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Hidden spyware in the service of state security. Legal, organisational and systemic aspects

Kurek-Sobieraj Justyna

Cybersecurity and Law

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2024

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Vol. 11 (1)

120--139

EN

To meet the challenges in cybersecurity, the state and its bodies must develop classified instruments that will enable the acquisition of data without the active involvement of private sector entities. These programs are installed on a user’s device without their consent to collect and send information about the operating system and any information contained therein. It is not the purpose of this article to analyse the admissibility of using tools typical for criminal activities in the digital world for ensuring state and citizen security. My interest here is to consider what substantive, procedural and institutional guarantees must be met to ensure a balance between the protection of human rights and basic procedural guarantees (such as the presumption of innocence) and the effectiveness of activities in cyberspace.

PL

Żeby sprostać wyzwaniom cyberbezpieczeństwa, państwo i jego organy muszą wypracować niejawne instrumenty, które umożliwią pozyskiwanie danych bez aktywnego udziału podmiotów sektora prywatnego. Są to programy instalowane na urządzeniu użytkownika bez jego zgody, zbierające i wysyłające informacje o systemie operacyjnym oraz wszelkie informacje w nim zawarte. Celem artykułu nie jest analiza dopuszczalności wykorzystywania narzędzi typowych dla działań przestępczych w świecie cyfrowym do celów związanych z bezpieczeństwem państwa i obywateli. Celem jest rozważenie, jakie gwarancje merytoryczne, proceduralne i instytucjonalne muszą zostać spełnione, żeby zapewnić równowagę pomiędzy ochroną praw człowieka i podstawowymi gwarancjami proceduralnymi (takimi jak domniemanie niewinności) a efektywnością działań w cyberprzestrzeni.

2

Management of operational and investment activity of local governments in Poland

Łukomska-Szarek Justyna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

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z. 149

423--433

EN

Purpose: Management in local governments always depends on the budget possibilities of these entities. Local governments are obliged to perform many public tasks, but they do not always have adequate financial resources. The basic aim of the paper is to examine the management of the operational and investment activity of LGUs in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The main objective of the study is to systematize the basic concepts and analytical indicators used to quantify the level of operational and investment activity of local governments. The research period covered the years 2012-2017. The paper attempts to verify the main research hypothesis: “The management of operating activity and investments in LGUs in Poland depends on the financial resources generated by these entities at the current and property level.” The main research hypothesis is complemented by 4 detailed hypotheses. The analysis covered in particular 7 groups of indices. Findings: The conducted preliminary and vertical analysis of the budget economy made it possible to indicate the major trends and directions of changes in incomes, budget expenditures and the financial result of the budgets of LGUs at the operational and property level in 2012-2017. Incomes and budget expenditures escalated over the period studied, although in 2015-2016, incomes grew faster than expenditures and, consequently, the budgets of LGUs in Poland showed a budget surplus. Management of operational and investment activity of LGUs is determined, among others, by their financial possibilities and development potential. Unfortunately, after 2015, both the operational and total potential for the development decreased in the units studied. In 2016, the units implemented very moderate investment policies, even though their capability of self-financing was quite high. The revival of the investment activity occurred in 2017. Research limitations/implications: It is possible to continue the research in the following years. Practical implications: It is possible use of research by public sector entities. Social implications: Information on managing operational and investment activities of local government units in Poland. Originality/value: A synthetic approach to the management of operational and investment activities of LGUs in Poland in a selected period of time.

3

Operational Warfare in War College and War Studies University

Parafianowicz Ryszard

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2019

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Nr 2

17--29

EN

Having own operational warfare based on deeply rooted domestic military culture and positively verified combat cases, being now historical experiences inspiring next generations, is one of the foundations of the armed forces. Polish art of war in the 20th century developed freely in the Second Republic of Poland: it was a period, when the foundations for Polish operational art were established. Poland, in consequence of a betrayal by its western allies, after World War II found itself in the Soviet zone of influences, and this meant breaking up with the achievements of the Second Republic of Poland, including the art of war. Regaining Independence at the break of 1989/1990 was a distinct turning point in the development of the art of war, and meant the necessity to search for new solutions adequate for the challenges stemming from contemporary geopolitical location, as well as from its defense self-sufficiency. This required a new outlook on operational warfare. The following turning point was the membership in North-Atlantic Alliance and the participation of the Polish Armed Forces in stabilization operations in the Balkans, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Both in the Second Republic of Poland and today, military education of command and staff professionals had a significant impact on Polish operational art.

