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Systemic Operational Design – a study in failed concept

Przybyło Łukasz

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 42, No. 2

35--54

EN

One of the many reasons for the failure of the Israel Defence Forces’ (IDF) in the Second Lebanon War was the concept of Systemic Operational Design (SOD), translated into de facto military doctrine. The story of the rise and fall of the SOD idea is a warning sign for all militaries faced with “modern” and “fashionable” ideas. The purpose of this paper is therefore to describe and evaluate the Systemic Operational Design created and introduced into the IDF by Brigadier General Shimon Naveh and the Operational Theory Research Institute (OTRI). The study is based on the literature created by the State of Israel, the IDF, and its main proponent Shimon Naveh, as well as other militaries (mainly the US Army). This theoretical background is confronted with the IDF’s operations during the Second Lebanon War of 2006 and their effects on the war’s outcome. The over intellectualised, ambiguous, and not properly structured concept of the SOD, introduced as the IDF’s doctrine and approach to operations, led to military failure (which also had more root causes) in Lebanon. A study of the SOD failure should lead to a careful approach being taken to all new military concepts and ideas. Both change and continuation need to be properly balanced and evaluated, while enhanced military effectiveness could be of great value. At the same time, the impact of concepts which are not well anchored in military science/history and untested, like the SOD, could be devastating for militaries.

2

Operational Warfare in War College and War Studies University

Parafianowicz Ryszard

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2019

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Nr 2

17--29

EN

Having own operational warfare based on deeply rooted domestic military culture and positively verified combat cases, being now historical experiences inspiring next generations, is one of the foundations of the armed forces. Polish art of war in the 20th century developed freely in the Second Republic of Poland: it was a period, when the foundations for Polish operational art were established. Poland, in consequence of a betrayal by its western allies, after World War II found itself in the Soviet zone of influences, and this meant breaking up with the achievements of the Second Republic of Poland, including the art of war. Regaining Independence at the break of 1989/1990 was a distinct turning point in the development of the art of war, and meant the necessity to search for new solutions adequate for the challenges stemming from contemporary geopolitical location, as well as from its defense self-sufficiency. This required a new outlook on operational warfare. The following turning point was the membership in North-Atlantic Alliance and the participation of the Polish Armed Forces in stabilization operations in the Balkans, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Both in the Second Republic of Poland and today, military education of command and staff professionals had a significant impact on Polish operational art.

3

Principles of anti-amphibious operations in the Baltic in the post World War II period

Zieliński M.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 4

1793--1802, CD2

PL

W artykule przedstawiono trendy dla morskich działań przeciwdesantowych, prowadzonych w ostatnim okresie zimnej wojny na scenie regionu Morza Bałtyckiego. Zwrócono uwagę na sekwencjonowanie operacji, jak również słownictwo dotyczące terminów związanych z prowadzeniem takich. W publikacji poruszono kwestię znaczenia układu sił w obszarze prowadzenia operacji morskich, a także skupiono się na ich charakterystyce i działalności oraz omówiono proces długotrwałej rewitalizacji istniejących zasad prowadzenia działalności przeciwdesantowej.

EN

The following paper reveals the trends according to the organized anti landing defense conducted as an anti amphibious operation, which had to take place at the last period of The Cold War in the closed maritime theatre like the Baltic. Paying attention on sequencing the operation, as well as the vocabulary regarding the terms connected with such action. On the one hand the article also takes into consideration the subject matter of participating forces, especially their characteristics and activities. On the other hand reveals the revitalization of long lasted existing principles of conduct of anti landing activities.

4

Sztuka wojenna : kontekst teoretyczny i praktyczny

Polak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2013

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nr 3(92)

219-228

EN

The article presents concepts of the art of war, that is the theory and practice of war military activities and crises reaction. In this context the term has two meanings. The first regards the theory, while the second is connected with practical steps taken by commands and armies in the scope of preparing and conducting the war activities. The article describes three basic fields of the art of war, that is the strategy, operational art and tactics. The first field-strategy refers to the measures chosen and undertaken in connection with preparing the state and, first of all, the armed forces to a war. The second field-tactics is generally interested in combat. The operational art is the youngest field of the art of war and it deals with operations and the art of commanding troops in operations. The article also discusses elementary categories of the art of war at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. The authors of the article refer to the works of Carl von Clausewitz, Antoine H. Jomini, Ferdinand Foch, Basil H. Liddel Hart, Andre Beafre, Franciszek Skibiński, Stefan Mossor, Stanisław Rola-Arciszewski and Stanisław Koziej.

5

Rozważania o podstawach tribologii. Cz. 12, Systematyka działań badawczych w tribologii - od strategii do taktyki badań tribologicznych

Leszek W.

