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  1. 7 Inżynieria Materiałowa
  2. 7 Materials Engineering
  3. 4 Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
  4. 4 LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania
  5. 4 Optica Applicata
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  1. 4 Wojnar L.
  2. 3 Chruściel K.
  3. 3 Ranachowski P.
  4. 3 Ranachowski Z.
  5. 3 Ratuszek W.
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  1. 1 2024
  2. 1 2023
  3. 1 2022
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1
Content available Characterization of Metallic Gold Nanoparticles in a Colloidal State by Artificial Vision
Carbajal-Morán Hipólito, Galván-Maldonado Carlos A., Márquez-Camarena Javier F.
Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology
|
2024
|
Vol. 25, iss. 3
287--296
EN
Gold nanoparticles in their colloidal state have different colors, and the equipment for their characterization, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), has high costs. The research aimed to characterize metallic gold nanoparticles by artificial vision based on the color of the samples in the colloidal state. The sensor used for the sampling was a 50 MP triple-lens camera with the optical image stabilization (OIS) of a smartphone. The Vision Acquisition and Vision Assistant blocks in the NI LabVIEW platform were used to implement an artificial vision device. The camera interface was used to identify the color of each of the 10 samples of colloidal gold nanoparticles produced by the YAG laser and chemical reduction in 15 ml of deionized water. The characterization consisted of the determination of the size and concentration of the gold nanoparticles based on their color, which ranged from pink to red wine. As a result, the artificial Vision device adequately identified the color of the metallic gold nanoparticles in a colloidal state with a certainty of more than 95%, allowing the nanoparticles to be adequately characterized. Therefore, it is concluded that artificial Vision adequately characterized gold nanoparticles’ wavelength, absorbance, diameter, and concentration.
2
Content available Preliminary Structures Assessment of Some TRIP Steels
Pantilimon Mircea Cristian, Berbecaru Andrei-Constantin, Coman George, Sohaciu Mirela G., Dumitrescu Ruxandra Elena, Ciucă Sorin, Gherghescu Ioana-Arina, Predescu Cristian
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2023
|
Vol. 68, iss. 2
491--498
EN
Automotive industry is constantly interested in building cars made of light and high strength parts in order to reduce the emission levels, the fuel consumption and minimize the effects of a car crash. Some parts may be made of lighter materials, but the steel ones must compensate the strength needed for the car body. Research is made for finding new materials showing high strength combined with high ductility. Among them, transformation - induced - plasticity steels are of great interest, efforts being made to improve their characteristics. A new composition of such a steel is presented, its features being compared with those of three other steels of the same class and category. Optical microscopy at different magnifications is performed, together with Vickers hardness test. Structural particularities are found for each tested steel, justified by their own chemical compositions. The new steel reveals important characteristics: besides the mainly bainitic structure, it has both larger ferritic areas and amounts of retained austenite, making him proper for further study.
3
Content available remote Ocena jakości metalicznego proszku kobaltowego wykorzystywanego w stomatologii za pomocą mikroskopii optycznej i analizy charakterystyki ziarnowej
Turlej Tymoteusz, Augustyn-Nadzieja Joanna
Przemysł Chemiczny
|
2022
|
T. 101, nr 11
1014--1018
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań uziarnienia metalicznego proszku dentystycznego. Badania obejmowały pomiar rozkładu wielkości cząstek z wykorzystaniem zautomatyzowanej mikroskopii optycznej, a następnie porównanie uzyskanych wyników z badaniami uziarnienia przeprowadzonymi za pomocą SEM. Określono również możliwość oceny jakości proszku metalicznego za pomocą mikroskopii optycznej i analizy charakterystyki ziarnowej.
EN
The particle size distribution of metallic dental powder (Co-Cr powder with micro-additives of W and Mo) was detd. by automated optical microscopy and then compared with particle size anal. by SEM. The possibility of assessing the quality of metallic Co-Cr powder by means of optical microscopy and anal. of grain characteristics was also discussed.
