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Simulation of optical phenomena in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Part 1, Fundanental principles

Nakwaski W.

Opto-Electronics Review

2000

Vol. 8, No. 2

83-90

In the present paper, the fundamental principles of simulations of optical phenomena taking place in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are presented. Polarisation properties of their radiation are shown to justify possibility of an application of the simple scalar Maxwell equation in simplified modelling of standard VCSELs. In the case of microresonator lasers as well as in more exact modelling of a VCSEL operation, however, the full vector approaches are necessary to be applied. They require solving six wave equations with six unknown components of both the E and H vectors, which needs much more involved solving approaches as well as more computer memory and more CPU time to be implemented. Some interactions between optical and other physical phenomena inside VCSEL resonators are also described. They are shown to play an essential role in the whole VCSEL operation and can not be neglected in their more advanced simulations. Their role is especially important in highly excited VCSELs when many physical phenomena (optical, electrical, thermal and other processes) taking place inside VCSELs volumes during their operation are strongly interrelated with one another.

Simulation of optical phenomena in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Part 2, Models

Nakwaski W.

Opto-Electronics Review

2000

Vol. 8, No. 2

91-100

Various theoretical approaches used to model optical fields inside resonators of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are described in the present paper. Both simplified and advanced simulations developed for both index-guided and gain-guided VCSELs are presented. Reviews of both scalar (mostly for standard VCSEL designs polarised not very far over their thresholds) and vectorial (for microresonator VCSELs as well as in more exact modelling of standard VCSELs) optical VCSEL models known from scientific literature are also given.