biomateriałami są stopy tytanu oraz polimer PEEK (polieteroeteroketon) o różnej topografii powierzchni 2D oraz przestrzennej konstrukcji 3D wynikających z zastosowanej obróbki wykańczającej, warstw powierzchniowych, metod wytwarzania. Wykazano, że osteointegracja zależy w dużym stopniu od m.in. odpowiedniej konfiguracji 2D i 3D, topografii, porowatości oraz energii powierzchniowej. W pracy przeanalizowano wpływ rodzaju biomateriału: stop Ti6Al4V ELI, PEEK Optima oraz technologii wytwarzania implantów: ubytkowa (PEEK, Ti), przyrostowa EBT - Electron Beam Technology (Ti-3D-Truss) na osteointegrację. Z zachowaniem analogicznych warunków procesu, jak przy produkcji implantów, przygotowano modele/próbki, które poddano badaniom biologicznym in vitro oraz in vivo na zwierzętach. Pobrane preparaty zwierzęce z modelami implantów oceniano pod kątem osteointegracji z użyciem przemysłowej tomografii rentgenowskiej CTt. Wyniki potwierdziły biokompatybilność badanych biomateriałów, a tym samym bezpieczeństwo stosowania w chirurgii kostnej. Implantowe stopy Ti6Al4V ELI w porównaniu z polimerem PEEK są korzystniejszymi biomateriałami na stabilizację międzytrzonową typu „fusion”. Polimer PEEK Optima jest dobrym materiałem w stabilizacjach typu „non-fusion”. Wykorzystanie technologii przyrostowej EBT do wytwarzania implantów z proszków Ti6Al4V ELI pozwala na uzyskanie „wulkanicznych” powierzchni oraz przestrzennych/ kratownicowych konstrukcji Ti-3D-Truss o dużym rozwinięciu powierzchniowym, które sprzyjają i przyspieszają przerost/obrost tkanki kostnej przez implant. Dotychczasowe doniesienia kliniczne wskazują na poprawę efektywności chirurgicznego leczenia, polegającego na przyspieszonym zroście kostnym w „mostowaniu” kręgosłupa z wykorzystaniem implantów międzytrzonowych typu Ti-3D-Truss.

EN

In spinal implantology there are two types of implants: “non-fusion” and “fusion”, that is without and with bone overgrowth, respectively. A larger group consists of stabilization with bone overgrowth, for which speed and quality of osseointegration is crucial for final treatment outcome. The most commonly used biomaterials are titanium alloys and polietero-eteroketon (PEEK) of different 2D surface topography and 3D spatial structure resulting from the finishing, surface layers or production methods. It has been shown that osseointegration depends largely on suitable configuration of 2D and 3D, topography, porosity and surface energy. The impact of biomaterial type: Ti6Al4V titanium alloy ELI, PEEK OPTIMA and implant production technology: deficient (PEEK, Ti), incremental EBT-Electron Beam Technology (Ti-3D-Truss) on the osseointegration were analyzed. In compliance with corresponding process conditions of implant production, models/samples were prepared and subjected to in vitro biological tests and in vivo animal tests. Collected animal specimens with implants models were tested for osseointegration with the use of CTt tomography. The results confirmed the biocompatibility of tested biomaterials, and thus safety in the bone surgery. Ti6Al4V ELI alloys compared with PEEK polymer are favourable biomaterials for “fusion” interbody stabilization. The polymer PEEK Optima is preferred material for “non-fusion” stabilizations. The use of EBT technology for implant production made of Ti6Al4V ELI powder allows to obtain “volcanic” surfaces and spatial/lattice Ti-3D-Truss structures with a large surface area which accelerate the bone over-/in-growth through the implant. Previous reports indicate improved clinical effectiveness of surgical treatment involving the accelerated bone overgrowth in the “bridging” of spine with the use of Ti-3D-Truss interbody implants.