4
Zastosowanie dyfrakcji laserowej do badania stabilności emulsji typu olej w wodzie w przemyśle mleczarskim
Bomba Adriana, Babuchowski Andrzej, Adamczak Marek
Przemysł Spożywczy
|
2021
|
T. 75, nr 10
25--28
PL
Stabilność fizyczna emulsji w przypadku produktów żywnościowych to parametr ściśle związany z akceptacją konsumencką, który jednocześnie jest jednym z najważniejszych wyróżników jakości przy określaniu terminu przydatności do spożycia. Termodynamiczna stabilność żywności determinuje warunki przechowywania i możliwość transportu wyprodukowanych dóbr. W związku z powyższym ocena stabilności fizycznej emulsji jest ważnym elementem badań przemysłowych. Zagadnienie to ma szczególne znaczenie w przypadku przemysłu mleczarskiego, którego głównym surowcem jest mleko, czyli klasyczny przykład emulsji typu olej w wodzie (o/w). Dotychczasowe metody badania stabilności emulsji typu o/w opierały się na analizie wielkości kuleczek tłuszczowych z wykorzystaniem mikroskopu optycznego. Postęp naukowy i techniczny doprowadził do dezaktualizacji normy PN-A-86059:1975, która utraciła statu „uznanej reguły technicznej” i została wycofana bez zastąpienia. Stabilność emulsji typu o/w, określana na podstawie rozkładu wielkości kuleczek tłuszczowych jest coraz częściej badana z wykorzystaniem dyfrakcji laserowej.
EN
The physical stability of emulsions in case of food products is a parameter closely related to consumers’ acceptance, as well as one of the most important determinants of the products’ shelf life. Thermodynamic stability determines the conditions of storage and transportation of manufactured goods. Therefore, the research on emulsion physical stability is an important part of industrial research. This topic is of particular importance for dairy industry, where the raw material is milk – a classic example of oil-in-water (o/ w) emulsion. The analytical methods used so far to determination the stability of o/w emulsions’ stability have been based on the analysis of the size of fat globules using an optical microscope: PN-A-86059: 1975. However, scientific and technical progress has led to the obsolescence of the quoted standard, which lost the status as the “recognized technical rule” and was withdrawn without replacement. Currently, the stability of o/w emulsions, determined by the fat globules’ size distribution is being studied by means of laser diffraction.
5
Content available Understanding technical cleanliness: importance, assessment, maintenance
Faber Joanna, Brodzik Krzysztof, Nycz Marta
Combustion Engines
|
2021
|
R. 60, nr 3
41--50
EN
Development of the automotive industry, including so-called dowsizing and rightsizing, entails the need to ensure, and hence to verify, the stringent cleanliness levels of an increasing number of car components. The assurance of proper cleanliness level requires knowledge of the entire production process and precise information on the contaminants that will allow to identify their sources. Obtaining reliable cleanliness information requires establishing of many different factors, i. a. selection of proper contamination extraction and collection technique, proper parameters of extraction, validation of extraction procedure, methods of particles analysis. Analytical techniques which are implemented include gravimetric, optical microscopy and advanced techniques like scanning electron microscopy. This work present’s actual state of knowledge regarding technical cleanliness analysis of components. Important aspects of QA&QC in technical cleanliness assessment are also discussed.
6
Content available Metody mikroskopowe w ocenie procesów wykończania wyrobów włókienniczych
Machnowski Waldemar, Wrzosek Henryk
Technologia i Jakość Wyrobów
|
2020
|
R. 65
4--20
PL
Badanie wyrobów włókienniczych odgrywa istotną rolę w systemie zapewnienia jakości tekstyliów, a także w pracach nad rozwojem nowych technologii i produktów włókienniczych. Istnieje wiele metod oceny struktury i właściwości włókien i wyrobów włókienniczych. Bardzo ważne miejsce wśród tych metod zajmują techniki mikroskopowe, w szczególności mikroskopia optyczna i skaningowa mikroskopia elektronowa (SEM). W artykule podano krótki przegląd możliwych zastosowań metod mikroskopowych do analizy efektów niektórych operacji wytwarzania tekstyliów. Wykorzystanie mikroskopu optycznego umożliwiło identyfikację przyczyn powodujących nierównomierność barwy wyrobów bawełnianych. Z przeglądu literatury oraz doświadczeń własnych autorów wynika, że metody mikroskopowe stanowią cenne narzędzie w badaniu włókien i wyrobów włókienniczych.
EN
Fabric testing plays an important role in the quality assurance system and in the development of new textile technologies and products. There are many test methods used to evaluate the structure and properties of fibers and textile materials. Among these methods, microscopic techniques – especially optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) – are one of the most important methods. This paper provides a brief overview of the possible uses the microscopic methods for determining the results of some textile manufacturing processes. A review of the literature and the authors experiences in this field indicate that microscopic methods are a valuable tool for the testing and assessing the performance of fibers and textile products.
