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1

Organic Compounds Released by Thermal Decomposition of Wood Composite

Ruzickova J., Safar M., Raclavska H., Skrobankova H., Raclavsky K.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2018

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R. 19, nr 1

87--92

EN

Combustion of biomass materials based on wood combined with synthetic polymers was studied. Material types included plywood and wood chipboard. Wood chips prepared from hardwood – beech and softwood – spruce were used for comparison. Combustion process was characterized by thermal analysis – thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was used for determination of organic compounds and their fragments formed during thermal decomposition. Attention was paid to organic compounds contained in wood-polymer composites.

PL

Zbadano spalanie materiałów biomasowych na bazie drewna w połączeniu z syntetycznymi polimerami. Materiały zawierały sklejkę i drewniane płyty wiórowe. Do porównania użyto zrębków z drewna liściastego - drewna bukowego i miękkiego - świerka. Proces spalania scharakteryzowano prowadząc analizą termiczną - termograwimetrią i różnicową kalorymetrię skaningową. Do oznaczenia zawartości związków organicznych i ich pochodnych powstałych w trakcie procesu użyto pirolitycznej chromatografii gazowej z detekcją spektrometryczną. Zwrócono uwagę na związki organiczne zawarte w kompozytach drewno-polimer.

2

The Pliocene Paludina Lake of Pannonian Basin : new evidence from northern Serbia

Rundić L., Vasić N., Životić D., Bechtel A., Knežević S., Cvetkov V.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2016

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Vol. 86, No. 2

185--209

EN

This study from the Sremski Karlovci clay pit in northern Serbia sheds new light on the physicochemical conditions, ecology and evolution of the Paludina Lake – the Pliocene successor of the late Miocene giant Lake Pannon hosted by the Pannonian Basin. The multidisciplinary study combines sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, palaeontology, palaeobotany, coal petrology, organic geochemistry and magnetic mineralogy. The sedimentary succession studied represents the lake margin at the foot of the Fruška Gora ridge. Sedimentary facies reveal minor and major lake-level changes, including a forced regression with fluvial valley incision in the succession middle part and the ultimate emergence and covering of the lake floor by Pleistocene loess. Mollusc and ostracod fauna indicates an oligohaline shallow cool-water environment, no deeper than 5–6 m, with an active inflow of spring water. The lake local depth during transgression maxima did not exceed 20 m. Palynological and geochemical analyses indicate a rich and diversified assemblage of gymnosperm plants with a contribution of angiosperms, weeds and microbial biomass in the peat-forming suboxic to oxic coastal swamp environment. Maceral analysis of organic matter shows a prevalence of huminite, accompanied richly by inertinite in lignite and by liptinite in clay. The Pleistocene shift to terrestrial semiarid environment resulted in oxidizing groundwater conditions, with the reddening of sediments around a fluctuating groundwater table and the diagenetic transformation of bacteria-derived greigite into magnetite. In regional stratigraphy, the occurrence of Viviparus neumayri Brusina in the lower half of the succession indicates the Lower Paludina Beds of Dacian Stage (early Zanclean age). Other gastropods and certain ostracodes indicate transition to the Middle Paludina Beds of lower Romanian Stage (late Zanclean–early Piacenzian). The upper half of the succession lacks age-diagnostic fossils and is considered to represent Middle Paludina Beds with a possible relic of Upper Paludina Beds at the top.

3

Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the basal Zechstein (Lopingian) strata in Northern Poland and its global correlation

Peryt T. M., Durakiewicz T., Kotarba M. J., Oszczepalski S., Peryt D.

Geological Quarterly

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2012

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Vol. 56, No 2

285-298

EN

The Kupferschiefer (T1) records a period of basin-wide euxinic conditions, and is thus considered an excellent time-marker in the Zechstein (Lopingian) basin. Previous studies indicated that both the Kupferschiefer and Marl Slate and the overlying Zechstein Limestone (Magnesian Limestone) show remarkable changes in carbon isotopic composition towards higher 131313131313

4

Stratigraphy, palynology and organic geochemistry of the Devonian-Mississippian metasedimentary Albergaria-a-Velha Unit (Porto-Tomar shear zone, W Portugal)

Machado G., Francu E., Vavrdová M., Flores D., Fonseca P. E., Rocha F. T., Pereira L. C. G., Gomes A., Fonseca M., Chaminé H.

