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Nowa starożytna Jerozolima – miasto wykreowane przez brytyjskie władze Mandatu Palestyny

Mroczkowski Krzysztof

PUA Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura

2020

Vol. 2

45--70

Wojny są nośnikiem zmian urbanistycznych. Nie chodzi tylko o towarzyszące im zniszczenia, ale także o mechanizmy związane z ich społecznymi skutkami, w tym i swoiście rozumianej kreacji architektonicznej i urbanistycznej. Szczególnie widoczne stało się to po zajęciu przez oddziały brytyjskie Jerozolimy w grudniu 1917 roku. W kontekście wydarzeń mających miejsce na Bliskim Wschodzie towarzyszyła temu procesowi ekspansja wzorców zachodnich o podłożu fantasmagorii historycznej.

War is a unique carrier of urban changes – not only with regard to the destruction that accompanies them but also in the context of the mechanisms associated with their social consequences. Not only for the destruction resulting from military actions but also arising from the mechanisms related to their political and social effects, including architectural and urban creation in a very specific sense. For these reasons, the Great War of 1914–1918 is now generally seen not only as a traumatic political and military experience on a universal scale but also as a trigger that gave rise to the great social changes that occurred in the twentieth century. The cultural change then forced on leaders, to take many different shapes often reaching for the clearly recognisable symbolism at the intersection of urban planning, architecture, historical phantasmagoria and religion. This became particularly visible during the so-called Palestinian campaign of General Edmund Allenby and after British troops captured Jerusalem in December 1917.

Bezpieczeństwo kulturowe a orientalizm : konieczność współczesności?

El Ghamari Magdalena

Security Review

2017

nr 1(2)

8--21

In the situation of increasing unification of the activities of political, economic and cultural as well as increased military activity interpersonal contacts between representatives of individual countries is a necessity arising from joint interests, conferences, negotiations, economic and political or joint military action. Knowledge of the principles of dealing with cultural barriers in interpersonal communication helps to avoid many awkward and unpleasant situation, which could cast a shadow on interpersonal relationships at various levels of activity. This carries the possibility of the development of interpersonal contacts, including negotiations between representatives of different nations or groups of countries, which occur through the exchange between nations, social groups, thanks to lively contacts, economic, political or military. This last aspect is particularly important when it comes to safety culture and its relationship with orientalism and contemporary challenges to international security. This state of affairs affects primarily one aspect of contemporary international reality, ie. An endless era of the dominant presence of international disputes solved by force. Even more - a relatively frequent than international disputes are disagreements, disputes between states and entities other than sovereign states. Even a cursory analysis of the participation of NATO forces in operations last decade, shows that the use and the use of NATO forces need international negotiations based on an important community of interest.