Tribologia

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2012

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nr 2

9-22

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono próbę usystematyzowania problematyki badawczej tribologii według kryterium ogólności zadań poznawczych. Do systematyki wykorzystano istniejącą w sztuce wojennej strukturę obejmującą strategię, sztukę operacyjną i taktykę. Pojęcia te adaptowano do celów zadań poznawczych tribologii i wyprowadzono z nich wnioski użytkowe.

EN

This paper presents an attempt at systematising the issues of tribology research according to the criterion of general cognitive tasks. The existing structure covering strategy, operational art and tactics were used for the systematic attempt like in the art of war. These concepts were adopted for the cognitive tasks of the tribology and the useful conclusions were derived from them.

6

Ewolucja sztuki operacyjnej wybranych państw europejskich na początku XXI wieku

Joniak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 4(81)

419-439

EN

The turn of the 21st century proved that the current reality is highly dynamic and undergoes constant changes. The growing pace of these changes in all walks of life requires adapting to new conditions, which is determined by the necessity to make deep analyses and evaluations in the operational art, and consequently devise new concepts of planning and conducting operations. The author analyses the directions of operational art evolution in countries that, on the one hand, are highly technologically advanced, on the other, have a lot of experience in carrying out various kinds of military operations in a multinational environment. Modern directions of operational art evolution are focused on stressing the importance on the joined character of operations, on their effect-based planning and conducting. This approach also results in developing new organizational and structural solutions and implementing new technologies in the equipment and armament systems. These changes are connected with undertaken efforts aiming at adjusting the armed forces to contemporary and future tasks. The information factor must also be underlined as it greatly determines the future shape of operations. Acquiring and sending appropriate information to appropriate receivers in a particular moment is and will be in future essential, especially as far as the effect maximization is concerned.

7

The substance of the naval operational art

Zieliński M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2009

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R. 50 nr 4 (179)

75-90

EN

The World Navies activities manuals contain the prescriptions of so called major naval operations. The development of military warfare as well as naval warfare is a process of elaboration of principles, kinds and ways of use (new) forces and combat-means in the real historical environment. They are collected as tactics as well as operational art. Meanwhile the codification of them must be verified, because the way of conducting naval operations in closed theatres changed. The paper presents selected aspects connected with operational problems in the contemporary political environment.

PL

Regulaminy działań sił morskich zawierają opisy tzw. podstawowych operacji morskich. Rozwój sztuki wojennej, w tym sztuki wojennej sił morskich, jest procesem wypracowania zasad, metod i sposobów użycia sił (również ich nowych rodzajów) oraz środków walki w danym środowisku historycznym. Zebrane są one w postaci taktyki oraz sztuki operacyjnej. Ze względu na użycie sił morskich na ograniczonych teatrach działań pojęcia te powinny być weryfikowane. Artykuł prezentuje wybrane aspekty związane z problemami operacyjnymi we współczesnych uwarunkowaniach politycznych.

8

Wpływ nowych technologii informacji na zmiany w działaniach bojowych wojsk

Bednarek J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 2(39)

62-81

EN

Due to contemporary technical development, opinions on the idea of wars, their course and results undergo modifications. The scientific publications have been recently more and more often enriched with the reflections on new information technologies. The basic premises of a new place and meaning include civilisation, computer information, and political and economic premises. Due to the place and area of analyses, scientific, military and educational premises are also essential. The latter ones result in the necessity to define the role and place of scientific reflection area in military training theory and practice, particularly in staff and command personnel training. The main goal of the article is to present basic problems connected with the influence of new computer information technologies on troops combat actions and pointing out new potentials and threats posed by information technologies.

9

Poglądy na użycie lotnictwa w latach 1956-1962

Kmiecik T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 1(38)

261-275

EN

In the second half of the 1960s the development of opinions on the air force military operations and tactics was determined by establishing the Warsaw Pact and a fast development of rockets and missiles which disposed the air force of its monopoly in nuclear weapons’ carrying. The Air Force and Air Defence command was of the opinion that in a future war rocket weapons, the main means of carrying nuclear weapons, would support the strategic and long-range air force. It was assumed that large population centres, cities in particular, would be threatened most by nuclear attacks. The rocket weapon, however, was supposed to be complemented by operational air force to support the troops. The Commander of the Air Force and Air Defence of the Territory of the Country, Div. Gen, pilot Jan Frey-Bielecki defined finally the viewpoints on the possibilities and perspectives of the front air force use. He stated that the air force would still be the main means to destroy small and mobile objects as they have to be destroyed immediately after recognising. The bomb and fighters - assault air force suited these purposes best. The bomb air force was still treated as the main assault force of an air army and basic means of the front to carry nuclear bombs.