Geological Quarterly

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2011

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Vol. 55, No. 2

139-164

EN

The Albergaria-a-Velha Unit is one of several tectonostratigraphic out-of-sequence units of the metamorphic belt associated with the Porto-Tomar shear zone (Ossa-Morena Zone, W Portugal). It is composed of considerably deformed - very low grade - metasediments, namely shales, siltstones and rare fine sandstones. In this work we present new sedimentological and biostratigraphical data that suggest the Albergaria-a-Velha Unit was deposited from the (?)early Frasnian to the Serpukhovian in a distal marine environment, where turbiditic and basinal sedimentation prevailed. Palynofacies analysis and lithological data point to a gradual increase of terrestrial input, suggesting a prograding system. Detrital framework data is indicative of a stable cratonic sediment source area composed of low grade metamorphic rocks. The timing of the onset of the Porto-Tomar shear zone activity and consequently its influence on the sedimentation of this unit is discussed. Organic petrology and geochemistry data indicate that the Albergaria-a-Velha Unit is within the dry gas window in terms of hydrocarbon generation ranges.

5

Microbial gas system and prospectives of hydrocarbon exploration in Miocene strata of the Polish and Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep

Kotarba M. J., Peryt T. M., Koltun Y. V.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2011

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Vol. 81, No 3

523-548

EN

Molecular composition of natural gases accumulated in autochthonous Miocene strata of the Polish and Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep is dominated by methane, which usually constitutes over 98 vol%. Methane was generated by the carbon dioxide reduction pathway of microbial processes. Ethane was generated both during microbial and thermogenic processes ("oil window") and propane at the initial stage of the low-temperature thermogenic processes, and also by the microbial processes. The rhythmic and cyclic deposition of Miocene clays and sands as well as the vigorous generation of microbial methane caused that the gas produced in claystone beds was accumulated in the overlaying sandstones, and capped, in turn, by the succeeding claystones. Such generation and accumulation system of microbial gases gave rise to the formation of multi-horizontal gas fields. Analysis of the distribution of immature humic dispersed organic matter in the Upper Badenian and Lower Sarmatian sequences indicates that it is practically homogeneous. A migration range of microbial gases was insignificant and locations of their accumulations would depend only on the existence of proper type of traps (compactional anticlines situated above basement uplifts, sealed by the Carpathian Overthrust and/or by faults; stratigraphic pinching out and stratigraphic traps related to unconformities). Another situation is encountered in the south, beneath the Carpathian Overthrust. The thickness of the autochthonous Miocene strata in this area is more than 1,500 metres. Geochemical studies reveal that from a depth of 2,500 metres starts the process of low-temperature thermogenic hydrocarbon generation (“oil window”). At greater depths, more than 7,500 metres, within the autochthonous Lower Miocene basin only the high-temperature methane ("gas window") could be produced and accumulated.

6

Evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of the autochthonous Miocene strata in the NW part of the Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep

Kotarba M. J., Więcław D., Kosakowski P., Koltun Y. V., Kowalski A.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2011

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Vol. 81, No 3

395-407

EN

The quantity, genetic type, maturity and hydrocarbon potential of dispersed organic matter were determined for the complete sequence of the autochthonous Miocene ranging from the Lower Badenian Sandy-Calcareous Series to the Lower Sarmatian Upper Dashava Formation of the Bilche-Volytsia Unit. Geochemical analyses were conducted on 78 core samples collected from 11 wells in the Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep between the Ukrainian-Polish state border and the Stryi River. The most favourable source-rock parameters characterize the Upper Badenian Kosiv Formation where the highest TOC contents, from 0.44 to 2.01 wt% (median 0.76 wt%), were found. Only slightly lower values were obtained for the Lower and the Upper Dashava formations – from 0.01 to 1.45 wt% (median 0.72 wt%) and from 0.62 to 0.77 wt% (median 0.71 wt%), respectively. In the Lower Badenian Sandy-Calcareous Series, the Lower Badenian Baraniv beds, and the Upper Badenian Tyras Formation, the TOC content is lower and varies from 0.00 to 0.77 wt%. Immature type III (terrestrial) kerogen dominates the analysed sections of the Kosiv and Dashava formations. Marine organic matter was detected sporadically, and only in the Upper Badenian Kosiv Formation in the vicinity of Kokhanivka, and in the Upper Badenian Kosiv and Tyras formations.

7

Nowe możliwości geochemii naftowej w rozwiązywaniu problemów eksploracyjnych i złożowych

Matyasik I., Steczko A.