8

Influence of cementless cup surface on stability and bone fixation 2 years after total hip arthroplasty

Urbański W., Krawczyk A., Dragan Sz.Ł., Kulej M., Dragan Sz.F.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2012

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Vol. 14, no. 2

27-35

EN

Loss of fixation between bone and implant surface is one of the main treatment problems in total hip arthroplasty. It might lead to implant instability, bone loss and treatment failure resulting in revision surgery. Surface modification is a method for improving bone response to implant and increasing implant osseointegration. However, the currently applied modifications such as hydroxyapatite coatings do not meet expectation and do not provide good clinical result. The object of the study was to evaluate the influence of acetabular cup surface modification on fixation and bone remodelling in total hip arthroplasty. Clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated in patients two years after cementless total hip replacement. Two groups were compared: patients with acetabular component with uncoated titanium surface and patients with hydroxyapatite-coated acetabular surface. Hips X-rays were analysed for early signs of losing stability of acetabular cups. Two years after surgery the analysis of X-rays did not reveal any statistical differences in stability, migration of acetabular components of endoprosthesis between both groups. No differences were also observed in bone remodelling around implants. Particularly high percentage of cups, i.e. 17.64%, were classified into the group with high risk of early implant loosening, i.e., the group with HA coatings. Hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium cementless acetabular cups implanted by press-fit technique have no influence on their stability, bone-implant fixation and the remodelling of bone surrounding an implant two years after surgery.

9

Kształtowanie właściwości biologicznych implantowanej jonami wapnia dyfuzyjnej warstwy fosforku tytanu wytworzonej na stopie Ti6Al4V

Truszkowski J., Rajchel B., Czarnowska E., Wierzchoń T.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2010

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Vol. 31, nr 4

1265-1269

PL

Tytan i jego stopy cechują się unikalną kombinacją właściwości fizykochemicznych oraz dobrą biozgodnością w środowisku tkankowym, dzięki czemu znajdują coraz szersze zastosowanie w medycynie. Główne problemy uniemożliwiające szersze wykorzystanie stopów tytanu w aplikacjach medycznych, to niska odporność na zużycie przez tarcie oraz przechodzenie składników stopowych do otaczających implant tkanek. Prace dążące do wyeliminowania tych problemów są prowadzone m.in. w kierunku wykorzystania metod inżynierii powierzchni, w tym szeroko rozwijanych w ostatnich latach technik hybrydowych. W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań próbek uzyskanych w wyniku procesu implantacji jonów wapnia Ca2+ w wytworzoną metodą hybrydową warstwę fosforku tytanu Ti3P na stopie tytanu Ti6Al4V. Analizowano zmiany mikrostruktury i składu chemicznego oraz wpływ procesu implantacji na topografię i właściwości warstwy fosforku tytanu. Przeprowadzono również badania biologiczne w celu ustalenia wpływu tego procesu na biozgodność i bioaktywność wytworzonego materiału. Uzyskane warstwy cechują się lepszymi właściwościami mechanicznymi niż stop tytanu, a proces implantacji wapnia zwiększa biozgodność oraz sprzyja zjawisku osseointegracji.

EN

Titanium and its alloys are characterized by a unique combination of physicochemical properties and good biocompatibility in the tissue environment, as a result they are becoming more widely used in medicine. The main problems preventing wider use of titanium alloys in medical applications are low frictional wear resistance and the migration of alloying elements into the tissues surrounding the implant. Among others, research works aimed to eliminate the above problems are employing surface engineering methods, including widely developed in recent years, hybrid techniques. The paper presents the results of research of materials obtained in the process of calcium Ca2+ ion implantation into the titanium phosphide Ti3P layer produced by hybrid method on the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Changes in the microstructure (Fig. 1, Fig. 2), chemical composition (Tab. 1, Fig. 3) and the impact on the topography of the implantation process (Tab. 2, Tab. 3, Fig 4, Fig. 5), as well as the mechanical properties (Tab. 4, Fig. 6) of titanium phosphide layer were analyzed. The biological tests were carried out to determine the impact of implantation process on the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the produced material (Fig. 7, Fig. 8). The obtained layers are characterized by better mechanical properties than titanium alloy, and calcium ion implantation increases the biocompatibility and promotes osseointegration.

10

Surface modifications of ti and its alloys

Sobieszczyk S.

Advances in Materials Science

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2010

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Vol. 10, nr 1(23)

29-42

EN

This article reviews the various surface modification techniques pertaining to titanium and titanium alloys including physical treatment, mechanical treatment, and chemical and electrochemical treatment. The proper surface modification expands the use of titanium and its alloys in the biomedical field for long-term implants retaining the excellent properties of substrate material and improving the specific surface properties required by clinical applications.