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Delay analysis of ring resonator-based beam-forming network in z-domain

Nadeem Md. Danish, Raghuwanshi Sanjeev Kumar, Kumar Ritesh

Opto-Electronics Review

2024

Vol. 32, No. 2

art. no. e150184

During the next generation of wireless cellular networks, the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum will bring new opportunities for exceptionally high data transfer speeds and extensive network connectivity. Millimeter waves, on the other hand, are subject to a significant loss of propagation, which is the most significant impediment. A beneficial solution to this difficulty, which can be overcome, is to use a beam-forming system that consists of many antennas. The purpose of this study is to provide a concept for an integrated photonic beam-forming system that utilises multiple ring resonators for a 1 × 4 phase array antenna operating in the Ka-Band frequency range. The waveguide technology is the foundation for a signal that operates at 28 GHz. It is through the use of the optical ring resonator that the actual time delay line may accomplish its goal. The suggested method can be implemented as a variable true time delay (TTD) line to change the radiation angle of phase array antennas (PAA). The main lobe radiated by the PAA can be directed squint-free between the angles from -28° to +28°. The mathematical analysis and design of the beam producing the structure are presented. Following that, delays of 650 ps, 350 ps, and 250 ps could be produced with coupling coefficients of κ=0.5, κ=0.7, and κ=0.9, respectively, and the associated phase shifts were 0.469π, 0.146π, and 0.387π.

The serially coupled multiple ring resonator filters and Vernier effect

Chaichuay C., Yupapin P. P., Saeung P.

Optica Applicata

2009

Vol. 39, nr 1

175--194

The general characteristics of serially coupled multiple ring resonator (SMRR) filters are analyzed. In this case, the ring resonators of the SMRR have identical perimeters and the coupling coefficients distribution provides passband characteristics with steeper roll-off, flatter top and greater stopband rejection than a single ring resonator. In addition, we have also designed and simulated a nonsymmetric Vernier type of SMRR filters for improving a wide free spectral range (FSR) with different ring radii. To expand the FSR of the SMRR, Vernier filters are determined by the least common multiple of the FSR of individual ring resonators. The improvement in suppression of interstitial resonances is also investigated. A novel derivation of the optical transfer functions in Z-domain of SMRR filters is expressed employing a graphical approach to ring resonators with unequal perimeters that can be represented in signal flow graph diagrams.