Prace Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2008

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nr 150 wydanie konferencyjne

171--175

PL

Nowe techniki analityczne i interpretacyjne dają dodatkowe możliwości charakterystyki systemów naftowych uzupełniając dane geologiczno-geofizyczne. Największy przełom w badaniach geochemicznych nastąpił wraz z rozwojem technik GCMS i GCMS/MS, które pozwalają na badania specyficznych związków — biomarkerów. To one dostarczają informacji dla prac korelacyjnych, w ustalaniu związków genetycznych pomiędzy skałą macierzystą a ropą naftową i w określaniu stopnia dojrzałości termicznej. Podstawowe biomarkery analizowane techniką GC/MS są niezbędne i powszechnie stosowane w światowej geochemii naftowej do określenia paleośrodowiska basenu sedymentacyjnego materiału biologicznego, stopnia zaawansowania zachodzących w nim procesów biodegradacji, rodzaju i stadium dojrzałości utworzonego kerogenu oraz fazy generowania węglowodorów ciekłych i gazowych. Dzięki zastosowaniu badań biomarkerów w geochemii naftowej możliwa jest szeroka interpretacja geochemiczna skał macierzystych i rop naftowych, co pozwala na poprawną korelację w układzie ropa—ropa, ropa—skała macierzysta. Znajomość składu i rozkładu biomarkerów w próbkach geologicznych umożliwia prowadzenie prac badawczych spełniających wymogi nowoczesnej analizy systemów naftowych, a w powiązaniu z analizą geologiczno-tektoniczną sąsiednich elementów tektonicznych pozwala często na wyjaśnienie kierunków migracji węglowodorów oraz powiązania tych procesów z typem kolektorów i czasem przebudowy geologicznej. W prezentowanej pracy zostaną przedstawione na konkretnych przykładach z polskich systemów naftowych możliwości wykorzystania wyników badań biomarkerów.

EN

Petroleum system concept had been rapidly developed during 90's in oil industry. Petroleum system is „a natural system that encompasses a pod of active source rock and all related oi1 and gas and which includes all the geologic elements and processes that are essential, if a hydrocarbon accumulation is to exist". Basic idea of „petroleum system" concept is to focus on fluids (oil and gas) and rock samples. Development of new technologies such as biomarkers boosted the introduction of „petroleum system" concept into oil industry. Biomarkers can reveal: the relative amount of oil-prone organic matter in the source kerogen, the age of the source rock, the environment of deposition as marine, lacustrine, fluvio-deltaic or hypersaline, the lithology of the source rock and the thermal maturity of the source rack during generation. The geochemical characteristics of crude oils and reservoir core extracts from Polish petroleum systems are described and studied in Oil and Gas Institute systematically by means of various geochemical techniques and methods to acquire molecular information.

8

Potencjał węglowodorowy skał macierzystych i geneza gazu ziemnego akumulowanego w utworach miocenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego w strefie Rzeszowa

Kotarba M. J., Więcław D., Kosakowski P., Kowalski A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 1

67--76

EN

In the autochthonous Upper Badenian and Lower Sarmatian strata of the Carpathian Foredeep in the Rzeszów area the total organic carbon (TOC) contents vary from 0.02 to 1.26 wt. %(average 0.64 wt. %). Geochemical studies on the dispersed organic matter demonstrated the presence of gas-prone type III (humic) kerogen with small admixtures of algal type II kerogen. At depths less than 2,500 metres the organic matter is immature, thus microbial processes predominated. Methane concentration in natural gases accumulated within Miocene strata usually exceeded 94 vol. %and was generated by microbial reduction of carbon dioxide. Microbial methane was generated mainly during deposition of autochthonous Miocene sediments, but it is possible that this process continues today on a small scale. Higher gaseous hydrocarbons (mainly ethane and propane), which are usually minor constituents (concentrations less than 0.4 vol. %), were generated during diagenetic processes and at the initial stage of the low-temperature thermogenic processes. The slight changes in the geochemical indices of dispersed organic matter and isotope ratios of natural gases with depth are evidence of the homogeneity of deposition of humic organic matter in shallow marine basin during the Late Badenian and the Early Sarmatian and the fact that similar gas generation conditions can be found in the Miocene sequence. Generation and accumulation of microbial methane and the formation and charging multiple stacked reservoirs within the autochthonous Miocene strata, e.g., Palikówka, Jasionka, Stobierna and Terliczka deposits, was facilitated by rhythmic and cyclic deposition of clays and sands and their very high sedimentation rate.

9

Application of recent trends in organic geochemistry to characterize the petroleum system

Philp R. P.

Prace Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2004

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nr 130

705

10

Skład i geneza węglowodorów nasycających szczątki nosorożca włochatego ze Staruni (Karpaty Ukraińskie)