7
Content available Self-healing cement materials – microscopic techniques
Dudek Marta
Budownictwo i Architektura
|
2020
|
Vol. 19, no 2
33--40
EN
The article presents a general classification of intelligent materials with self-healing (self-repairing) properties, focusing on self-healing cementitious materials. The purpose of the paper is to describe the prospects of two of the most popular micro-observation techniques, i.e. with the use of an optical and scanning electron microscope. In addition, it describes the advantages of using a tensile stage mounted in the microscope chamber for testing self-healing materials. The advantages and disadvantages of these devices have been characterized, and the results of preliminary research have been provided. The tests include the optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations of the microstructure of cracks before and after the process of healing. They were carried out using ZEISS Discovery V20 optical microscope and ZEISS EVO-MA 10 scanning electron microscope on mortar samples modified with macro capsules filled with polymer. In addition to observations, chemical analysis was performed with the use of an EDS detector. The microscopic observations and chemical analyses provide the basis for assessing the effectiveness of the self-healing process, showing that the crack has been healed. Moreover, the preliminary results of the tests of micro-mechanical properties, carried out with the use of a tensile stage, have been described. The problems of using this research technique are also listed. This study shows the usefulness of this kind of tests for microcapsules for self-healing materials.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia ogólną klasyfikację materiałów inteligentnych o właściwościach samoleczących (samonaprawiających), ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem samoleczących tworzyw cementowych. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest przedstawienie dwóch najpopularniejszych technik mikroobserwacji, tj. mikroskopii optycznej i skaningowej. Ponadto opisano, jakie możliwości w badaniach samoleczących materiałów daje stolik naprężeniowy, zamontowany w komorze mikroskopu. Scharakteryzowano zalety i wady tych urządzeń oraz przedstawiono wyniki wstępnych badań. Badania obejmują obserwacje mikrostruktury pęknięć przed i po procesie gojenia, zarówno w mikroskopie optycznym jak i skaningowym. Przeprowadzono je przy użyciu mikroskopu optycznego ZEISS Discovery V20 i skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego ZEISS EVO-MA 10, na próbkach zaprawy modyfikowanej makrokapsułkami wypełnionymi polimerem. Oprócz obserwacji wykonano analizę chemiczną z wykorzystaniem detektora EDS. Obserwacje mikroskopowe i analiza chemiczna dają podstawę do oceny skuteczności procesu samoleczenia, wykazując, że pęknięcie zostało zagojone. Opisano również wstępne wyniki badań właściwości mikromechanicznych, przeprowadzonych z wykorzystaniem stolika naprężeniowego. Wymieniono także trudności związane z wykorzystaniem tej techniki badawczej. Artykuł przedstawia przydatność tego rodzaju testów dla mikrokapsułek używanych do modyfikacji materiałów samoleczących.
8
Content available Machine learning system for automated blood smear analysis
Grochowski Michał, Wąsowicz Michał, Mikołajczyk Agnieszka, Ficek Mateusz, Kulka Marek, Wróbel Maciej S., Jędrzejewska-Szczerska Małgorzata
Metrology and Measurement Systems
|
2019
|
Vol. 26, nr 1
81--93
EN
In this paper the authors propose a decision support system for automatic blood smear analysis based onmicroscopic images. The images are pre-processed in order to remove irrelevant elements and to enhancethe most important ones – the healthy blood cells (erythrocytes) and the pathologic ones (echinocytes). The separated blood cells are analysed in terms of their most important features by the eigenfaces method. The features are the basis for designing the neural network classifier, learned to distinguish between erythrocytes and echinocytes. As the result, the proposed system is able to analyse the smear blood images in a fully automatic way and to deliver information on the number and statistics of the red blood cells, both healthy and pathologic. The system was examined in two case studies, involving the canine and human blood, and then consulted with the experienced medicine specialists. The accuracy of classification of red blood cells into erythrocytes and echinocytes reaches 96%.
9
Wysokoprzepustowa automatyczna mikroskopia fluorescencyjna - twórcze rozwinięcie klasyki
Michałowski Marek
Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski
|
2019
|
nr 3
47--52
PL
Mikroskopia HCS/HCA jest uzupełnieniem mikroskopii klasycznej, której rola w dokumentowaniu morfologii, biochemii czy różnicowania komórek jest nie do przecenienia.
10
Content available Aging of carbon nanotube-filled fluoroelastomer in oil-based drilling fluid
Heidarian J.
