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1

Uptake of plastic microbeads by ciliate Paramecium aurelia

Nugroho Failasuf Aulia, Fyda Janusz

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2020

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Vol. 9, no. 2

1--9

EN

Microplastics (MPs) are small fraction of plastics that are less than 5 mm in length. They are bountiful and widespread pollutants in the aquatic environment. A wide range of organisms which play an important role in the food web, ingest microplastic particles and transfer them to the higher trophic levels. In this work, ingestion of fluorescent polystyrene beads 2 µm of diameter by ciliated protozoa Paramecium aurelia in different concentrations and times of exposure was studied. We studied also the ingestion and clearance rate as well as formation of food vacuoles. The highest uptake of beads by ciliates reached 1047.2 ± 414.46 particles after 10 min of incubation. Food vacuoles formation reflected the ingestion rate of P. aurelia, which increased at higher beads concentration up to the10th minute of incubation and decreased afterwards. On the contrary, the clearance rate persisted to be higher at low concentration. These findings showed that maximum capacity of microplastics ingestion by paramecia depended on beads concentration and on time of exposure.

2

Influence of treated sewage discharge on the benthos ciliate assembly in the lowland river

Babko R., Kuzmina T., Suchorab Z., Widomski M. K., Franus M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2016

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Vol. 23, nr 3

461--471

EN

This paper presents results of the studies of ciliate assemblage in benthos of lowland river influenced by sewage discharged from the municipal wastewater treatment plant. During the presented research the 47 ciliate species, including 45 species from the benthos of the river and 18 from the activated sludge of aeration chamber were identified. Only two species registered in the activated sludge were not observed in the river. Against the background of the lowest number of species in the point located in the distance of 50 m below the discharge of sewage the maximum amount and biomass of these species were observed. Whereas, 200 m below the discharge the decrease in number and biomass of ciliate to the level noted for location before the discharge was observed. Thus, generalizing, one may state that influence of municipal WWTP sewage discharge for ciliate assemblage in the river’s benthos was clearly visible but local.

3

Community bomposition and abundance of Protozoa under different concentration of nitrogen compounds at "Hajdow" wastewater treatment plant

Jaromin-Gleń K., Babko R., Łagód G., Sobczuk H.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2013

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Vol. 20, nr 1

127-139

EN

The protists notably ciliates and testate amoebas in the conditions of modernized wastewater treatment plants "Hajdow" (Lublin, Poland) and the nitrogen removal efficiency were studied. Sampling took place every week during the period of August-September 2010. The total of 31 taxa of ciliates and 3 taxa of testate amoebas were identified. Most of the species were registered during the whole research period. Significant abundance reached the following species: Acineria uncinata, Aspidisca cicada, Aspidisca lynceus, Vorticella aquadulcis, Vorticella infusionum, Arcella vulgaris, Euglypha acanthophora and Pyxidicula operculata. In September increase in efficiency of nitrogen removal process was registered. The research shows that the increase of nitrogen reduction efficiency was accompanied by increase of ciliates quantity, mainly due to peritrichid ciliates.

PL

Przedstawiono analizę zgrupowań pierwotniaków obejmującą orzęski oraz ameby skorupkowe, zasiedlające kolejne urządzenia głównego ciągu technologicznego oczyszczalni ścieków "Hajdów" na tle zmian w stężeniach związków azotu. Badania prowadzono po modernizacji części biologicznej realizowanej w celu podniesienia skuteczności usuwania ze ścieków związków biogennych, a w szczególności związków azotu. Pobór próbek prowadzony był raz w tygodniu w okresie sierpień-wrzesień 2010 roku. W badanym materiale biologicznym wyodrębniono 31 gatunków orzęsków oraz 3 gatunki ameb skorupkowych. Większość ze wspomnianych gatunków pierwotniaków odnotowywana była przez cały okres badań. Najbardziej licznie w analizowanym materiale biologicznym reprezentowane były następujące gatunki: Acineria uncinata, Aspidisca cicada, Aspidisca lynceus, Vorticella aquadulcis, Vorticella infusionum, Arcella vulgaris, Euglypha acanthophora i Pyxidicula operculata. We wrześniu odnotowany został wzrost skuteczności procesu usuwania związków azotu. Prezentowane badania wskazują, iż wzrostowi stopnia usuwania ze ścieków związków azotu towarzyszył wzrost ilości orzęsków odnoszący się głównie do form peritricha.