Kotarba M. J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 6

531-534

PL

Porównanie dystrybucji biomarkerów i składu trwałych izotopów węgla ropy naftowej z wycieku powierzchniowego z okolic Staruni (Karpaty Ukraińskie) i bituminów ekstrahowanych z fragmentu kręgu kręgosłupa nosorożca włochatego znalezionego w utworach dyluwialnych w tej miejscowości w 1929 r. wykazało ich bliskie powinowactwo genetyczne. Badana ropa i bituminy najprawdopodobniej pochodzą z lądowej (jeziornej) substancja algowej (kerogen typu III/II) i zostały z niej wytworzone w środkowej fazie niskotemperaturowych procesów termogenicznych na poziomie przeobrażenia ok. 0,7% w skali refleksyjności witrynitu. Ropa ta różni się genetycznie od typowej ropy wytworzonej z oligoceńskiej formacji menilitowej. Dominacja żywic i asfaltenów w składzie bituminów nasycających szkielet nosorożca włochatego świadczy o jego dużej mocy sorpcyjnej dla tych polarnych związków wielkocząsteczkowych. Nieco mniejsza zawartość tych związków w składzie ekstraktu z przemycia kręgów kręgosłupa nosorożca włochatego wskazuje, że bituminy nasycające tkanki miękkie są złożone głównie z węglowodorów nasyconych i aromatycznych, które ulegały sorpcji w znacznie mniejszym stopniu. Można więc stwierdzić, że ropa naftowa występująca w strefie przypowierzchniowej w okolicach Staruni, a głównie węglowodory nasycone i aromatyczne, stanowiła zasadniczą substancję konserwującą zwłoki tego zwierzęcia, które zaraz po śmierci musiały znaleźć się w środowisku ilastym (bagna, moczary) przesyconym ropą naftową i solanką.

EN

Comparison ofbiomarker distribution and stable carbon isotope composition of oil from surface seepage in the vicinity of Starunia (the Ukrainian Carpathians), and bitumens extracted from the vertebra of a woolly rhinoceros discovered in 1929 in Late Pleistocene sediments from Starunia demonstrated their close genetic link. The studied oil and bitumens originated presumably from the terrestrial (lacustrine), algal organic matter (oil-prone, mixed type III/II kerogen) and were generated in the middle phase of the low-temperature thermogenic processes, at a maturity level about 0.7% in vitrinite reflectance scale. The studied oil differs genetically from oils generated from the Oligocene Menilite formation. The predominance of resins and asphaltenes in the composition of extract derived from the bitumens saturating the skeleton of woolly rhinoceros indicates high sorption capacity of these polar, macromolecular components. The somewhat lower content of these compounds in extract obtained from eluation of the vertebrae of woolly rhinoceros indicates that bitumens saturating the soft tissue are composed mainly of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. It can be concluded that oil occurring in the near-surface zone of the Starunia area (mainly saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons) was a principal substance preserving the body of woolly rhinoceros. After the animal had died, its carcass had to be embedded immediately in swamp clayey sediments saturated with oil and brine.

11

Molecular indicators for coal-forming palaeoplant community. "Katrishte" Coal deposit

Stefanova M., Markova K., Marinov S.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2002

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Vol. 7

245-252

EN

Coal deposit "Katrishte" located in south-western Bulgaria, Ro = 0.34%, was subjected to geochemical study. By chromatographic and spectral methods, a variety of coal biomarkers in bitumen extract has been revealed. n-Alkane distribution pattern indicated at least two possible sources, lacustrine and terrestrial ones. The aliphatic fraction was strongly dominated by 16a(H)-kaurane and 16a(H)-phyllocladane, a proof for the presence of Pinales in coal-forming palaeoplant community. The kaurane prevalence over phyllocladane could indicate the herbaceous flowering plant contribution. The combination of sesquiterpenoids/diterpenoids pointed to Pinaceae and Araucariceae.As a biomarker assemblage peculiarity, the lack of isoprenoids, tricyclic diterpenoids, and pentacyclic triterpenoids could be indicated.Our data gave us ground to assume existence of bush moor with the presence of herbaceous flowering plants, and subordinate contributions of conifers and sedge-reeds to coal forming plant taxa of "Katrishte"

12

Zastosowanie modelowań numerycznych do rekonstrukcji paleotemperatur i procesów generowania węglowodorów

Botor D., Kosakowski P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 2

154-161

PL

Zastosowanie modelowań numerycznych do rekonstrukcji procesów generowania węglowodorów pozwala na integrację danych geologicznych, geochemicznych i geofizycznych. Ma to na celu przede wszystkim jak najbardziej wiarygodne odtwarzanie przebiegu procesów generowania węglowodorów, aby możliwie precyzyjnie oceniać potencjał naftowy skał macierzystych danego basenu sedymentacyjnego. Modelowania te obejmują modelowanie subsydencji, pogrążania i kompakcji osadów, przepływu energii cieplnej i ewolucji termicznej oraz generowania węglowodorów. Pozwalają one obliczyć stopień i czas dojrzewania (przeobrażenia) materii organicznej, a w efekcie końcowym ilość i skład wygenerowanych węglowodorów oraz określić czas kiedy miało to miejsce.

EN

Integrated numerical modelling of petroleum generation allows to reconstruct reliable hydrocarbons generation processes. Consequently, it allows to estimate petroleum potential of source rocks in the sedimentary basins. These modelling consist of modelling of subsidence, burial and compaction of sediments, energy transport, thermal history and hydrocarbons generation.