4

Rola Żandarmerii Wojskowej w zapewnieniu efektywnego funkcjonowania wojsk operacyjnych

Jakubczyk Tomasz

Zeszyty Naukowe / Lotnicza Akademia Wojskowa

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2018

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nr 1-2

63--82

PL

Zmiany w środowisku bezpieczeństwa, pojawiające się zagrożenia terrorystyczne, jak również geograficzne położenie Polski, skłania autora do rozważań nad możliwościami zoptymalizowania wykorzystania sił i środków Sił Zbrojnych RP oraz armii sojuszniczych celem zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa kraju. Mówiąc o optymalizacji, autor ma na myśli podniesienie efektywności poprzez wsparcie wojsk operacyjnych siłami i środkami innych wyspecjalizowanych służb, takich jak Żandarmeria Wojskowa (ŻW). Analizie poddano zadania ŻW w czasie realizacji zadań bojowych przez wojska operacyjne odnosząc się do wydarzeń historycznych, jak również wniosków zawartych w literaturze przedmiotu. Przytoczone wyniki badań prezentują funkcje i przeznaczenie ŻW w funkcjonowaniu wojsk operacyjnych. Artykuł pozwala zrozumieć, jak istotne jest realizowane przez ŻW wsparcie w celu zapewnienia powodzenia działań bojowych prowadzonych przez wojska operacyjne SZ RP.

EN

Changes in the evolving security environment, which create a sense of uncertainty, emerging terrorist threats, as well as the geographical location of the Poland, prompts the author to consider the possibilities of how the use of forces and resources of the Polish Armed Forces and its allies could be optimized in order to ensure global security. By optimization, the author means enhancing the interaction between operational forces and their support by the forces and resources of other specialized services, such as the Military Police (MP). In order to get the essence of the problem, there are discussed tasks, which the MP faces while supporting combat missions of the PAF. The author uses the examples of historical events as well as conclusions which follow from the subject literature. This article significantly expands the reader’s knowledge of the role of the MP and enables to understand how important the support provided by the MP is to ensure the success of combat operations conducted by the operational forces of the PAF.

5

Wybrane aspekty zarządzania strategicznego

Korban Z., Przybyła H.

Wiadomości Górnicze

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2011

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R. 62, nr 11

637-642

PL

Istotą zarządzania strategicznego jest budowanie długofalowych założeń i planów działania. Zarządzanie to ma na celu stworzenie właściwych warunków ku temu, aby możliwe byłoby osiągnięcie szczególnie istotnych dla przedsiębiorstwa celów, jak i przełożenie tychże celów na działania operacyjne (wraz z monitorowaniem ich realizacji). W artykule autorzy odnieśli się do wybranych kwestii związanych z kolejnymi etapami zarządzania strategicznego, biorąc pod uwagę relacje zachodzące między przedsiębiorstwem a jego otoczeniem.

EN

The essence of management consists in building of a long-term strategic objectives and action plans. The management is aimed at creating the proper conditions in order to make it possible to achieve objectives particularly important for the company as well as to translate these objectives into operational activities (including monitoring of their implementation). In the article, the authors referred to the selected issues related to the successive stages of strategic management, taking into account the relationships occurring between the company and its surroundings.

6

Myślenie i działanie operacyjne w niemieckich siłach zbrojnych

Wiatr M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 2(43)

151-166

EN

The development of operational thinking in German armed forces is connected with Field Marshall H, von Moltke, commonly recognised as the modern operations creator. Since his time it has been said about forces, time and space as operational factors determining all operational activities. German operational thinking, the approach to operation concept and thus the way to wage war has been greatly influenced by Germany's central location in Europe and resulting from it subjective feeling of encircling and threat from stronger neighbours. In such a situation, German military men tended to develop principles that would balance these inconveniences. Therefore German operational thinking concentrated on concepts anabling weaker in quantity German Forces to achieve swiftly operational developments and so to defeat enemy successively and to face their allies with an accomplished fact. Therefore an essential role was played by manoeuvres on external lines, the speed of operations, gravity centre and destruction strategy. The analysis of German ideas to wage operations allows to find the following centre idea of operating German forces in time and space: fast incursion into enemy group due to forces concentration in gravity centre and to use the area being aware of the risk, then going to the flanks, most of all to the rears, cutting connection lines, closing the encirclement and finally destroying the enemy.