4

The importance of ciliates as a trophic link in shallow, brackish and eutrophic lakes

Rychert K., Wielgat-Rychert M., Myszka M., Krawiec K., Szczurowska D., Bochyńska M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 4

767--776

EN

The importance of ciliates as a trophic link, which is defined as a fraction of the energy bound by primary producers that is transferred through the ciliate community, was assessed in the pelagic zones of shallow, eutrophic, and estuarine lakes. The study was conducted in Lake Gardno and Lake Łebsko located in northern Poland. Each of these lakes is characterized by very high mean annual ciliate biomasses of 115 μg C-1 (Lake Gardno, April 2006 – April 2007), 107 μg C L-1 (Lake Gardno, February 2007 – February 2008), 85 [mu]g C L-1 (Lake Łebsko, April – November 2007), and 127 μg C L-1 (Lake Łebsko, April – September 2008). Ciliate production was estimated using allometric equations and was compared to primary production measured with the light-and-dark bottles method. Annual, depth-integrated ciliate secondary production corresponded to 9 and 11% (Lake Gardno, two consecutive years studied) and 12% (Lake Łebsko, the same value for two growing seasons studied) of primary production. These values exceed the majority of other estimates in the literature, which indicates the high importance of ciliates in such highly-productive, shallow lakes.

5

Vertical microzonation of testate amoebae and ciliates in peatbog waters in relation to physical and chemical parameters

Mieczan T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 4

729-740

EN

Peatbogs have both horizontal and vertical differences in moisture, pH, light and nutrient availability. Micro-distribution of testate amoebae taxa has been observed along the Sphagnum stem but there is no data concerning the vertical micro-distribution of protozoa in water column under the peatbog surface and in the interstitial waters. The research was made in a small (ca 16 ha) peatbog complex in the eastern Poland. Vertical microzonation of testate amoebae and ciliates in relation to physical, chemical and biological parameters (peat porosity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, TN, TP, DOC and TOC) in Sphagnum hollows, mud bottom hollows and interstitial waters in peatbog were studied. Samples were taken once a month from April to November 2009 from three layers: free water mass up to 10 cm (FW), bottom water (BW) and interstitial, pore water - IW (water between particles of peat on depth 20-25 cm). During each sampling occasion 3 samples were collected from each site. At each type of micro-habitat and each sampling date water was sampled using a plexiglass core. The water column sampled from the top surface to the bottom was 25 cm high. Interstitial waters were collected from mini-piezometers located into the peat. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, chlorophyll a and nutrients contents were always lower in interstitial water than in free and bottom waters. The highest numbers of testate amoebae and ciliates taxa occurred in the bottom water (31 and 13 taxa, respectively) and became much lower in interstitial water (17 and 5 taxa, respectively). The density and biomass of protozoa differed significantly between the studied layers, with the lowest numbers in the interstitial water and the highest in the bottom water. Ordination analysis indicated that chlorophyll a, TOC and TP can strongly regulate the abundance and species composition of protozoa. The RDA ordination showed that the testate amoebae species can be divided into three groups associated with: 1) free water mass, 2) bottom water and 3) interstitial water, while the ciliate species into two groups associated with: 1) interstitial water and 2) free water mass and bottom waters. The free water mass and bottom water were dominated by mixotrophic taxa, whereas the deepest layer showed the increase of the contribution of small, bacterivorous species. In all the examined micro-habitats the highest abundance and biomass of these microorganisms occurred in early spring and late autumn, while the lowest values were recorded in late summer.

6

The role of lake shore sand deposits as bank of ciliate, rotifer and crustacean resting forms : experimental approach

Kalinowska K., Ejsmont-Karabin J., Rybak J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

323-332

EN

The experiment, with the use of sand deposit from hygroarenal (shore sand beach wetted by lake waves) of the beach of eutrophic Lake Mikołajskie (Masurian Lakeland, Poland), was performed in order to test the hypothesis that shore sand deposit is the bank of resting forms of ciliate, rotifer and crustacean species. The experiment was conducted over a 38 days period in March-April 2004. Frozen sand taken in winter was exposed in aquariums filled with pre-filtered (GF/C) lake water in stable temperature (20[degrees]C), oxygen saturation and 12:12 light/dark conditions. Samples (three replicates) were taken each day. A total number of 44 ciliate, 59 rotifer and 9 crustacean taxa were identified during the studied period. Resting forms of different species and/or taxonomic groups developed in different time and it may be the result of different strategies in colonization of new habitats. Organisms forming resting cysts such as ciliates (11 species) and bdelloid rotifers appeared after the first day of the incubation whereas organisms hatching from resting eggs (monogonont rotifers and crustacea) were observed from the 2nd-3rd day of the experiment. The numbers of all the studied groups of organisms increased gradually and then strongly decreased indicating probably nutrient and/or organic matter limitation. The highest numbers of ciliates (731 ind. cm[^-2] of sand) was found on the 5th day, rotifers (987 ind. 100 cm[^-2]) on the 23rd day, cladocerans (60 ind. 100 cm[^-2]) on the 21st day and copepods (30 ind. 100 cm[^-2]) on the 33rd day of the experiment. The results of this study suggests that shore sand deposits being the temporal refugium for the small-bodied invertebrates transported here with the wave action may also play an important role as the transfer for their further dispersal in addition to postulated ways of expansions such as wind, rain, animals and surface runoff.

