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1

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment with emphasis on horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes

Prasad Majeti N. V., Elchuri Sailaja V.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2022

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R. 27, NR 1-2

35--51

EN

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) discharged into environment has several adverse impacts. PPCPs are widely utilised for veterinary as well as cosmetic and personal health reasons. These are members of the expanding class of substances known as Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs). Antibiotic resistance in the environment and garbage generated by PPCP endanger life. The World Health Organisation (WHO) now recognises antibiotic resistance as a significant global health problem due to the expected increase in mortality caused by it. In the past ten years, mounting data has led experts to believe that the environment has a significant impact on the development of resistance. For human diseases, the external environment serves as a source of resistance genes. It also serves as a major pathway for the spread of resistant bacteria among various habitats and human populations. Large-scale DNA sequencing methods are employed in this thesis to better comprehend the dangers posed by environmental antibiotic resistance. The quantification of the number is an important step in this process. Metagenomic measurement of the number of antibiotic resistance genes in various contexts is a crucial step in this process. However, it’s also crucial to put this data into a broader context by integrating things like taxonomic information, antibiotic concentrations, and the genomic locations of found resistance genes.

2

Antibiotics resistance in Enterococcus isolates from poultry waste

Cybulska Krystyna, Krzyśko-Łupicka Teresa

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 2

305--316

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the drug resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from different types of poultry waste. The study material consisted of feather samples (duck, turkey, chicken), sludge and centrifuge sediment, originating from three poultry farms. The study was conducted in two stages; isolation and identification of Enterococcus bacteria from the waste and evaluation of their drug resistance using Kirby-Bauer method. Contamination of the poultry waste with Enterococcus isolates included E. faecium species (79 %) and E. faecalis (21 %). The most contaminated were sludge and sediment from the centrifuge as well as chicken feathers, irrespective of the place and time of sampling. Tested isolates showed multiple resistance and similar reaction to all antibiotics used in the study and E. faecalis strain was more resistant. Enterococcus isolates showed the highest resistance to streptogramins, carbapenems, fluoroquinones, aminoglycosides and penicillins, and the lowest for nitrofurantions and phenicols.

3

Porównanie efektywności bakteriobójczego wpływu środków dezynfekcyjnych na mikroorganizmy izolowane z naskórka

Ziembińska A., Szpindor M.

Chemik

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2013

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Vol. 67, nr 2

127-130

PL

Chemiczne środki dezynfekcyjne są powszechnie stosowane gospodarstwach domowych, zakładach pracy, placówkach oświatowych itd. Jednak ze względu na szybki wzrost oporności drobnoustrojów na związki chemiczne wykorzystywane w preparatach tego typu ważne jest dobranie odpowiedniego, efektywnego działaniu środka dezynfekcyjnego, który szybko i skutecznie będzie zapobiegał infekcji bakteryjnej. W pracy podjęto próbę oszacowania efektywności chemicznych preparatów dezynfekcyjnych: jodyny, roztworów spirytusu salicylowego, wody utlenionej oraz nadmanganianu potasu na autochtoniczną mikroflorę naskórka ludzkiego. Badania wykazały, że na bakterie izolowane z naskórka najefektywniej działa jodyna, a najsłabiej 0,05% roztwór nadmanganianu potasu. Pozostałe preparaty wykazały zaskakująco wysoką efektywność.

EN

Chemical disinfectants are commonly used in households, working places, educational centres etc. However, due to the fast increase of microorganisms' resistance to chemical compounds used in this type of preparations, it is important to choose a suitable and effective disinfectant that prevents bacterial infections in a fast and efficient way. In this study, an attempt was taken to estimate the effectiveness of chemical disinfection preparations: iodine tincture, solutions of salicylic alcohol, oxidized water and potassium permanganate on the autochthonous microflora of the human epidermis. Studies have revealed that iodine tincture is the most effective, while a 0.05% solution of potassium permanganate the least effective against bacteria isolated from the epidermis. Other preparations have demonstrated a surprisingly high effectiveness

4

Nabywanie oporności na antybiotyki przez bakterie

Mazur B., Nalewajek T.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2012

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nr 3-4

44--47, [2]

PL

Rozwój chemioterapii będący konsekwencją odkrycia antybiotyków niósł nadzieję na skuteczne zwalczanie wielu infekcji wywoływanych przez drobnoustroje. Okazało się jednak, że na całym świecie rośnie odsetek opornych szczepów na wiele antybiotyków. Przyczyną takiego zjawiska jest swoista zdolność drobnoustrojów do obrony przed destrukcją. Dzięki wyspecjalizowanym mechanizmom wymiany elementów genetycznych, oporność może być również nabywana przez inne gatunki bakterii, nawet te niespokrewnione ze sobą i niewytwarzające inhibitujących substancji, a wręcz na nie wrażliwe.

EN

The development of antibiotics and chemotherapy seemed to have put an end to many of the infections caused by the microorganisms. This however turned out to be not true, as the number of antibiotic resistant strains worldwide has rapidly grown. The reason for this phenomenon is the ability of developing self-defense mechanisms by the microorganisms. There exist highly specialized mechanisms of genetic information exchange thanks to which the resistance can be acquired by other bacteria species, even those not closely related and originally not producing the inhibiting substances.