Polimery
|
2018
|
T. 63, nr 3
191--212
EN
Carbon nanotube (CNT)-, carbon black (CB)-filled fluoroelastomer (FE) and unfilled FE compounds were prepared (CNT/FE, CB/FE and FE). The oil-based drilling mud (OBD) aging resistance of these elastomers were assessed by tests of atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Weight gain, swelling and hardness were also determined. The whole conclusion is that CNT/FE can be used as O-rings in OBD drilling while FE and CB/FE can not.
PL
Metodami mikroskopii optycznej, mikroskopii sił atomowych (AFM) i dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej (XRD) badano odporność starzeniową kompozytów na bazie fluoroelastomeru (FE) napełnianego nanorurkami węglowymi (CNT) lub sadzą węglową (CB), poddanych działaniu płuczki wiertniczej na bazie oleju (OBD). Oznaczano też przyrost masy, stopień spęcznienia i twardość próbek poddanych starzeniu w środowisku płynu wiertniczego. Stwierdzono, że fluoroelastomer napełniony nanorurkami węglowymi jest odporny na działanie płynu wiertniczego i można go stosować w materiale uszczelek w urządzeniach wiertniczych wykorzystujących płuczki na bazie oleju.
11
Content available Moving-aperture-based three-dimensional micro-measurement system
Fan S., Yu M., Jiang G., Wang Y., Wang W., Li W.
Optica Applicata
|
2018
|
Vol. 48, nr 4
533--547
EN
To overcome the depth-of-field limitation of an optical microscope image, a three-dimensional measurement method with a superior depth-of-field is proposed. In the proposed method, light-field information of different angles is obtained by moving the aperture and the three-dimensional scene is reconstructed by using a computational reconstruction technology. First, stereo matching of different aperture position images is performed to obtain the multi-aperture imaging deviation. The focal plane moving distance is thereby estimated. Then, the relational expression between the image coordinates and the focal plane moving distance is determined according to the image coordinates. Two dimensional coordinates of the space point are obtained by the expression coefficients. Finally, the depth coordinates are computed, and three-dimensional reconstruction of the spatial points is completed. Experiments of three-dimensional measurements of the calibration board with different angles and circuit boards are conducted. The results show that the maximum error of the distance measurement is controlled into 0.84%, and the maximum angle measurement error is controlled into 4.56%.
12
Content available Evaluation of the quality of titanium oxide and copper oxide layers by means of optical microscopy
Głuszek A., Sawicka-Chudy P., Wisz G., Sibiński M., Cholewa M.
Energy Policy Studies
|
2018
|
No. 1 (2)
39--51
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse high-resolution optical images of the surface layers of titanium oxide and copper oxide. The materials were produced using the PREVAC Modular Platform for layer deposition located at the University of Rzeszów. Images with a magnification of 50x were obtained using an optical microscope. On the basis of the results obtained, the quality of the layers was evaluated based on the image analysis. The quantitative method of analysis was applied, as a result of which the conditions of the manufacturing process for which the obtained layers had the highest homogeneity were indicated. The minimum range of grey shade counting was from 65 to 150 and the maximum range from 135 to 220. The standard deviation was from 8 to 40%.
13
Content available Study of Modified Aluminous Porcelain Subjected to Mechanoacoustic Tests
Ranachowski P., Ranachowski Z., Wieczorek K., Jaroszewski M., Kudela S. jr.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 4
1821--1826
EN
The paper presents the microscopic and mechanoacoustic study of degradation processes of the porcelain material C 130 type. This kind of material is used in the production of the most durable and reliable electrotechnical elements. Raw material composition of the studied porcelain was modified. This had an impact on the inner properties, cohesion and – in consequence – on operational properties of the material. Using mechanical-acoustic and microscopic methods of testing of small-size samples that were subjected to compression, it was possible to distinguish successive stages of degradation of the porcelain structure. These stages were generally typical of the porcelain materials. In the authors’ opinion, they are connected to the ageing process happening over many years of work under operating conditions. Optimization of composition and technological properties – important during technological processes – resulted in a slight decrease in inner cohesion of the porcelain. When compared to the reference material – typical domestic C 130 material, mechanical strength was somewhat lower. Carried out investigations proved that resistance of the investigated material to the ageing degradation process – during long term operation – also decreased. The improvement of technological parameters and the reduction in the number of defective elements occurred simultaneously with some decrease in the operational parameters of the material. To restore their initial high level, further work is needed to optimize the raw material composition of the porcelain.
14
Techniki mikroskopowe w badaniach biologicznych
Bartoszek N., Rosowski M.
Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski
|
2017
|
nr 9-10
12--21
PL
Opracowanie prezentuje przykładowe wykorzystanie różnych technik mikroskopowych do obrazowania obiektów biologicznych. W przykładach zobrazowano komórki bakterii oraz komórki zwierzęce, a także ludzkie płytki krwi oraz nicienia Ceanorhabditis elegans. Do uzyskania obrazów wykorzystano techniki mikroskopii optycznej, w tym fluorescencyjnej, a także skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej, transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej oraz mikroskopii sił atomowych.
EN
The paper presents an exemplary use of various microscopic techniques for the imaging of biological objects. The examples show bacterial and animal cells, as well as human blood platelets and nematode Ceanorhabditis elegans. Optical imaging techniques, including fluorescence imaging, as well as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy have been used to obtain the images.
15
Content available Statistical Assessment of the Microstructure of Barite Aggregate from Different Deposits Using X-Ray Microtomography and Optical Microscopy
Żołek N., Ranachowski Z., Ranachowski P., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Kudela S. jr., Dvorak T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2017
|
Vol. 62, iss. 2A
697--702
EN
Two different barite ore (barium sulfate BaSO4) specimens from different localizations were tested and described in this paper. Analysis of the microstructure was performed on polished sections, and on thin sections using X-ray microtomography (micro-CT), and optical microscopy (MO). Microtomography allowed obtaining three-dimensional images of the barite aggregate specimens. In the tomograms, the spatial distribution of the other polluting phases, empty space as well as cracks, pores, and voids – that exceeded ten micrometers of diameter-were possible to visualize. Also, the micro-CT allowed distinguishing between minerals of different density, like SiO2 and BaSO4. Images obtained and analyzed on thin sections with various methods using the optical microscopy in transmitted light delivered additional information on the aggregate microstructure, i.e. allow for estimation of the different kinds of inclusions (like the different density of the minerals) in the investigated specimens. Above methods, which were used in the tests, completed each another in order to supply a set of information on inclusions’ distribution and to present the important differences of the barite aggregate specimens microstructure.
16
Content available remote Badania struktury kompozytowych powłok Ni-WC napawanych plazmowo
Bober M., Senkara J.
Przegląd Spawalnictwa
|
2016
|
R. 88, nr 5
67--70
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań struktury kompozytowych powłok o osnowie niklu, umacnianych cząstkami węglika wolframu, otrzymanych techniką napawania plazmowego. Warstwy te nanoszono na podłoża ze stali niestopowej dla różnych wartości natężenia prądu łuku głównego. Analizowano strukturę napoin, stosując zarówno mikroskopię optyczną jak i skaningową. Wykazano, iż budowa powłok Ni-WC jest złożona, a poprawne napoiny o równomiernym rozmieszczeniu WC formują się dla określonych parametrów procesu.
EN
The results of the structure investigation of nickel matrix composite overlays reinforced by tungsten carbide particles are presented in the paper. These layers were deposited by the plasma transferred arc welding method onto the low alloy steel with various values of the main arc current. The structure of coatings was analyzed using both optical and scanning microscopy. It was shown that the structure of Ni-WC layers is complex and overlays of uniform WC distribu- tion are formed for only specific process parameters.
17
Content available remote Use of optical microscopy for evaluation of tooth structure
Banaszek K., Sawicki J., Wołowiec-Korecka E., Gorzędowski J., Danowska-Klonowska D., Sokołowski J.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2016
|
Vol. 79, nr 1
31--40
EN
Purpose: There are many methods of examining tooth anatomy: some of them are applicable to the hard tissues, while others to the pulp and the root canal system. Every method has some advantages and disadvantages in terms of revealing specific anatomical or histological details of the tooth. The objective of the present work was to assess the use of macroscopic microscopy for evaluation of tooth anatomy and to compare the obtained images with those produced by the radiovisiographic method. Design/methodology/approach: The study involved 4 upper canines extracted for periodontal reasons from patients of different age and sex. Initially, radiological images were taken in the vestibular-lingual and lateral projections by the radiovisiographic method using a KODAK 2000 system with a KODAK 6100 sensor. Subsequently, the specimens were ground with sandpaper and consecutive dental cross-sections were captured at approximately 0.05 mm increments using a NIKON AZ100 multizoom microscope. Findings: The presented method, using side illumination and a digital capture device transferring the images to a computer, enables evaluation of tooth anatomy in terms of both shape and internal structure, and offers the dimensioning functionality. Practical implications: Optical microscopy is a cheap method of examining the hard tissues of the tooth, including restorative materials, and for evaluating the development of primary and secondary dentin, as well as dentin affected by bacterial infection. A microscope used in conjunction with good software provides many opportunities for easy examination and dimensioning of particular anatomical features of the tooth on consecutive planes. Originality/value: This is an honest methods review and analysis which are applied in modern prosthetics.