7

Effect of vegetation patchiness and site factors on distribution and diversity of testate amoebae and ciliates in peatbogs

Mieczan T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 1

135-144

EN

Testate amoebae and ciliates are common inhabitants of moist soils, lakes and peatbogs. These microorganisms are important consumers of bacteria, flagellates and algae; they also participate in transformation of the organic matter and nutrient regeneration. The complexity of micro-environmental conditions present in peatbogs and the challenges associated with the proper sampling may partly explain the fact that these microorganisms are still much less studied than other components of the ecosystem. The influence of emergent and submerged plants on community composition, abundance and biomass of testate amoebae and ciliates were investigated in two peatbogs in the eastern Poland. The raised and carbonate bogs selected for this study were considered to be representative of the bogs of the region and contained a broad diversity of habitats. Samples were collected in patches of Sphagnum angustifolium (C.C.O. Jensen ex Russow), Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. ex Hoffm., Sphagnum palustre L., belts of Phragmites australis (Car.), Typha latifolia L., Carex acutiformis Ehrhart., Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) and beds of Utricularia sp. Sampling was done on a monthly basis from April to November. At each plant patch (microhabitat) and each sampling date the water was sampled using a plexiglass core (length 1.0 m, [Radius]50 mm). Comparison of the species number, abundance and biomass (estimated in C organic units) of testate amoebae and ciliates between Sphagnum patches did not show statistically significant differences. The significant differences were noted in patches of plants in carbonate peatbog. The highest species number (40-46) was found in the Utricularia and Calliergonella, and the lowest richness (26-20) in the Typha, Phragmites and Carex. The density and biomass of protozoa communities, increase together with the abundance and the level of the complicated spatial structure of the plants. Based on differences in plant structure, two groups of habitats with similar patterns of size-related testate amoebae and ciliate distribution were distinguished. The first group consisted of three vegetated zones of smooth stem structure (Phragmites, Typha and Carex), the second group comprised plant species, which were more complex (Sphagnum, Utricularia and Calliergonella). In the redundancy analysis, water level, pH, concentration of TP, chlorophyll a and TOC together explain 45% of the variation in the species distribution data. The contribution of conductivity, dissolved oxygen TN and DOC was not (or marginally) statistically significant.

8

Planktonic ciliates in the coastal medium-size river : diversity and productivity

Rychter K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 3

503-512

EN

Annual changes in abundance, biomass, and taxonomic composition of potamoplanktonic ciliates were assessed in the 139 km long, coastal (Baltic coast) river (the Słupia River, Northern Poland) having mean annual flow - 18 m[^3] s[^-1] and flowing through several natural lakes and reservoirs. The samples were taken from one site, once a week from December 2005 to December 2006, then concentrated by sedimentation and counted and measured under an inverted microscope. Ciliate production was assessed with relevant published formulas. Mean annual abundance and biomass amounted to 6448 cells l[^-1] and 6.60 [my]g C l[^-1], respectively. During the year two distinct peaks of biomass were observed: a spring peak in April and May, and a winter one in December. Spring peak was formed by prostomatids and oligotrichs, whereas winter one by peritrichs. Three aforementioned orders contributed altogether to 64% of abundance and 82% of ciliate biomass. Prevalence of prostomatids seemed to be characteristic for the studied river. Most of ciliates were surprisingly small, fraction below 20 [my]m contributed 77% of the mean annual abundance. Domination of small ciliates indicated high mean annual potential growth rates ranging from 0.6 d[^-1] to 0.7d[^-1]. The river is characterised by a narrow variability of the water level and numerous through-flow lakes. As a result ciliate community in the river resembled communities encountered in lakes - free-swimming organisms dominated and sessile forms and those detached from sediments contributed not more than one fifth of ciliate biomass.

9

Psammon ciliates : diversity and abundance in hygroarenal of eutrophic lake

Kalinowska K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 2

259-271

EN

Taxonomic composition, spatial distribution and seasonal changes in abundance of ciliates were investigated in hygroarenal (the zone of the beach adjacent to lake littoral and affected by wave action) of the eutrophic Lake Mikołajskie (area 498 ha, max. depth 26 m, Masurian Lake District, Poland). The choosen beach amounted 10.8 x 1.5 m in size and 30 sampling points were distributed according to regular network 60 x 30 cm. Three sampling points were located in each of 10 sampling stations parallel to water line and at an increasing 0, 30, 60 cm distance from it). The small-scale distribution of ciliates was recognized from the set of 30 samples taken once in June 2003 from all stations and sampling points. The seasonal changes of ciliate density were analysed on the set of 41 samples taken from March to November 2004 from the middle sampling points (about 30 cm from water line) in 3 sampling stations. Ciliate community was characterised by relatively high taxonomic richness (56 ciliate taxa) and numbers (up to 2750 ind. cm[^-3] of sand). The numbers of ciliates varied seasonally from 4.6 to 1630 ind. per 1 cm[^3] of sand, showed three distinct peaks (maximum in summer) and were markedly differentiated among the sampling stations distributed along the 10 m of homogenous beach. Significant correlations between ciliates and the share of largest grain size fraction suggest that grain size of sand may be responsible for the observed spatial heterogeneity of ciliates. Hymenostomes, particularly the omnivorous Pleuronema coronatum Kent, dominated the ciliate assemblages. The statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between ciliate numbers and total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations in interstitial water, but there was no correlation with chlorophyll a.

10

Particle size selectivity of two marine ciliates - Balanion comatum Wulff and Strombidium sp.

Rychert K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 2

251-257

EN

Food selectivity of marine ciliates Balanion comatum Wulff and Strombidium sp. (mean size of cell 19 [mi]m) were studied in situ during incubation with wheat starch particles as a surrogate food. Range of particles ingested by Balanion comatum was 1.25-7.50 [mi]m with preference for 3.75 [mi]m particles (statistically significant result). Strombidium sp. engulfed particles ranging from 1.25 [mi]m to 5.00 [mi]m also with preference for 3.75 [mi]m particles. In the Baltic Sea size range of particles preferred by both ciliates is dominated by nanoflagellates.

11

Metopus

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

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2008

|

Nr 4 (37)

22-22

12

Drepanomonas

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

|

2008

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Nr 3 (36)

58-58

13

Caenomorpha, Saprodinium

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

|

2008

|

Nr 5 (38)

18-18

14

Blepharisma

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

|

2008

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Nr 6 (39)

20-20

15

Prosty klucz do oznaczania orzęsków osiadłych (Peritrichia) najczęściej występujących w osadzie czynnym

Fyda J., Babko R.

Forum Eksploatatora

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2007

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Nr 4 (31)

27-30

PL

Prawidłowo funkcjonujący osad czynny jest oprócz powszechnie występujących w nim różnych rodzajów bakterii, biocenozą „mikroorganizmów” należących do różnych grup taksonomicznych. Najczęściej spotykane są orzęski, korzenionóżki (ameby „nagie” i „domkowe”), wiciowce, a także wrotki, niesporczaki, nicienie, skąposzczety i sporadycznie przedstawiciele innych grup zwierząt wielokomórkowych. Istotną rolę w „zdrowym” i stabilnym osadzie czynnym odgrywają osiadłe orzęski bakteriożerne, które współwystępują zwykle z bakteriożernymi orzęskami pełzającymi. Obecność obu tych grup orzęsków w osadzie jest możliwa i pożądana, ponieważ nie konkurują one ze sobą o pokarm. Orzęski osiadłe odżywiają się przede wszystkim bakteriami zawieszonymi i rozproszonymi w ścieku, podczas gdy orzęski pełzające zjadają bakterie występującymi na kłaczkach lub między nimi.

16

Plagiocampa

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

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2007

|

Nr 5 (32)

16

17

Holophyra

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

|

2007

|

Nr 2 (29)

16

18

Colpidium

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

|

2007

|

Nr 6 (33)

21

19

Coleps

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

|

2007

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Nr 3 (30)

18

20

Amphileptus

Fyda J.

Forum Eksploatatora

|

2007

|

Nr 1 (28)

29