18
Content available Study of factors determinant of siliceous electrical porcelain resistance to structural degradation
Ranachowski P., Ranachowski Z., Kudela Jr. S., Pawełek A., Piątkowski A.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, iss. 3
1489--1496
EN
The subject of this study was investigation of the factors that have a decisive influence on the resistance of siliceous porcelain to degradation processes. There was tested material C 110 type, which is widely used for the production of low-voltage (LV) elements such as insulators and bushings. On the basis of mechanical-acoustic and microscopic research of small-sized samples, which were subjected to compression, there were distinguished successive stages of degradation of the material structure. In the authors* opinion, they have a reference to the ageing process, taking place during many years of work under operating conditions. Thus, it was possible to assess the structural factors that determine the durability and reliability of LV electroinsulating elements. The results were related to electrical aluminous porcelains.
19
Content available Two-body wear simulation influence on some direct and indirect dental resin biocomposites : A qualitative analysis
Caracostea A., Morar N., Florea A., Soanca A., Badea M. E.
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
|
2016
|
Vol. 18, no. 3
61--72
EN
Purpose: The aim of this study was to qualitatively assess the outcomes of two in vitro aging methods, thermal-cycling and twobody wear simulation accomplished with a dual-axis chewing device, on the surface characteristics of eight direct and indirect dental resin biocomposites. Methods: Eighty mesial-occlusal-distal dental cavities were restored with four direct nanohybrid composite materials and with four nano- and micro-hybrid lab-fabricated resin composite inlays. After the restored teeth were subjected to thermal-cycling and wear simulation based on mechanical loading, the surface texture features of the restorations were separately analysed for each of the methods, on epoxy resin models using a digital camera, computer-aided-design system, optical stereo-microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results: All the dental restorative resin based composites used in this investigation displayed different cyclic wear patterns after undergoing mechanical loading. After thermal-cycling, the group of resin composite inlays showed a better adaptation, a smoother and more polished occlusal surface compared with direct restorative materials. Only two of direct nanohybrid resin composites performed better after two aging methods. One nanohybrid and the other two microhybrid resin inlays did not perform as expected when they were subjected to simulated wear compared to the rest of test materials. Conclusions: The use of the two-body wear simulation method revealed important information about the behavior of the dental resin-based composites when multiple oral factors are involved in a lab-simulated condition. Furthermore, the macro- and micro-morphological analysis showed different abrasion patterns among the materials being tested according to the filler percentage and distribution of the particles within the resin matrix.
20
Struktury warstw azotowanych stali i ich wpływ na właściwości korozyjne
Wach P., Marchlewski P., Szczeblewski M.
Inżynieria Powierzchni
|
2015
|
nr 3
37--43
PL
W pracy przedstawiono typy warstw azotowanych uzyskiwanych w przemysłowych procesach azotowania gazowego na stalach węglowych. Zwrócono uwagę na strukturę przypowierzchniowej warstwy azotków żelaza, która odpowiada głównie za takie właściwości jak odporność na zużycie czy odporność na korozję. Przeprowadzono analizę mikroskopową uzyskiwanych struktur, dzięki której można wstępnie oceniać prawidłowość wykonania procesów azotowania i prognozować odporność korozyjną. Aby warstwy azotowane miały dobrą odporność korozyjną, przypowierzchniowa warstwa azotków żelaza nie powinna być porowata lub mieć bardzo ograniczoną porowatość i najlepiej, żeby składała się tylko z fazy γ (Fe4N).
EN
The paper presents the types of the nitrided layers obtained in industrial gas nitriding processes used for carbon steels. Attention is paid to the structure of the subsurface layers of iron nitrides, which is primarily responsible for such properties as: wear resistance or corrosion resistance. A microscopic analysis of the obtained Structures, forecast of its corrosion resistance can be judged. In order to get the nitrided layers which have good corrosion resistance, was made thanks to which the correctness of the implementation of the nitriding processes and the selvedge iron nitride layer should not be porous or it should have a very limited porosity, and preferably it should consist only the phase γ'(Fe4N).
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